chạy 
run like: RUN → →
vierundzwanzig ☊ 
hai mươi bốn ☊ 
☊ die Währung ☊ tiền tệ, đơn vị tiền tệ ☊ ☊ die Führung ☊ sự hướng dẫn ☊ ☊ die Reservierung ☊ việc đặt phòng, sự đặt trước ☊ ☊ die Führung ☊ sự hướng dẫn ☊ ☊ die Erfahrung ☊ kinh nghiệm ☊ ☊ verunreinigen ☊ làm bẩn ☊ ☊ die Grundschule ☊ trường tiếu học ☊ ☊ rundlich ☊ đầy đặn, có hình tròn ☊ ☊ grün ☊ màu xanh lá cây ☊ ☊ rund ☊ tròn ☊ ☊ die Sozialversicherung ☊ bảo hiểm xã hội ☊ ☊ die Haftpflichtversicherung ☊ bảo hiểm bồi thường ☊ ☊ die Lieferung ☊ giao hàng ☊ ☊ die Ernährung ☊ thức ăn, dinh dưỡng ☊ ☊ die Herausforderung ☊ sự thách thức ☊ ☊ die Begeisterung ☊ phấn chấn, thú vị ☊ ☊ das Schwein grunzt ☊ lợn ủn ỉn ☊ ☊ der Vordergrund ☊ Đằng trước ☊ ☊ der Hintergrund ☊ Đằng sau ☊ ☊ die Anforderungen erfüllen ☊ hoàn thành yêu cầu ☊ ☊ die Veränderung ☊ thay đổi ☊ ☊ die Versicherung ☊ bảo hiểm ☊ ☊ der Grund ☊ mặt đất, mảnh đất, khu vực ☊ ☊ die Morgendämmerung ☊ bình minh ☊ ☊ der Abgrund ☊ vực sâu ☊ ☊ herunter stürzen ☊ sập xuống ☊ ☊ die Bewunderung ☊ sự ngưỡng mộ ☊ ☊ die Erinnerung ☊ ghi nhớ, ký ức ☊ ☊ betrunken ☊ say ☊ ☊ ursprünglich ☊ từ đầu, gốc ☊ ☊ grundsätzlich ☊ cơ bản ☊ ☊ die Verbesserung ☊ cải thiện ☊ ☊ die Regierung ☊ chính phủ ☊ ☊ die Bevölkerung ☊ dân chúng ☊ ☊ die Herausforderung ☊ thử thách ☊ ☊ gegründet ☊ thành lập ☊ ☊ der Grundschullehrer ☊ giáo viên tiểu học ☊ ☊ das Anführungszeichen ☊ dấu ngoặc kép ☊ ☊ die Verführung ☊ sự cám dỗ, sự quyến rũ ☊ ☊ der Grünschnabel ☊ kẻ vắt mũi chưa sạch, người mới ☊ ☊ die Auswanderung ☊ sự di cư ☊ ☊ die Steuererklärung ☊ bản báo cáo thuế ☊ ☊ die Forderung ☊ số tiền gửi , khoản cho nợ ☊ ☊ die Steigerung ☊ sự nâng lên, sự tăng cao ☊ ☊ Dateien herunterladen ☊ tải dữ liệu ☊ ☊ der Grundriss ☊ bản vẽ, thiết kế ☊ ☊ der Entwässerungsgraben ☊ rãnh thoát nước ☊ ☊ der Untergrund ☊ tầng đất cái ☊ ☊ eine Strafe zur Bewährung aussetzen ☊ cho hưởng án treo ☊ ☊ auf Bewährung verurteilt ☊ bị tuyên án treo ☊ ☊ der Sicherungskasten ☊ cầu chì ☊ ☊ die Panzerung ☊ nơi trú ẩn ☊ ☊ die Bewässerungsanlage ☊ hệ thống tưới tiêu ☊ ☊ die Verlängerung ☊ sự kéo dài trận đấu ☊ ☊ der Brunnen ☊ giếng nước ☊ ☊ die Renovierungsarbeiten ☊ công việc phục hồi, sửa chữa ☊ ☊ ein Album herunterladen ☊ tải album nhạc ☊ ☊ eine Stadt gründen ☊ lập nên một thành phố ☊ ☊ die Entführung ☊ sự bắt cóc ☊ ☊ eine Familie gründen ☊ lập gia đình ☊ ☊ der Felsvorsprung ☊ mỏm đá ☊ ☊ die Abenddämmerung ☊ hoàng hôn ☊ ☊ die Verehrung ☊ sự suy tôn ☊ ☊ die Offenbarung ☊ sự hiện ra, sự khải huyền ☊ ☊ die Belagerung ☊ sự bao vây ☊ ☊ die Plünderung ☊ sự cướp bóc, sự cướp đoạt ☊ ☊ abtrünnig sein ☊ phản bội, ly khai ☊ ☊ vierundzwanzig ☊ 二十四 ☊ èrshí sì Währung ☊ 货币 ☊ huòbì Führung ☊ 导游 ☊ dǎoyóu Reservierung ☊ 预定 ☊ yùdìng Führung ☊ 领导 ☊ lǐngdǎo Erfahrung ☊ 经验 ☊ jīngyàn verunreinigen ☊ 弄脏 ☊ nòngzāng Grundschule ☊ 小学 ☊ xiǎoxué rundlich ☊ 丰满的 ☊ fēngmǎn de grün ☊ 绿色的 ☊ lǜ sè de rund ☊ 圆的 ☊ yuán de Sozialversicherung ☊ 社会保险 ☊ shè huì bǎo xiǎn Haftpflichtversicherung ☊ 赔偿保险 ☊ péi cháng bǎo xiǎn Lieferung ☊ 送货 ☊ sòng huò Ernährung ☊ 营养 ☊ yíng yǎng Herausforderung ☊ 挑战 ☊ tiǎo zhàn Begeisterung ☊ 兴奋 ☊ xìng fèn Schwein grunzt ☊ 猪在咕哝 ☊ zhū zài gū nong Vordergrund ☊ 前景 ☊ qián jǐng Hintergrund ☊ 背景 ☊ bèi jǐng Anforderungen erfüllen ☊ 满足需要 ☊ mǎn zú xū yào Veränderung ☊ 改变 ☊ gǎi biàn Versicherung ☊ 保险 ☊ bǎo xiǎn Grund ☊ 土地 ☊ tǔ dì Morgendämmerung ☊ 黎明 ☊ lí míng Abgrund ☊ 深渊 ☊ shēn yuān herunter stürzen ☊ 跌下 ☊ diē xià Bewunderung ☊ 钦佩 ☊ qīn pèi Erinnerung ☊ 记忆 ☊ jì yì betrunken ☊ 喝醉 ☊ hē zuì ursprünglich ☊ 最初的 ☊ zuì chū de grundsätzlich ☊ 基本的 ☊ jī běn de Verbesserung ☊ 改进 ☊ gǎi jìn Regierung ☊ 政府 ☊ zhèng fǔ Bevölkerung ☊ 人民 ☊ rén mín Herausforderung ☊ 挑战 ☊ tiǎo zhàn gegründet ☊ 建立起来 ☊ jiàn lì qǐ lái Grundschullehrer ☊ 小学教师 ☊ xiǎo xué jiào shī Anführungszeichen ☊ 引号 ☊ yǐnhào Verführung ☊ 引诱， 勾引 ☊ yǐnyòu, gōuyǐn Grünschnabel ☊ 毛头小伙 ☊ máotóu xiǎohuǒ Auswanderung ☊ 移居国外 ☊ yíjū guówài Steuererklärung ☊ 纳税申报 ☊ nàshuì shēnbào Forderung ☊ 应付款项 ☊ yīngfù kuǎnxiàng Steigerung ☊ 出价 ☊ chūjià Dateien herunterladen ☊ 下载文件 ☊ xiàzǎi wénjiàn Grundriss ☊ 平面图 ☊ píngmiàntú Entwässerungsgraben ☊ 排水沟渠 ☊ páoshuǐ gōuqú Untergrund ☊ 下层土 ☊ xiàcéngtǔ eine Strafe zur Bewährung aussetzen ☊ 把一项刑罚改为缓刑 ☊ bǎ yī xiàng xíngfá gǎiwéi huǎnxíng auf Bewährung verurteilt ☊ 宣判缓刑 ☊ xuānpàn huǎnxíng Sicherungskasten ☊ 保险盒 ☊ bǎoxiǎnhé Panzerung ☊ 甲 ☊ jiǎ Bewässerungsanlage ☊ 灌溉设备 ☊ guàngài shèbèi Verlängerung ☊ 伤停补时 ☊ shāng tíng bǔ shí Brunnen ☊ 水井 ☊ shuǐjǐng Renovierungsarbeiten ☊ 装修工作 ☊ zhuāngxiū gōngzuò ein Album herunterladen ☊ 下载一张专辑 ☊ xiàzǎi yī zhāng zhuānjí eine Stadt gründen ☊ 建立一座城市 ☊ jiànlì yī zuò chéngshì Entführung ☊ 绑架 ☊ bǎngjià eine Familie gründen ☊ 建立一个家庭 ☊ jiànlì yī gè jiātíng Felsvorsprung ☊ 悬崖 ☊ xuányá Abenddämmerung ☊ 黄昏 ☊ huánghūn Verehrung ☊ 敬奉 ☊ jìngfèng Offenbarung ☊ 启示 ☊ qǐshì Belagerung ☊ 围攻 ☊ wéigōng Plünderung ☊ 掠夺 ☊ lüèduó abtrünnig sein ☊ 变节 ☊ biànjié Deshalb benötigt er zu Hause immer eine Menge Nahrungsmittel, selbst wenn das viel kostet. ☊ Vì vậy anh ấy luôn trữ nhiều đồ ăn trong nhà, cho dù rất tốn kém. ☊ (Lektion 14, Nr. 154) Kim ist bereits sieben Jahre alt und geht zur Grundschule. ☊ Kim đã bảy tuối và học tiểu học. ☊ (Lektion 35, Nr. 484) Die Stadt ist voll von Mäusen, Ratten und Vögeln, damit die Katzen Nahrung haben. ☊ Thành phố có đầy chuột nhắt, chuột cống và chim, đế mèo có thức ăn. ☊ (Lektion 35, Nr. 490) Sollte ich sie in schwarz, weiß, gelb, grau, blau, rot, grün oder in braun nehmen? ☊ Em nên lấy màu đen, trắng, vàng, xám, xanh da trời, đỏ, xanh lá cây hay màu nâu? ☊ (Lektion 36, Nr. 509) Die Lieferung, die ich gestern erhalten habe, ist nicht vollständig. ☊ Hàng giao mà hôm qua tôi nhận được không đầy đủ. ☊ (Lektion 47, Nr. 670) Die Begegnung ist eine Herausforderung für beide Mannschaften. ☊ Lần gặp gỡ này là một sự thách thức dành cho cả hai đội. ☊ (Lektion 49, Nr. 693) Ich werde ein paar Fotos zur Erinnerung machen. ☊ Anh sẽ chụp một vài tấm ảnh để kỷ niệm. ☊ (Lektion 52, Nr. 740) Es ist eine Landschaftsdarstellung, die im Vordergrund vier kleine Kinder zeigt. ☊ Đó là một sự miêu tả phong cảnh, mà đằng trước có bốn em nhỏ. ☊ (Lektion 57, Nr. 807) Im Hintergrund ist Natur zu sehen: eine umzäunte Wiese und ein Wald. ☊ Đằng sau có thể thấy thiên nhiên: Một bãi cỏ được rào quanh và một cánh rừng. ☊ (Lektion 57, Nr. 809) Ein betrunkener Mann hat eine Frau belästigt. ☊ Một người đàn ông say rượu đã quấy rối một phụ nữ. ☊ (Lektion 62, Nr. 873) Leider habe ich keine Erfahrung im Handeln mit solchen Waren. ☊ Tiếc là tôi không có kinh nghiệm trong việc thương lượng hàng thế này. ☊ (Lektion 70, Nr. 1003) In der Morgendämmerung sitzen Trang und Tri am Frühstückstisch und lesen Zeitung. ☊ Vào lúc bình minh Trang và Trí ngồi bên bàn ăn sáng và đọc báo. ☊ (Lektion 72, Nr. 1025) Er besitzt Führungsqualität und ist sehr großzügig. ☊ Sở hữu tài lãnh đạo và rất phóng khoáng. ☊ (Lektion 80, Nr. 1139) In diesen klären sie die Bevölkerung darüber auf, wie sie die Aufgaben und Probleme lösen wollen, die auf die Gesellschaft zukommen. ☊ Trong đó họ giải thích với dân chúng, họ sẽ giải quyết nhiệm vụ và những vấn đề xảy ra trong xã hội như thế nào. ☊ (Lektion 81, Nr. 1154) Oh ja, ich würde gerne eine neue Herausforderung annehmen und an meiner Karriere arbeiten. ☊ ồ được đó, anh rất muồn tiếp nhận thử thách mới và lao động vì sự nghiệp. ☊ (Lektion 82, Nr. 1172) Das heißt also: Es gibt im Journalismus wesentlich mehr Männer in Führungspositionen als Frauen. ☊ Có nghĩa là: Trong giới báo chí cơ bản có nhiều nam giới ngồi ở vị trí lãnh đạo nhiều hơn nữ giới. ☊ (Lektion 83, Nr. 1187) Du würdest bestimmt schnell in eine Führungsposition aufsteigen und die Dominanz der Männer brechen. ☊ Em chắc chắn nhanh chóng sẽ leo lên một vị trí lãnh đạo và làm giảm bớt sự chiếm ưu thế của nam giới. ☊ (Lektion 83, Nr. 1190) Dieses Rundschreiben soll euch über die Planung der nächsten beiden Monate informieren. ☊ Bức thư này thông báo về kế hoạch cho hai tháng tiếp theo. ☊ (Lektion 91, Nr. 1380) Leider konnte ich das Dokument nicht herunterladen. ☊ Rất tiếc tôi không thể tải văn bản xuống được. ☊ (Lektion 91, Nr. 1382) Gute Besserung! ☊ Chúc chóng khỏe. ☊ (Lektion 95, Nr. 1497) Wann kann ich mit der Lieferung rechnen? ☊ Khi nào thì hàng được chuyển đến? ☊ (Lektion 98, Nr. 1585) Aufgrund der gestiegenen Produktionskosten mussten wir unsere Preise für Endkunden leider nach oben korrigieren. ☊ Vì chi phí sản xuất tăng nên chúng tôi rất tiếc phải nâng giá bán cho khách hàng. ☊ (Lektion 98, Nr. 1592) In meinem heutigen Vortrag möchte ich Ihnen die Probleme, die bei der Qualitätssicherung auftreten können, näher beschreiben. ☊ Trong bài phát biểu của tôi hôm nay, tôi muốn miêu tả kỹ hơn về những vấn đề có thể gặp phải trong quá trình quản lí chất lượng. ☊ (Lektion 100, Nr. 1654) Das Formular können Sie hier herunterladen. ☊ Quý vị có thể tải bản khai ở đây. ☊ (Lektion 101, Nr. 1679) Was ist der Grund Ihres Aufenthaltes hier? ☊ Lý do gì khiến anh / chị đến đây? ☊ (Lektion 101, Nr. 1693) Neben meinem Studium möchte ich praktische Erfahrungen sammeln. ☊ Bên cạnh việc học đại học tôi cũng muốn thu thập thêm kinh nghiệm thực tế. ☊ (Lektion 103, Nr. 1731) Ich möchte Praxiserfahrung sammeln. ☊ Tôi muốn thu thập kinh nghiệm thực tế. ☊ (Lektion 103, Nr. 1734) Ihr Betreuer wird Sie gründlich in Ihr Aufgabengebiet einarbeiten und Ihnen mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stehen. ☊ Người hướng dẫn sẽ hướng dẫn anh / chị cẩn thận các công việc và luôn sẵn sàng giúp đỡ anh / chị. ☊ (Lektion 103, Nr. 1751) Das Praktikum war eine tolle Erfahrung. ☊ Khóa thực tập là một kinh nghiệm tuyệt vời. ☊ (Lektion 103, Nr. 1766) Sie suchen eine Herausforderung? ☊ Anh / Chị tìm một sự thách thức phải không? ☊ (Lektion 104, Nr. 1774) Sie haben Ihr Studium erfolgreich abgeschlossen und schon einige Erfahrungen in der Praxis gesammelt. ☊ Anh / Chị đã tốt nghiệp đại học thành công và đã có một chút kinh nghiệm thực tế. ☊ (Lektion 104, Nr. 1778) Mindestens drei Jahre Berufserfahrung sind von Vorteil. ☊ Ít nhất ba năm kinh nghiệm thực tế là một ưu điểm. ☊ (Lektion 104, Nr. 1779) Zu Ihren Aufgaben gehört die Konzeption, Durchführung und Auswertung von Analysen im Bereich Finanzierung. ☊ Công việc của anh / chị bao gồm làm dự thảo, thực hiện và đánh giá các phân tích trong lĩnh vực tài chính. ☊ (Lektion 104, Nr. 1781) Erfahrungen im Bereich Projektmanagement sind von Vorteil. ☊ Kinh ngiệm về quản lý dự án là một ưu điểm. ☊ (Lektion 104, Nr. 1783) Wir suchen eine verantwortungsbewusste Führungskraft. ☊ Chúng tôi cần tìm một người điều hành có trách nhiệm. ☊ (Lektion 104, Nr. 1787) Sie verfügen über vielfältige Berufserfahrungen in der Branche. ☊ Anh / Chị có nhiều kinh nghiệm trong lĩnh lực này. ☊ (Lektion 104, Nr. 1788) Sie haben mehrjährige Erfahrungen in einem großen Unternehmen gesammelt. ☊ Anh / Chị đã thu thập được kinh nghiệm làm việc lâu năm trong một công ty lớn. ☊ (Lektion 104, Nr. 1790) Ich brauche eine neue Herausforderung. ☊ Tôi cần một sự thách thức mới. ☊ (Lektion 105, Nr. 1803) Ich erfülle alle Anforderungen, die Sie in der Stellenbeschreibung an die Bewerber richten. ☊ Tôi đáp ứng các yêu cầu mà ông / bà đang cần tuyển. ☊ (Lektion 105, Nr. 1810) Ich habe mein Studium mit der Note "sehr gut" abgeschlossen und schon über sieben Jahre Berufserfahrung. ☊ Tôi đã tốt nghiệp đại học loại giỏi và đã có trên bảy năm kinh nghiệm nghề nghiệp. ☊ (Lektion 105, Nr. 1812) Mein Spezialgebiet ist die Erstellung, Durchführung und Analyse von Kundenbefragungen. ☊ Phạm vi công việc chủ yếu của tôi là biên soạn, thực hiện và phân tích các câu hỏi của khách hàng. ☊ (Lektion 105, Nr. 1815) Ich habe zehn Jahre Berufserfahrung im Bereich Marketing und PR. ☊ Tôi có mười năm kinh nghiệm nghề nghiệp trong lĩnh vực marketing và đối ngoại. ☊ (Lektion 106, Nr. 1855) Haben Sie Auslandserfahrung? ☊ Anh / Chị có kinh nghiệm nước ngoài không? ☊ (Lektion 107, Nr. 1868) Welche Berufserfahrung haben Sie? ☊ Anh / Chị có những kinh nghiệm nghề nghiệp gì? ☊ (Lektion 107, Nr. 1880) Ich suche nach einer Herausforderung. ☊ Tôi tìm một thách thức. ☊ (Lektion 107, Nr. 1896) Meine jetzige Arbeit macht mir Spaß. Aber da ich schon drei Jahre in dieser Position arbeite, suche ich nun eine neue Herausforderung. ☊ Tôi thích công việc hiện nay. Nhưng vì từ ba năm nay tôi làm việc ở vị trí này, vì vậy bây giờ tôi muốn tìm thách thức mới. ☊ (Lektion 107, Nr. 1899) Meine jetzige Aufgabe ist es, die Markteinführung neuer Produkte zu betreuen. ☊ Công việc hiện nay của tôi là tiếp cận thị trường cho sản phẩm mới. ☊ (Lektion 107, Nr. 1901) Von anderen Bewerbern unterscheidet mich, dass ich sowohl alle Qualifikationen mitbringe als auch schon mehrere Jahre Erfahrung in dieser Branche habe. ☊ Tôi khác biệt so với các người xin việc khác ở kinh nghiệm chuyên môn cũng như kinh nghiệm thực tiễn lâu năm trong lĩnh vực này. ☊ (Lektion 107, Nr. 1920) Was ist – aus Ihrer Sicht – die größte Herausforderung dieser Stelle? ☊ Theo ông / bà vị trí này có thách thức gì lớn nhất? ☊ (Lektion 108, Nr. 1962) Ich habe eine Firma gegründet. ☊ Tôi đã thành lập một công ty. ☊ (Lektion 110, Nr. 1997) Ich arbeite für eine Nichtregierungsorganisation. ☊ Tôi làm việc cho một tổ chức phi chính phủ. ☊ (Lektion 110, Nr. 2004) Bitte laden Sie ein Update des Programms herunter und installieren Sie es. ☊ Xin hãy tải chương trình mới xuống và cài đặt. ☊ (Lektion 112, Nr. 2053) Das Thema meines Vortrags lautet "10 Schritte zur erfolgreichen Existenzgründung". ☊ Chủ đề bài diễn thuyết của tôi là „ 10 bước để thành lập doanh nghiệp thành công“. ☊ (Lektion 114, Nr. 2086) Ich habe gründlich recherchiert und komme zu dem Schluss, dass dieses Projekt zu riskant ist. ☊ Tôi đã tra cứu một cách kỹ lưỡng và đi đến kết luận rằng dự án này quá mạo hiểm. ☊ (Lektion 115, Nr. 2141) Ich habe die Finanzierung dieses Projektes geklärt. ☊ Tôi đã giải thích về việc thanh toán cho dự án này. ☊ (Lektion 116, Nr. 2176) Ich habe einen Verbesserungsvorschlag. ☊ Tôi có một đề xuất cải tiến. ☊ (Lektion 117, Nr. 2207) Dieses Gerät ist besonders gründlich. ☊ Chiếc máy này đặc biệt chính xác. ☊ (Lektion 118, Nr. 2262) Profitieren Sie von unserer langjährigen Erfahrung in Planung, Organisation und Durchführung von Tagungen und Konferenzen. ☊ Kinh nghiệm lâu năm của chúng tôi trong việc lên kế hoạch, tổ chức và điều hành hội thảo, hội nghị sẽ đem lại cho quí vị nhiều lợi ích. ☊ (Lektion 122, Nr. 2359) Einige Teile der Lieferung sind beschädigt. ☊ Nhiều phần của kiện hàng bị hỏng. ☊ (Lektion 125, Nr. 2479) Die Lieferung war leider unvollständig. ☊ Kiện hàng rất tiếc là không đầy đủ. ☊ (Lektion 125, Nr. 2480) Beim Öffnen des Pakets musste ich leider feststellen, dass Teile der Lieferung fehlen. ☊ Khi mở kiện hàng, rất tiếc tôi phải nói rằng hàng chuyển đến bị thiếu nhiều phần. ☊ (Lektion 125, Nr. 2481) Wir haben die Lieferung bis heute nicht erhalten. ☊ Cho đến hôm nay chúng tôi vẫn chưa nhận được hàng. ☊ (Lektion 125, Nr. 2487) Wir warten immer noch auf Ihre Lieferung. ☊ Chúng tôi vẫn chờ giao hàng của quý vị. ☊ (Lektion 125, Nr. 2488) Sollte sich Ihre Lieferung weiter verzögern, werden wir unsere Bestellung stornieren. ☊ Nếu việc vận chuyển tiếp tục bị chậm, chúng tôi sẽ hủy đơn đặt hàng. ☊ (Lektion 125, Nr. 2494) Wir bedauern die Verzögerung. ☊ Chúng tôi rất lấy làm tiếc cho sự chậm trễ. ☊ (Lektion 125, Nr. 2503) Welcher Teil der Lieferung fehlt? ☊ Phần nào của kiện hàng bị thiếu? ☊ (Lektion 125, Nr. 2504) Wenn Sie den Rechnungsbetrag nicht innerhalb der nächsten 10 Tage an uns überweisen, müssen wir unsere Forderung gerichtlich geltend machen. ☊ Nếu ông / bà / quý vị không chuyển khoản cho chúng tôi số tiền trong vòng 10 ngày tới, chúng tôi buộc phải nhờ đến sự can thiệp của luật pháp. ☊ (Lektion 126, Nr. 2542) He accepted all the changes we proposed. ☊ accept ☊
Take out accident insurance before you go on your trip. ☊ accident ☊
The salary will be fixed according to qualifications and experience. ☊ according to ☊
Scientists have found a more accurate way of dating cave paintings. ☊ accurate ☊
The government was accused of incompetence. ☊ accuse ☊
the greatest scientific achievement of the decade ☊ achievement ☊
He acts all macho, but he's a real softie underneath. ☊ act ☊
It is vital that we act to stop the destruction of the rainforests. ☊ act ☊
The new plan for traffic control is being put into action on an experimental basis. ☊ into action ☊
That's the only reason I'm actually going. ☊ actually ☊
A large organization can be slow to adapt to change. ☊ adapt ☊
last minute additions to the government's package of proposals ☊ addition ☊
Pasta's basic ingredients are flour and water, sometimes with the addition of eggs or oil. ☊ addition ☊
In addition to these arrangements, extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight. ☊ in addition (to sb/sth) ☊
The government provided an additional £25 million to expand the service. ☊ additional ☊
Please note my change of address. ☊ address ☊
to watch/gaze in admiration ☊ admiration ☊
admiration for sb/sth: I have great admiration for her as a writer. ☊ admiration ☊
admit sb/sth to/into sth: You will not be admitted to the theatre after the performance has started. ☊ admit ☊
be admitted that...: It was generally admitted that the government had acted too quickly. ☊ admit ☊
a campaign to encourage childless couples to adopt ☊ adopt ☊
the adult population ☊ adult ☊
it is advised that...: It is strongly advised that you take out insurance. ☊ advise ☊
She advises the government on environmental issues. ☊ advise ☊
How will these changes affect us? ☊ affect ☊
afford sth: We cannot afford any more delays. ☊ afford ☊
an insurance agent ☊ agent ☊
He gets aggressive when he's drunk. ☊ aggressive ☊
agree (with sb) (about/on sth): He agreed with them about the need for change. ☊ agree ☊
The agreement (= the document recording the agreement) was signed during a meeting at the UN. ☊ agreement ☊
agreement between A and B: An agreement was finally reached between management and employees. ☊ agreement ☊
agreement to do sth: They had made a verbal agreement to sell. ☊ agreement ☊
aim at sth: The government is aiming at a 50% reduction in unemployment. ☊ aim ☊
The doctor said there was no cause for alarm. ☊ alarm ☊
Many civilians died as a result of allied bombing. ☊ allied ☊
It will take about an hour to get there, allowing for traffic delays. ☊ allow for sb/sth ☊
The insurance company will refund any amount due to you. ☊ amount ☊
The server is designed to store huge amounts of data. ☊ amount ☊
The comments provoked an angry response from union leaders. ☊ angry ☊
Some senators reacted angrily to the President's remarks. ☊ angrily ☊
announce sth to sb: The government yesterday announced to the media plans to create a million new jobs. ☊ announce ☊
anticipate sth: We need someone who can anticipate and respond to changes in the fashion industry. ☊ anticipate ☊
Then, for no apparent reason, the train suddenly stopped. ☊ apparent ☊
My parents were concerned at my apparent lack of enthusiasm for school. ☊ apparent ☊
New shoots are just appearing at the base of the plant. ☊ appear ☊
Viewing is by appointment only (= only at a time that has been arranged in advance). ☊ appointment ☊
She hadn't heard his approach and jumped as the door opened. ☊ approach ☊
the approach of spring ☊ approach ☊
They felt apprehensive about the approach of war. ☊ approach ☊
Some of the opposition party's policies have been appropriated by the government. ☊ appropriate ☊
parliamentary/congressional/government approval ☊ approval ☊
Use these figures as an approximate guide in your calculations. ☊ approximate ☊
approximate sth: The animals were reared in conditions which approximated the wild as closely as possible. ☊ approximate ☊
The total cost will approximate £15 billion. ☊ approximate ☊
approximate to sth: His story approximates to the facts that we already know. ☊ approximate ☊
a formula for approximating the weight of a horse ☊ approximate ☊
a well-argued article ☊ argue ☊
We keep them informed of any changes as they arise. ☊ arise ☊
Guerrillas have pledged to intensify the armed struggle against the new government. ☊ armed ☊
travel arrangements ☊ arrangement ☊
new security arrangements ☊ arrangement ☊
We can come to an arrangement over the price. ☊ arrangement ☊
arrangement between A and B: an arrangement between the school and the parents ☊ arrangement ☊
arrangement with sb (to do sth): You can cash cheques here by prior arrangement with the bank. ☊ arrangement ☊
arrangement that...: They had an arrangement that the children would spend two weeks with each parent. ☊ arrangement ☊
to arrive at an agreement/a decision/a conclusion ☊ arrive at sth ☊
lottery funding for the arts ☊ art ☊
ask for sth: to ask for a job/a drink/an explanation ☊ ask ☊
The cat soon made the association between human beings and food. ☊ association ☊
They were impatient at the delay. ☊ at ☊
a scathing attack on the government's policies ☊ attack ☊
the government's attitude towards single parents ☊ attitude ☊
His comments were bound to attract criticism. ☊ attract ☊
the immigration authorities ☊ authority ☊
If I get an A on this essay, that will bring my average (= average mark/grade) up to a B+. ☊ average ☊
baby food/clothes ☊ baby ☊
The barriers kept the crowd back. ☊ back ☊
The rebels backed up their demands with threats. ☊ back sb/sth up ☊
He prefers to remain in the background and let his assistant talk to the press. ☊ background ☊
A piano tinkled gently in the background. ☊ background ☊
background music ☊ background ☊
There was a lot of background noise (= that you could hear, but were not listening to). ☊ background ☊
a photograph with trees in the background ☊ background ☊
the historical background to the war ☊ background ☊
background information/knowledge ☊ background ☊
The elections are taking place against a background of violence. ☊ background ☊
Can you give me more background on the company? ☊ background ☊
a person's family/social/cultural/educational/class background ☊ background ☊
The job would suit someone with a business background. ☊ background ☊
It was the worst experience of her life. ☊ bad ☊
The economic crisis reflects badly on the government's policies. ☊ badly ☊
She cycled round the corner, lost her balance and fell off. ☊ balance ☊
His lack of experience was balanced by a willingness to learn. ☊ balance ☊
The crowd had to stand behind barriers. ☊ barrier ☊
The world of Disney is a magical experience that knows no age barriers. ☊ barrier ☊
She used her family's history as a base for her novel. ☊ base ☊
What are you basing this theory on? ☊ base sth on/upon sth ☊
basic information/facts/ideas ☊ basic ☊
the basic principles of law ☊ basic ☊
basic human rights ☊ basic ☊
the cost of basic foods ☊ basic ☊
Yes, that's basically correct. ☊ basically ☊
The two approaches are basically very similar. ☊ basically ☊
There have been some problems but basically it's a good system. ☊ basically ☊
And that's it, basically. ☊ basically ☊
She was chosen for the job on the basis of her qualifications. ☊ basis ☊
The basis of a good marriage is trust. ☊ basis ☊
This article will form the basis for our discussion. ☊ basis ☊
The theory seems to have no basis in fact. ☊ basis ☊
a battle with an insurance company ☊ battle ☊
There's a bank down the road. ☊ be ☊
She bore the responsibility for most of the changes. ☊ bear ☊
The government's main aim is to beat inflation. ☊ beat ☊
beauty products/treatment (= intended to make a person more beautiful) ☊ beauty ☊
the ocean bed ☊ bed ☊
When will you begin recruiting? ☊ begin ☊
She rode off down the road with the dog running behind. ☊ behind ☊
The party believes (that) education is the most important issue facing the government. ☊ believe ☊
She believes that killing animals for food or fur is completely immoral. ☊ believe ☊
believe sb/sth + adj.: Three sailors are missing, believed drowned. ☊ believe ☊
Who exactly stands to benefit from these changes? ☊ benefit ☊
Most crime victims benefit greatly by talking about their experiences. ☊ benefit ☊
Her promotion means she's $100 a week better off. ☊ be better off ☊
The paper had fallen down between the desk and the wall. ☊ between ☊
Many changes took place between the two world wars. ☊ between ☊
a difference/distinction/contrast between two things ☊ between ☊
China and India between them account for a third of the world's population. ☊ between ☊
I've learnt from bitter experience not to trust what he says. ☊ bitter ☊
The development was bitterly opposed by the local community. ☊ bitterly ☊
'I just slammed the phone down when he said that.' 'I don't blame you!' ☊ I don't blame you/her, etc. (for doing sth) ☊
The government will have to take the blame for the riots. ☊ blame ☊
Sign your name in the blank space below. ☊ blank ☊
The proposed merger has been blocked by the government. ☊ block ☊
a diving board ☊ board ☊
a regulatory/an advisory/a review body ☊ body ☊
The family of the missing girl has been called in by the police to identify the body. ☊ body ☊
Sorry to bother you, but there's a call for you on line two. ☊ bother ☊
There are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced. ☊ bound ☊
breathe sth: Most people don't realize that they are breathing polluted air. ☊ breathe ☊
Greyhounds were originally bred as hunting dogs. ☊ breed ☊
The revolution brought many changes. ☊ bring ☊
bring sth to sb/sth: The team's new manager brings ten years' experience to the job. ☊ bring ☊
the broad outline of a proposal ☊ broad ☊
brush strokes (= the marks left by a brush when painting) ☊ brush ☊
Some people burn calories (= use food to produce energy) faster than others. ☊ burn ☊
to have/start/run a business ☊ business ☊
Benefit is calculated on the basis of average weekly earnings. ☊ calculate ☊
call sb/sth + adj.: Would you call it blue or green? ☊ call ☊
a campaign against ageism in the workplace ☊ campaign ☊
Today police launched (= began) a campaign to reduce road accidents. ☊ campaign ☊
No charge will be made if you cancel within 10 days. ☊ cancel ☊
to set up a business with a starting capital of £100 000 ☊ capital ☊
the capture of enemy territory ☊ capture ☊
to carry out an inquiry/an investigation/a survey ☊ carry sth out ☊
Mark walked in and caught them at it (= in the act of doing sth wrong). ☊ catch ☊
There is no cause for concern. ☊ cause ☊
The food was excellent—I had no cause for complaint. ☊ cause ☊
with/without good cause (= with/without a good reason) ☊ cause ☊
Her triumph was a cause for celebration. ☊ celebration ☊
Reducing inflation is central to (= is an important part of) the government's economic policy. ☊ central ☊
a centre of population ☊ centre ☊
For certain personal reasons I shall not be able to attend. ☊ certain ☊
an exciting/interesting challenge ☊ challenge ☊
The role will be the biggest challenge of his acting career. ☊ challenge ☊
to face a challenge (= to have to deal with one) ☊ challenge ☊
Destruction of the environment is one of the most serious challenges we face. ☊ challenge ☊
Schools must meet the challenge of new technology (= deal with it successfully). ☊ challenge ☊
I'm looking forward to the challenge of my new job. ☊ challenge ☊
to accept/take up a challenge ☊ challenge ☊
to mount a challenge ☊ challenge ☊
It was a direct challenge to the president's authority. ☊ challenge ☊
change (from A) to/into B: The lights changed from red to green. ☊ change ☊
a change of address ☊ change ☊
a change of government ☊ change ☊
It makes a change to read some good news for once. ☊ change ☊
important changes to the tax system ☊ change ☊
There was no change in the patient's condition overnight. ☊ change ☊
She is someone who hates change. ☊ change ☊
Adventure camps are considered to be character-building (= meant to improve sb's strong qualities). ☊ character ☊
She spoke with characteristic enthusiasm. ☊ characteristic ☊
She has charge of the day-to-day running of the business. ☊ charge ☊
Delivery is free of charge. ☊ charge ☊
Many people feel cheated by the government's refusal to hold a referendum. ☊ cheat ☊
She cheerfully admitted that she had no experience at all (= she wasn't afraid to do so). ☊ cheerfully ☊
the chief cause/problem/reason ☊ chief ☊
This government is committed to extending parental choice in education. ☊ choice ☊
The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances. ☊ circumstance ☊
civil unrest (= that is caused by groups of people within a country) ☊ civil ☊
You could have claimed the cost of the hotel room from your insurance. ☊ claim ☊
claim (on sth) (for sth): You can claim on your insurance for that coat you left on the train. ☊ claim ☊
You can make a claim on your insurance policy. ☊ claim ☊
a three per cent pay claim ☊ claim ☊
The water was so clear we could see the bottom of the lake. ☊ clear ☊
As the dust cleared, we saw that the whole ceiling had come down. ☊ clear ☊
By lap two Walker was two metres clear of the rest of the runners. ☊ clear ☊
Can you climb down? ☊ climb ☊
a climbing accident ☊ climbing ☊
close sth (for sth): The museum has been closed for renovation. ☊ close ☊
bitterly cold weather ☊ cold ☊
discrimination on the grounds of race, colour or religion ☊ colour ☊
colour sth + adj.: He drew a monster and coloured it green. ☊ colour ☊
Put a mark in the appropriate column. ☊ column ☊
The agreement came after several hours of negotiations. ☊ come ☊
That mark won't come off. ☊ come off ☊
comfort food (= food that makes you feel better) ☊ comfort ☊
a commercial vehicle (= one that is used for carrying goods or passengers who pay) ☊ commercial ☊
commercial baby foods ☊ commercial ☊
The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison. ☊ commission ☊
the government's commitment to public services ☊ commitment ☊
basic features which are common to all human languages ☊ common ☊
common ownership of the land ☊ common ☊
The local community was shocked by the murders. ☊ community ☊
I can see no grounds for complaint. ☊ complaint ☊
a complete change ☊ complete ☊
concepts such as 'civilization' and 'government' ☊ concept ☊
He can't grasp the basic concepts of mathematics. ☊ concept ☊
This chapter concerns itself with the historical background. ☊ concern ☊
The individuals concerned have some explaining to do. ☊ concern ☊
The government's primary concern is to reduce crime. ☊ concern ☊
conclude from sth that...: He concluded from their remarks that they were not in favour of the plan. ☊ conclude ☊
it is concluded that...: It was concluded that the level of change necessary would be low. ☊ conclude ☊
New evidence might lead to the conclusion that we are wrong. ☊ conclusion ☊
We can safely draw some conclusions from our discussion. ☊ conclusion ☊
If we took this argument to its logical conclusion ... ☊ conclusion ☊
a strike to improve pay and conditions ☊ condition ☊
to conduct an experiment/an inquiry/a survey ☊ conduct ☊
improving standards of training and professional conduct ☊ conduct ☊
She is attending a three-day conference on AIDS education. ☊ conference ☊
a lack of confidence in the government ☊ confidence ☊
Please write to confirm your reservation (= say that it is definite). ☊ confirm ☊
The government has done nothing to resolve the conflict over nurses' pay. ☊ conflict ☊
The government found itself confronted by massive opposition. ☊ confront ☊
a very confusing experience ☊ confusing ☊
There is some confusion about what the correct procedure should be. ☊ confusion ☊
a confusion as to what to do next ☊ confusion ☊
confusion between letters of the alphabet like 'o' or 'a' ☊ confusion ☊
Fighting had broken out and all was chaos and confusion. ☊ confusion ☊
Her unexpected arrival threw us into total confusion. ☊ confusion ☊
consider (that)...: She considers that it is too early to form a definite conclusion. ☊ consider ☊
The candidates' experience and qualifications will be taken into consideration when the decision is made. ☊ take sth into consideration ☊
Their diet consisted largely of vegetables. ☊ consist of sb/sth ☊
This substance should not come into contact with food. ☊ contact ☊
This pesticide kills insects on contact (= as soon as it touches them). ☊ contact ☊
a contest for the leadership of the party ☊ contest ☊
Stop smoking and you will see a continuous improvement in your health. ☊ continuous ☊
contract for sth: a contract for the supply of vehicles ☊ contract ☊
monthly contributions to the pension scheme ☊ contribution ☊
National Insurance contributions ☊ contribution ☊
contribution (toward(s) sth/doing sth): These measures would make a valuable contribution towards reducing industrial accidents. ☊ contribution ☊
the controls of an aircraft ☊ control ☊
The co-pilot was at the controls when the plane landed. ☊ control ☊
a car with dual control(s) (= one set of controls for the driver and one for the instructor ). ☊ control ☊
traffic control ☊ control ☊
The Democrats will probably lose control of Congress. ☊ control ☊
Owing to circumstances beyond our control, the flight to Rome has been cancelled. ☊ control ☊
control sth: government attempts to control immigration ☊ control ☊
control what/how, etc...: Parents should control what their kids watch on television. ☊ control ☊
convince sb/yourself (of sth): You'll need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job. ☊ convince ☊
The experience convinced him that Europe was on the brink of a revolution. ☊ convince ☊
They issued a statement correcting the one they had made earlier. ☊ correct ☊
The plan had to be abandoned on grounds of cost. ☊ cost ☊
We have had to raise our prices because of rising costs. ☊ cost ☊
count sth (up): The diet is based on counting calories. ☊ count ☊
Her lawyer made a statement outside the court. ☊ court ☊
The cracks (= faults) in the government's economic policy are already beginning to show. ☊ crack ☊
The government plans to create more jobs for young people. ☊ create ☊
The announcement only succeeded in creating confusion. ☊ create ☊
the government's latest economic crisis ☊ crisis ☊
Reducing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is of critical importance. ☊ critical ☊
criticism of sb/sth: There was widespread criticism of the government's handling of the disaster. ☊ criticism ☊
criticize sb/sth for sth: The government has been criticized for not taking the problem seriously. ☊ criticize ☊
Her answer was greeted with cries of outrage. ☊ cry ☊
They could not break the cycle of harvest failure, food shortage, price increase and misery. ☊ cycle ☊
dark blue/green/red, etc. ☊ dark ☊
We did a deal with the management on overtime. ☊ deal ☊
The question of the origin of the universe is still hotly debated (= strongly argued about) by scientists. ☊ debate ☊
decaying leaves/teeth/food ☊ decay ☊
declare sth: The government has declared a state of emergency. ☊ declare ☊
The government has declared war on (= officially stated its intention to stop) illiteracy. ☊ declare ☊
a decreasing population ☊ decrease ☊
He pondered, as if over some deep philosophical point. ☊ deep ☊
a deep hole/well/river ☊ deep ☊
The government was defeated by 200 votes to 83. ☊ defeat ☊
We apologize for the delay in answering your letter. ☊ delay ☊
a delay of two hours/a two-hour delay ☊ delay ☊
Increased congestion and traffic delays are expected. ☊ delay ☊
There's no time for delay. ☊ delay ☊
The government is accused of using delaying tactics (= deliberately doing sth to delay a process, decision, etc.). ☊ delay ☊
The speech was a deliberate attempt to embarrass the government. ☊ deliberate ☊
Please pay for goods on delivery (= when you receive them). ☊ delivery ☊
a demand for higher pay ☊ demand ☊
firms attempting to meet/satisfy their customers' demands (= to give them what they are asking for) ☊ demand ☊
the demands of children/work ☊ demand ☊
Flying makes enormous demands on pilots. ☊ demand ☊
She shouldn't always give in to his demands. ☊ demand ☊
demand sth: She demanded an immediate explanation. ☊ demand ☊
depend how, what, etc...: Whether we need more food depends on how many people turn up. ☊ depend on/upon sth ☊
Starting salary varies from £26 000 to £30 500, depending on experience. ☊ depending on ☊
They normally ask you to pay $100 (as a) deposit. ☊ deposit ☊
a depressing sight/thought/experience ☊ depressing ☊
The oil well extended several hundreds of feet in depth. ☊ depth ☊
The basic design of the car is very similar to that of earlier models. ☊ design ☊
design sth (as sth): This course is primarily designed as an introduction to the subject. ☊ design ☊
the destruction of the rainforests ☊ destruction ☊
a tidal wave bringing death and destruction in its wake ☊ destruction ☊
The central argument is that capitalism sows the seeds of its own destruction (= creates the forces that destroy it). ☊ destruction ☊
the development of basic skills such as literacy and numeracy ☊ development ☊
career development ☊ development ☊
electrical labour-saving devices around the home ☊ device ☊
to have a healthy, balanced diet ☊ diet ☊
the Japanese diet of rice, vegetables and fish ☊ diet ☊
to receive advice on diet ☊ diet ☊
a low-fat, salt-free diet ☊ diet ☊
We measured the difference in temperature. ☊ difference ☊
The changes were made with surprisingly little difficulty. ☊ difficulty ☊
We are looking for somebody with a clear sense of direction. ☊ direction ☊
It's only a small improvement, but at least it's a step in the right direction. ☊ direction ☊
I lost all sense of direction (= I didn't know which way to go). ☊ direction ☊
I hope my lack of experience won't be to my disadvantage. ☊ disadvantage ☊
disapprove of sb/sth: He strongly disapproved of the changes that had been made. ☊ disapprove ☊
A fatty diet increases the risk of heart disease. ☊ disease ☊
She wrinkled her nose in disgust at the smell. ☊ disgust ☊
a breathtaking display of aerobatics ☊ display ☊
distribute sth to sb/sth: The organization distributed food to the earthquake victims. ☊ distribute ☊
the distribution of food and medicines to the flood victims ☊ distribution ☊
I'm sorry to disturb you, but can I talk to you for a moment? ☊ disturb ☊
The issue has divided the government. ☊ divide ☊
division (of sth) into sth: the division of the population into age groups ☊ division ☊
The island is a small green dot on the map. ☊ dot ☊
doubt sth: There seems no reason to doubt her story. ☊ doubt ☊
She jumped down off the chair. ☊ down ☊
She bent down to pick up her glove. ☊ down ☊
The baby can't keep any food down (= in her body). ☊ down ☊
They flew down to Texas. ☊ down ☊
Did you get that down? ☊ down ☊
He lives just down the street. ☊ down ☊
There's a bridge a mile down the river from here. ☊ down ☊
She rushed downstairs and burst into the kitchen. ☊ downstairs ☊
Subsidence is the downward movement of a site on which a building stands. ☊ downward ☊
It was a policy welcomed by world leaders from the US president downwards. ☊ downwards ☊
a dramatic increase/fall/change/improvement ☊ dramatic ☊
There's no need to dress up—come as you are. ☊ dress up ☊
They came home the worse for drink (= drunk). ☊ drink ☊
He was drinking straight from the bottle. ☊ drink ☊
drink sth: I drank far too much last night. ☊ drink ☊
drink yourself + adj.: He had drunk himself unconscious on vodka. ☊ drink ☊
driving lessons ☊ driving ☊
He dropped his pants. ☊ drop ☊
She was too drunk to remember anything about the party. ☊ drunk ☊
They got drunk on vodka. ☊ drunk ☊
Police arrested him for being drunk and disorderly (= violent or noisy in a public place because of being drunk). ☊ drunk ☊
The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding. ☊ due ☊
Due to staff shortages, we are unable to offer a full buffet service on this train. ☊ due ☊
my earliest memories ☊ early ☊
Early booking is essential, as space is limited. ☊ early ☊
She doesn't eat sensibly (= doesn't eat food that is good for her). ☊ eat ☊
the government's economic policy ☊ economic ☊
We need to make substantial economies. ☊ economy ☊
educate sb (in/on sth): Children need to be educated on the dangers of drug-taking. ☊ educate ☊
primary/elementary education ☊ education ☊
health education ☊ education ☊
Patient education is important to minimize the risk of a second heart attack. ☊ education ☊
the newly elected government ☊ elect ☊
The report is likely to prove highly embarrassing to the government. ☊ embarrassing ☊
The government has declared a state of emergency following the earthquake. ☊ emergency ☊
The government had to take emergency action. ☊ emergency ☊
The government has been granted emergency powers (= to deal with an emergency). ☊ emergency ☊
to put/lay/place emphasis on sth ☊ emphasis ☊
Increased emphasis is now being placed on corporate image. ☊ emphasis ☊
it must/should be emphasized that...: It should be emphasized that this is only one possible explanation. ☊ emphasize ☊
He criticized the repressive methods employed by the country's government. ☊ employ ☊
government employees ☊ employee ☊
The government is aiming at full employment. ☊ employment ☊
Changes in farming methods have badly affected employment in the area. ☊ employment ☊
It was his first sexual encounter (= first experience of sex). ☊ encounter ☊
engaged (in sth): They are engaged in talks with the Irish government. ☊ engaged ☊
Where did the bullet enter the body? ☊ enter ☊
enthusiasm (for sth): I can't say I share your enthusiasm for the idea. ☊ enthusiasm ☊
enthusiasm (for doing sth): She never lost her enthusiasm for teaching. ☊ enthusiasm ☊
full of enthusiasm ☊ enthusiasm ☊
The disease threatens to wipe out the entire population. ☊ entire ☊
With his last jump he equalled the world record. ☊ equal ☊
Diet and exercise are equally important. ☊ equally ☊
Send €20 or the equivalent in your own currency. ☊ equivalent ☊
Breathing such polluted air is the equivalent of (= has the same effect as) smoking ten cigarettes a day. ☊ equivalent ☊
essential services such as gas, water and electricity ☊ essential ☊
essential for sth: Experience is essential for this job. ☊ essential ☊
it is essential that...: It is essential that you have some experience. ☊ essential ☊
the essentials of English grammar ☊ essential ☊
There are three essentially different ways of tackling the problem. ☊ essentially ☊
He was, essentially, a teacher, not a manager. ☊ essentially ☊
The committee was established in 1912. ☊ establish ☊
Let's establish some ground rules. ☊ establish ☊
He has just set up his own business but it will take him a while to get established. ☊ establish ☊
It was this campaign that established the paper's reputation. ☊ establish ☊
a 3 000-acre estate ☊ estate ☊
official government estimates of traffic growth over the next decade ☊ estimate ☊
He had every reason to be angry. ☊ every ☊
On the evidence of their recent matches, it is unlikely the Spanish team will win the cup. ☊ evidence ☊
to make greatly/grossly/wildly exaggerated claims ☊ exaggerated ☊
example (of sth): She is a shining example of what people with disabilities can achieve. ☊ example ☊
Tours are arranged all year round (January excepted). ☊ except ☊
exchange A for B: You can exchange your currency for dollars in the hotel. ☊ exchange ☊
You don't have to make excuses for her (= try to think of reasons for her behaviour). ☊ excuse ☊
It's late. I'm afraid I'll have to make my excuses (= say I'm sorry, give my reasons and leave). ☊ excuse ☊
advertising/business/sales, etc. executives ☊ executive ☊
On his retirement the post will cease to exist. ☊ exist ☊
an exit wound (= where a bullet that has entered sb's body comes out again) ☊ exit ☊
to have over ten years' teaching experience ☊ experience ☊
Do you have any previous experience of this type of work? ☊ experience ☊
a doctor with experience in dealing with patients suffering from stress ☊ experience ☊
My lack of practical experience was a disadvantage. ☊ experience ☊
She didn't get paid much but it was all good experience. ☊ experience ☊
He gained valuable experience whilst working on the project. ☊ experience ☊
We all learn by experience. ☊ experience ☊
Experience has taught me that life can be very unfair. ☊ experience ☊
It is important to try and learn from experience. ☊ experience ☊
In my experience, very few people really understand the problem. ☊ experience ☊
She knew from past experience that Ann would not give up easily. ☊ experience ☊
The book is based on personal experience. ☊ experience ☊
direct/first-hand experience of poverty ☊ experience ☊
experience (of sth): It was her first experience of living alone. ☊ experience ☊
I had a bad experience with fireworks once. ☊ experience ☊
He seems to have had some sort of religious experience. ☊ experience ☊
experienced in sth/in doing sth: He's very experienced in looking after animals. ☊ experienced ☊
The government now has to explain its decision to the public. ☊ explain ☊
The most likely explanation is that his plane was delayed. ☊ explanation ☊
to offer/provide an explanation ☊ explanation ☊
explanation (for sth): I can't think of any possible explanation for his absence. ☊ explanation ☊
explanation (for doing sth): She didn't give an adequate explanation for being late. ☊ explanation ☊
explanation (of sth): The book opens with an explanation of why some drugs are banned. ☊ explanation ☊
explanation (as to why...): an explanation as to why he had left early ☊ explanation ☊
She left the room abruptly without explanation. ☊ explanation ☊
'I had to see you,' he said, by way of explanation. ☊ explanation ☊
The teacher gave the children a detailed explanation of the story. ☊ explanation ☊
a population explosion ☊ explosion ☊
express sth: Teachers have expressed concern about the changes. ☊ express ☊
to express fears/doubts/reservations ☊ express ☊
Freedom of expression (= freedom to say what you think) is a basic human right. ☊ expression ☊
The riots are the most serious expression of anti-government feeling yet. ☊ expression ☊
to extend a fence/road/house ☊ extend ☊
to extend a deadline/visa ☊ extend ☊
He's been granted an extension of the contract for another year. ☊ extension ☊
a visa extension ☊ extension ☊
The pub had an extension (= was allowed to stay open longer) on Christmas Eve. ☊ extension ☊
She was given an extension to finish writing her thesis. ☊ extension ☊
a planned two-storey extension to the hospital ☊ extension ☊
a gradual extension of the powers of central government ☊ extension ☊
The bank plans various extensions to its credit facilities. ☊ extension ☊
My home life was becoming no more than an extension of my job. ☊ extension ☊
The house has extensive grounds. ☊ extensive ☊
She has extensive experience in computers. ☊ extensive ☊
The government has promised an extra £1 billion for health care. ☊ extra ☊
The monthly fee is fixed and there are no hidden extras (= unexpected costs). ☊ extra ☊
extreme weather conditions ☊ extreme ☊
The suspect has dark hair and green eyes. ☊ eye ☊
a pretty/round/freckled face ☊ face ☊
First, some basic facts about healthy eating! ☊ fact ☊
the failure of the United Nations to maintain food supplies ☊ failure ☊
A team learns from experience, both successes and failures. ☊ failure ☊
demands for a fairer distribution of wealth ☊ fair ☊
We've lost faith in the government's promises. ☊ faith ☊
He fell 20 metres onto the rocks below. ☊ fall ☊
Predictions of an early improvement in the housing market proved false. ☊ FALSE ☊
She gave false information to the insurance company. ☊ FALSE ☊
Do they plan to start a family (= have children)? ☊ family ☊
As far as we knew, there was no cause for concern. ☊ as far as I know, as far as I can remember, see, tell, etc. ☊
The last of these reasons is by far the most important. ☊ by far ☊
Detectives are so far at a loss to explain the reason for his death. ☊ so far, thus far ☊
the fastest rate of increase for years ☊ fast ☊
The government looks with favour upon (= approves of) the report's recommendations. ☊ favour ☊
The baby can't feed itself yet (= can't put food into its own mouth). ☊ feed ☊
Public feeling is being ignored by the government. ☊ feeling ☊
a female preserve (= sth that only women do) ☊ female ☊
Few will argue with this conclusion. ☊ few ☊
Figures for April show a slight improvement on previous months ☊ figure ☊
We were all filled with admiration for his achievements. ☊ fill ☊
Finance for education comes from taxpayers. ☊ finance ☊
The firm's finances are basically sound. ☊ finance ☊
The building project will be financed by the government. ☊ finance ☊
finish sth: A cup of coffee finished the meal perfectly. ☊ finish ☊
furniture available in a range of finishes ☊ finish ☊
firm beliefs/conclusions/convictions/principles ☊ firm ☊
No building can stand without firm foundations, and neither can a marriage. ☊ firm ☊
Fish forms the main part of their diet. ☊ fish ☊
fishing grounds ☊ fishing ☊
The government aims to make British industry leaner and fitter (= employing fewer people and with lower costs). ☊ fit ☊
Start crossing when the green WALK sign starts to flash. ☊ flash ☊
Memories of her childhood came flooding back. ☊ flood ☊
to encourage the free flow of information ☊ flow ☊
to improve traffic flow (= make it move faster) ☊ flow ☊
to control the direction of flow ☊ flow ☊
fold sth (back, down, over, etc.): The blankets had been folded down. ☊ fold ☊
a shortage of food/food shortages ☊ food ☊
There's a strong case for postponing the exam. ☊ for ☊
The expansion of higher education should be a powerful force for change. ☊ force ☊
force sth: Public pressure managed to force a change in the government's position. ☊ force ☊
a reservation form ☊ form ☊
forms of transport/government/energy ☊ form ☊
They hope to form the new government. ☊ form ☊
He formed a band with some friends from school. ☊ form ☊
The band formed in 2007. ☊ form ☊
form sth: These hills were formed by glaciation. ☊ form ☊
It is time to put these arrangements on a slightly more formal basis. ☊ formal ☊
to found a club/company ☊ found ☊
Her family founded the college in 1895. ☊ found ☊
The town was founded by English settlers in 1790. ☊ found ☊
The builders are now beginning to lay the foundations of the new school. ☊ foundation ☊
Respect and friendship provide a solid foundation for marriage. ☊ foundation ☊
The rumour is totally without foundation (= not based on any facts). ☊ foundation ☊
These stories have no foundation (= are not based on any facts). ☊ foundation ☊
The organization has grown enormously since its foundation in 1955. ☊ foundation ☊
She used the money to go towards the foundation of a special research group. ☊ foundation ☊
The government is said to be taking a fresh look at the matter. ☊ fresh ☊
a conference to promote international friendship ☊ friendship ☊
the man from (= representing) the insurance company ☊ from ☊
The blue team is currently in front with a lead of six points. ☊ in front ☊
She was full of admiration for the care she had received. ☊ full ☊
I fully understand your motives. ☊ fully ☊
the International Monetary Fund ☊ fund ☊
government funds ☊ fund ☊
There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view. ☊ fundamental ☊
A fundamental change in the organization of health services was required. ☊ fundamental ☊
a question of fundamental importance ☊ fundamental ☊
Hard work is fundamental to success. ☊ fundamental ☊
to gain confidence/strength/experience ☊ gain ☊
gain sth (by/from sth): There is nothing to be gained from delaying the decision. ☊ gain ☊
efficiency gains ☊ gain ☊
a gas bottle/cylinder (= for storing gas) ☊ gas ☊
There is one exception to this general principle. ☊ general ☊
This opinion is common among the general population (= ordinary people). ☊ general ☊
My generation have grown up without the experience of a world war. ☊ generation ☊
a gentle voice/laugh/touch ☊ gentle ☊
You should get into the routine of saving the document you are working on every ten minutes. ☊ get into sth ☊
give sb sth: The judge gave him a nine-month suspended sentence. ☊ give ☊
The government has given top priority to reforming the tax system. ☊ give ☊
The authorities have shown no signs of giving in to the kidnappers' demands. ☊ give in (to sb/sth) ☊
The government intends to go ahead with its tax cutting plans ☊ go ahead (with sth) ☊
I have good reason to be suspicious. ☊ good ☊
Do you think these latest changes will do any good? ☊ do good, do sb good ☊
He accused the opposition party of being unfit to govern. ☊ govern ☊
to lead/form a government ☊ government ☊
the last Conservative government ☊ government ☊
the government of the day ☊ government ☊
Foreign governments have been consulted about this decision. ☊ government ☊
She has resigned from the Government. ☊ government ☊
The Government has/have been considering further tax cuts. ☊ government ☊
government policies/officials/ministers ☊ government ☊
Democratic government has now replaced military rule. ☊ government ☊
strong government ☊ government ☊
The Democrats are now in government in the US. ☊ government ☊
grade sth/sb (by/according to sth): The containers are graded according to size. ☊ grade ☊
grade sth/sb from... to...: Eggs are graded from small to extra large. ☊ grade ☊
a gradual change in the climate ☊ gradual ☊
the basic rules of grammar ☊ grammar ☊
student grants (= to pay for their education) ☊ grant ☊
Local people are gravely concerned. ☊ gravely ☊
green politics ☊ green ☊
Try to adopt a greener lifestyle. ☊ green ☊
the Green Party ☊ green ☊
green tomatoes ☊ green ☊
green fields/hills ☊ green ☊
After the rains, the land was green with new growth. ☊ green ☊
green beans ☊ green ☊
Wait for the light to turn green (= on traffic lights). ☊ green ☊
the green of the countryside in spring ☊ green ☊
The room was decorated in a combination of greens and blues. ☊ green ☊
She was dressed all in green. ☊ green ☊
You have no grounds for complaint. ☊ ground ☊
What were his grounds for wanting a divorce? ☊ ground ☊
The case was dismissed on the grounds that there was not enough evidence. ☊ ground ☊
He retired from the job on health grounds. ☊ ground ☊
Employers cannot discriminate on grounds of age. ☊ ground ☊
The house has extensive grounds. ☊ ground ☊
Most of the monkeys' food is found at ground level. ☊ ground ☊
population growth ☊ growth ☊
policies aimed at sustaining economic growth ☊ growth ☊
guarantee sth: Basic human rights, including freedom of speech, are now guaranteed. ☊ guarantee ☊
I'll be down in a minute. I'm doing (= brushing, arranging, etc.) my hair. ☊ hair ☊
a hate campaign (= cruel comments made about sb over a period of time in order to damage their reputation) ☊ hate ☊
The colour green has a restful effect. ☊ have ☊
There has to be a reason for his strange behaviour. ☊ have to ☊
the heads of government/state ☊ head ☊
For some reason, she's got it into her head (= believes) that the others don't like her. ☊ head ☊
health insurance ☊ health ☊
a healthy diet/climate/lifestyle ☊ healthy ☊
heart trouble/failure ☊ heart ☊
Avoid heavy foods that are difficult to digest. ☊ heavy ☊
a high-fat diet ☊ high ☊
He has a round face with a high forehead. ☊ high ☊
the historical background to the war ☊ historical ☊
Women are not allowed to enter the monastery for historical reasons. ☊ historical ☊
We finished the first round with a score of two hits and six misses. ☊ hit ☊
Who holds the world record for the long jump? ☊ hold ☊
We can hold your reservation for three days. ☊ hold ☊
South Africa hosted the World Cup finals. ☊ host ☊
We went on a tour of the house and grounds (= for example, at a country house, open to the public). ☊ house ☊
human anatomy/activity/behaviour/experience ☊ human ☊
Contact with other people is a basic human need. ☊ human ☊
identify sth: Scientists have identified a link between diet and cancer. ☊ identify ☊
She suffered no ill effects from the experience. ☊ ill ☊
The advertisements are intended to improve the company's image. ☊ image ☊
social support to cushion the impact of unemployment ☊ impact ☊
impatient for sth: impatient for change ☊ impatient ☊
State your reasons in order of importance. ☊ importance ☊
impressed by/with sb/sth: We were all impressed by her enthusiasm. ☊ impressed ☊
Sales figures continue to show signs of improvement. ☊ improvement ☊
We expect to see further improvement over the coming year. ☊ improvement ☊
improvement in/on/to sth: There is still room for improvement in your work. ☊ improvement ☊
a significant/substantial/dramatic improvement ☊ improvement ☊
a slight/steady improvement ☊ improvement ☊
improvement in/on/to sth: an improvement in Anglo-German relations ☊ improvement ☊
This is a great improvement on your previous work. ☊ improvement ☊
improvements to the bus service ☊ improvement ☊
the government's inability to provide basic services ☊ inability ☊
include sth: The tour included a visit to the Science Museum. ☊ include ☊
Six people were killed in the riot, including a policeman. ☊ including ☊
a rise in national income ☊ income ☊
increase (from A) (to B): The population has increased from 1.2 million to 1.8 million. ☊ increase ☊
increase with sth: Disability increases with age (= the older sb is, the more likely they are to be disabled). ☊ increase ☊
an increase of nearly 20% ☊ increase ☊
The police force should be independent of direct government control. ☊ independent ☊
Two independent research bodies reached the same conclusions. ☊ independent ☊
indicate that...: Early results indicate that the government will be returned to power. ☊ indicate ☊
indication (that...): There are clear indications that the economy is improving. ☊ indication ☊
They had made industrial quantities of food (= a lot). ☊ industrial ☊
The government refuses to be influenced by public opinion. ☊ influence ☊
influence how, whether, etc...: The wording of questions can influence how people answer. ☊ influence ☊
inform sb (of/about sth): Please inform us of any changes of address. ☊ inform ☊
The leaflet informs customers about healthy eating. ☊ inform ☊
background information ☊ information ☊
Coconut is a basic ingredient for many curries. ☊ ingredient ☊
a government initiative to combat unemployment ☊ initiative ☊
There must be an innocent explanation for her behaviour. ☊ innocent ☊
In the first instance, notify the police and then contact your insurance company. ☊ in the first instance ☊
The new management intends to institute a number of changes. ☊ institute ☊
insult to sb/sth: His comments were seen as an insult to the president. ☊ insult ☊
life/car/travel/household, etc. insurance ☊ insurance ☊
to have adequate insurance cover ☊ insurance ☊
insurance (against sth): to take out insurance against fire and theft ☊ insurance ☊
insurance premiums (= the regular payments made for insurance) ☊ insurance ☊
Can you claim for the loss on your insurance? ☊ insurance ☊
an insurance broker/company ☊ insurance ☊
He works in insurance. ☊ insurance ☊
intended as sth: The notes are intended as an introduction to the course. ☊ intended ☊
The original intention was to devote three months to the project. ☊ intention ☊
the internal workings of government ☊ internal ☊
Sorry to interrupt, but there's someone to see you. ☊ interrupt ☊
'An Introduction to Astronomy' ☊ introduction ☊
It's a useful introduction to an extremely complex subject. ☊ introduction ☊
a brief introduction ☊ introduction ☊
a book with an excellent introduction and notes ☊ introduction ☊
By way of introduction, let me give you the background to the story. ☊ introduction ☊
This album was my first introduction to modern jazz. ☊ introduction ☊
Introductions were made and the conversation started to flow. ☊ introduction ☊
Our speaker today needs no introduction (= is already well known). ☊ introduction ☊
a letter of introduction (= a letter which tells sb who you are, written by sb who knows both you and the person reading the letter) ☊ introduction ☊
the introduction of new manufacturing methods ☊ introduction ☊
the introduction of compulsory military service ☊ introduction ☊
the 1 000th anniversary of the introduction of Christianity to Russia ☊ introduction ☊
The book lists plants suitable for the British flower garden, among them many new introductions. ☊ introduction ☊
Such changes have not been seen since the invention of the printing press. ☊ invention ☊
invest (in/on sth): The government has invested heavily in public transport. ☊ invest ☊
investigate (sth): Scientists are investigating the effects of diet on fighting cancer. ☊ investigate ☊
to encourage foreign investment ☊ investment ☊
They issued a joint statement denying the charges. ☊ issue ☊
A windproof jacket is an essential item of clothing for hillwalking. ☊ item ☊
His horse fell as it jumped the last hurdle. ☊ jump ☊
She jumped down from the chair. ☊ jump ☊
+ noun: She has jumped 2.2 metres. ☊ jump ☊
unusually large price jumps ☊ jump ☊
The horse fell at the last jump. ☊ jump ☊
a jump of over six metres ☊ jump ☊
The story takes a jump back in time. ☊ jump ☊
Somehow he survived the jump from the third floor of the building. ☊ jump ☊
to do a parachute jump ☊ jump ☊
a ski jump champion ☊ jump ☊
I sat up with a jump (= quickly and suddenly). ☊ jump ☊
The negotiations took a jump forward yesterday (= they made progress). ☊ jump ☊
laws based on the principles of justice ☊ justice ☊
The enemy kept up the bombardment day and night. ☊ keep sth up ☊
I can't keep up with all the changes. ☊ keep up (with sb/sth) ☊
He knocked his opponent down three times in the first round. ☊ knock sb down/over ☊
They could relax safe in the knowledge that they had the funding for the project. ☊ knowledge ☊
The price of land is rising rapidly. ☊ land ☊
We can expect changes in the political landscape. ☊ landscape ☊
theories about the origins of language ☊ language ☊
Because of the cold weather the crops are later this year. ☊ late ☊
a party to launch his latest novel ☊ launch ☊
a product launch ☊ launch ☊
law (on sth): The government has introduced some tough new laws on food hygiene. ☊ law ☊
The government struggled to maintain law and order. ☊ law and order ☊
The foundations of the house are being laid today. ☊ lay ☊
There were too many layers of management in the company. ☊ layer ☊
lead sb (to sth): What led you to this conclusion? ☊ lead ☊
She took the lead in the second lap. ☊ lead ☊
He has gone into the lead. ☊ lead ☊
The Democrats now appear to be in the lead. ☊ lead ☊
The lead car is now three minutes ahead of the rest of the field. ☊ lead ☊
He managed to hold a lead of two seconds over his closest rival. ☊ lead ☊
The polls have given Labour a five-point lead. ☊ lead ☊
a commanding/comfortable lead ☊ lead ☊
to increase/widen your lead ☊ lead ☊
Manchester lost their early two-goal lead. ☊ lead ☊
She started the last lap just behind the leading group. ☊ leading ☊
These are the leading first-round scores. ☊ leading ☊
a legally binding agreement ☊ legally ☊
No explanation was offered, still less an apology. ☊ even/much/still less ☊
She gives piano lessons. ☊ lesson ☊
Let us get those boxes down for you. ☊ let ☊
I can't get the lid off this jar. ☊ lid ☊
He is young and has little experience of life. ☊ life ☊
Many of these children have led very sheltered lives (= they have not had many different experiences). ☊ life ☊
In Italy the average life of a government is eleven months. ☊ life ☊
to turn down/dim the lights ☊ light ☊
Keep going—the lights (= traffic lights) are green. ☊ light ☊
We all needed a little light relief at the end of a long day (= something amusing or entertaining that comes after sth serious or boring). ☊ light ☊
We would like to apologize for the delay. ☊ like ☊
You can't drive—you're over the limit (= you have drunk more alcohol than is legal when driving). ☊ limit ☊
Not a drop of alcohol passed my lips (= I didn't drink any). ☊ lip ☊
She said little or nothing (= hardly anything) about her experience. ☊ little ☊
It caused not a little/no little (= a lot of) confusion. ☊ little ☊
This moment will live in our memory for many years to come. ☊ live ☊
Spiders can live for several days without food. ☊ live ☊
A lorry shed its load (= accidentally dropped its load) on the motorway. ☊ load ☊
It was a logical conclusion from the child's point of view. ☊ logical ☊
Computer programming needs someone with a logical mind. ☊ logical ☊
He walked down the long corridor. ☊ long ☊
We're looking for someone with experience for this post. ☊ look ☊
Emergency food supplies were brought in by lorry. ☊ lorry ☊
to lose your hair/teeth (= as a result of getting old) ☊ lose ☊
She has always remained loyal to her political principles. ☊ loyal ☊
mains drainage ☊ main ☊
The population almost doubles in summer, mainly because of the jazz festival. ☊ mainly ☊
There were calls for major changes to the welfare system. ☊ major ☊
The government does not have an overall majority (= more members than all the other parties added together). ☊ majority ☊
After all the delays, we were anxious to make up for lost time. ☊ make up for sth ☊
Her enthusiasm makes up for her lack of experience. ☊ make up for sth ☊
Most managements are keen to avoid strikes. ☊ management ☊
Diet plays an important role in the management of heart disease. ☊ management ☊
The company has established its first manufacturing base in Europe. ☊ manufacturing ☊
(+ adv./prep.): Soldiers were marching up and down outside the government buildings. ☊ march ☊
mark A (with B): Items marked with an asterisk can be omitted. ☊ mark ☊
mark B on A: Prices are marked on the goods. ☊ mark ☊
I put a mark in the margin to remind me to check the figure. ☊ mark ☊
After mating, the female kills the male. ☊ mate ☊
changes in your material circumstances ☊ material ☊
The government must deal with this as a matter of urgency. ☊ matter ☊
safety/security/austerity measures ☊ measure ☊
The government is introducing tougher measures to combat crime. ☊ measure ☊
the news/broadcasting/national media ☊ media ☊
meet sb: The Prime Minister met other European leaders for talks. ☊ meet ☊
a founder member of the conservation group ☊ member ☊
childhood memories ☊ memory ☊
I have vivid memories of my grandparents. ☊ memory ☊
What is your earliest memory? ☊ memory ☊
The photos bring back lots of good memories. ☊ memory ☊
People have short memories (= they soon forget). ☊ memory ☊
Are you sure? Memory can play tricks on you. ☊ memory ☊
This hasn't happened in living memory (= nobody alive now can remember it happening). ☊ memory ☊
He founded the charity in memory of his late wife. ☊ in memory of sb, to the memory of sb ☊
The statue was erected to the memory of my father. ☊ in memory of sb, to the memory of sb ☊
The experience caused her huge amounts of mental suffering. ☊ mental ☊
a mental disorder/illness/hospital ☊ mental ☊
The clear message coming from the government is that they are getting tough on crime. ☊ message ☊
mild irritation/amusement/disapproval ☊ mild ☊
The nearest bank is about half a mile down the road. ☊ mile ☊
the minimum age for retirement ☊ minimum ☊
What are your minimum requirements for the job? ☊ minimum ☊
There may be some minor changes to the schedule. ☊ minor ☊
Come down this minute! ☊ this minute ☊
If you mix blue and yellow, you get green. ☊ mix ☊
a decline in moral standards ☊ moral ☊
The newspapers were full of moral outrage at the weakness of other countries. ☊ moral ☊
Governments have at least a moral obligation to answer these questions. ☊ moral ☊
She was more than a little shaken (= extremely shaken) by the experience. ☊ more ☊
Pressure is mounting on the government to change the law. ☊ mount ☊
(+ adv./prep.): The government has not moved on this issue. ☊ move ☊
This latest move by the government has aroused fierce opposition. ☊ move ☊
The management have made no move to settle the strike. ☊ move ☊
a mass movement for change ☊ movement ☊
a deeply moving experience ☊ moving ☊
I'm sorry, she's not here. She must have left already (= that must be the explanation). ☊ must ☊
She has a 12-point lead over her nearest rival. ☊ near ☊
I'll make the necessary arrangements. ☊ necessary ☊
Changes can easily be made where necessary. ☊ necessary ☊
They badly needed a change. ☊ need ☊
Food aid is urgently needed. ☊ need ☊
The house is in need of a thorough clean. ☊ need ☊
I had no need to open the letter—I knew what it would say. ☊ need ☊
There's no need to cry (= stop crying). ☊ need ☊
The whole experience was definitely more positive than negative. ☊ negative ☊
a nervous condition/disorder/disease ☊ nervous ☊
This is a new experience for me. ☊ new ☊
to reduce noise levels ☊ noise ☊
a book of children's nonsense poems ☊ nonsense ☊
She wrinkled her nose in disgust. ☊ nose ☊
a new edition of 'Hamlet', with explanatory notes ☊ note ☊
These protests have really made the government sit up and take notice (= realize the importance of the situation). ☊ notice ☊
It will not have escaped your notice that there have been some major changes in the company. ☊ notice ☊
a noticeable improvement ☊ noticeable ☊
I could give you any number of (= a lot of) reasons for not going. ☊ number ☊
You owe me 27 dollars? Make it 30, that's a good round number. ☊ number ☊
results based on scientific observations ☊ observation ☊
observe sb/sth: Have you observed any changes lately? ☊ observe ☊
For obvious reasons, I'd prefer not to give my name. ☊ obvious ☊
The reasons for this decision were not immediately obvious. ☊ obvious ☊
He was obviously drunk. ☊ obviously ☊
a great/memorable/happy occasion ☊ occasion ☊
He was presented with the watch on the occasion of his retirement. ☊ occasion ☊
We're getting right off the subject. ☊ off ☊
offensive to sb: His comments were deeply offensive to a large number of single mothers. ☊ offensive ☊
He did not offer any explanation for his behaviour. ☊ offer ☊
They've decided to accept our original offer. ☊ offer ☊
The original price was £3 000, but I'm open to offers (= willing to consider offers that are less than that). ☊ offer ☊
The party has been out of office (= has not formed a government) for many years. ☊ office ☊
The present government took office in 2009. ☊ office ☊
officers of state (= ministers in the government) ☊ officer ☊
an official announcement/decision/statement ☊ official ☊
drilling for oil ☊ oil ☊
His only answer was a grunt. ☊ only ☊
He was quite open about his reasons for leaving. ☊ open ☊
open government ☊ open ☊
His eyes showed open admiration as he looked at her. ☊ open ☊
open sth with sth: They will open the new season with a performance of 'Carmen'. ☊ open ☊
oppose sb/sth: This party would bitterly oppose the re-introduction of the death penalty. ☊ oppose ☊
oppose (sb/sth) doing sth: I would oppose changing the law. ☊ oppose ☊
The opposition is/are mounting a strong challenge to our business. ☊ opposition ☊
option (to do sth): A savings plan that gives you the option to vary your monthly payments. ☊ option ☊
order sth: The government has ordered an investigation into the accident. ☊ order ☊
the origins of life on earth ☊ origin ☊
The origin of the word remains obscure. ☊ origin ☊
This particular custom has its origins in Wales. ☊ origin ☊
The room still has many of its original features. ☊ original ☊
I think you should go back to your original plan. ☊ original ☊
At the end of the lease, the land will be returned to the original owner. ☊ original ☊
The original intention was to record about 80 speakers, divided equally between males and females. ☊ original ☊
The school was originally very small. ☊ originally ☊
She comes originally from York. ☊ originally ☊
Originally, we had intended to go to Italy, but then we won the trip to Greece. ☊ originally ☊
That ought to be enough food for the four of us. ☊ ought to ☊
We want this government out. ☊ out ☊
to explore the outer (= most extreme) limits of human experience ☊ outer ☊
The house is painted green outside. ☊ outside ☊
an overall improvement in standards of living (= affecting everyone) ☊ overall ☊
I think you owe us an explanation. ☊ owe ☊
For reasons of his own (= particular reasons that perhaps only he knew about), he refused to join the club. ☊ own ☊
The booklet contains information on pain relief during labour. ☊ pain ☊
a painful experience/memory ☊ painful ☊
Paint the shed with weather-resistant paint. ☊ paint ☊
a paler shade of green ☊ pale ☊
the cold pale light of dawn ☊ pale ☊
Immigration officials will ask to see your papers. ☊ paper ☊
Experience is more important for this job than paper qualifications (= that exist on paper, but may not have any real value). ☊ paper ☊
From past experience I'd say he'd probably forgotten the time. ☊ past ☊
It was felt that the government was no longer in touch with the people. ☊ people ☊
Poor families spend about 80 to 90 per cent of their income on food. ☊ per cent ☊
What per cent of the population is/are overweight? ☊ per cent ☊
to perform on the flute ☊ perform ☊
a performance of Ravel's String Quartet ☊ performance ☊
Please refrain from talking during the performance. ☊ performance ☊
a series of performances by the Kirov Ballet ☊ performance ☊
The new management techniques aim to improve performance. ☊ performance ☊
a change which could affect perhaps 20% of the population ☊ perhaps ☊
I think perhaps you've had enough to drink tonight. ☊ perhaps ☊
All these changes happened over a period of time. ☊ period ☊
The length of the report does not permit a detailed discussion of the problems. ☊ permit ☊
This insurance policy covers you against personal injury or death. ☊ personal ☊
There's no need to get personal! ☊ personal ☊
He was popular as much for his personal qualities as for his management skills. ☊ personal ☊
The novel is written from personal experience. ☊ personal ☊
He's no longer personally involved in the day-to-day running of the company. ☊ personally ☊
pet food ☊ pet ☊
There does not seem to be any physical explanation for what they saw. ☊ physical ☊
Pigs were grunting and squealing in the yard. ☊ pig ☊
pile B on(to) A: He piled as much food as he could onto his plate. ☊ pile ☊
Insulation may reduce the danger of pipes bursting in winter. ☊ pipe ☊
A basic sense of rhythm and pitch is essential in a music teacher. ☊ pitch ☊
All the arrangements are now in place for their visit. ☊ in place ☊
Plans for our extension have been submitted for approval. ☊ plan ☊
a floor plan (= showing how furniture is arranged) ☊ plan ☊
plan (for sth): Both sides agreed to a detailed plan for keeping the peace. ☊ plan ☊
plan (to do sth): The government has announced plans to create one million new training places. ☊ plan ☊
There's been a change of plan. ☊ plan ☊
For some reason this CD won't play. ☊ play ☊
The rebels hatched a plot to overthrow the government. ☊ plot ☊
She bought a small plot of land to build a house on. ☊ plot ☊
plot sth: Military officers were suspected of plotting a coup. ☊ plot ☊
plot to do sth: They were plotting to overthrow the government. ☊ plot ☊
Information about safety procedures is in the pocket in front of you (= on a plane). ☊ pocket ☊
Australia finished 20 points ahead. ☊ point ☊
The government has called on newspapers to police themselves. ☊ police ☊
the present government's policy on education ☊ policy ☊
They have had a significant change in policy on paternity leave. ☊ policy ☊
a policy document ☊ policy ☊
a political debate/party/leader ☊ political ☊
to reduce levels of environmental pollution ☊ pollution ☊
poor food/light/soil ☊ poor ☊
One third of the world's population consumes/consume two thirds of the world's resources. ☊ population ☊
The entire population of the town was at the meeting. ☊ population ☊
countries with ageing populations ☊ population ☊
Muslims make up 55% of the population. ☊ population ☊
an increase in population ☊ population ☊
The population is increasing at about 6% per year. ☊ population ☊
to control population growth ☊ population ☊
population density ☊ population ☊
the adult/working/rural, etc. population of the country ☊ population ☊
to pose a threat/challenge/danger/risk ☊ pose ☊
Expansion was made possible by the investment of government money. ☊ possible ☊
There are several possible explanations. ☊ possible ☊
She was offered a key post in the new government. ☊ post ☊
potential (for): the potential for change ☊ potential ☊
potential (for doing sth): The European marketplace offers excellent potential for increasing sales. ☊ potential ☊
The sweat was pouring off her. ☊ pour ☊
There is a powerful argument for changing the law. ☊ powerful ☊
to have gained practical experience of the work ☊ practical ☊
She does an hour's piano practice every day. ☊ practice ☊
Many people expressed a strong preference for the original plan. ☊ preference ☊
The police officer read out a prepared statement. ☊ prepared ☊
present sb with sth: On his retirement, colleagues presented him with a set of golf clubs. ☊ present ☊
Improving the product's presentation (= the way it is wrapped, advertised, etc.) should increase sales. ☊ presentation ☊
The society was set up to preserve endangered species from extinction. ☊ preserve ☊
pressure (for sth): The pressure for change continued to mount. ☊ pressure ☊
The government eventually bowed to popular pressure (= they agreed to do what people were trying to get them to do). ☊ pressure ☊
The barriers gave way under the pressure of the crowd. ☊ pressure ☊
The pound came under pressure from foreign currencies today, increasing the chances of a rise in interest rates. ☊ under pressure ☊
The government took steps to prevent a scandal. ☊ prevent ☊
price (of sth): Criticism is part of the price of leadership. ☊ price ☊
primary teachers ☊ primary ☊
He doesn't invest in the arms industry on principle. ☊ principle ☊
the principles and practice of writing reports ☊ principle ☊
There are three fundamental principles of teamwork. ☊ principle ☊
Discussing all these details will get us nowhere; we must get back to first principles (= the most basic rules). ☊ principle ☊
the principle that free education should be available for all children ☊ principle ☊
In principle there is nothing that a human can do that a machine might not be able to do one day. ☊ in principle ☊
Visits are by prior arrangement. ☊ prior ☊
She will be unable to attend because of a prior engagement. ☊ prior ☊
Our first priority is to improve standards. ☊ priority ☊
The government insists that 'prison works' and plans to introduce a tougher sentencing policy for people convicted of violent crime. ☊ prison ☊
a programme to return many of the state companies to private ownership ☊ private ☊
If I can afford it, I think I'll go private (= pay for medical care rather than use the government service). ☊ private ☊
the probable cause/explanation/outcome ☊ probable ☊
the ageing process ☊ process ☊
land available for food production ☊ production ☊
a decline/an increase in production ☊ production ☊
drugs to stimulate the body's production of hormones ☊ production ☊
to set up a project to computerize the library system ☊ project ☊
promise sth: The government has promised a full investigation into the disaster. ☊ promise ☊
promise (of sth): The government failed to keep its promise of lower taxes. ☊ promise ☊
policies to promote economic growth ☊ promote ☊
a campaign to promote awareness of environmental issues ☊ promote ☊
Her promotion to Sales Manager took everyone by surprise. ☊ promotion ☊
The new job is a promotion for him. ☊ promotion ☊
This building is government property. ☊ property ☊
There are a lot of empty properties in the area. ☊ property ☊
The basic ingredients are limestone and clay in the proportion 2:1. ☊ proportion ☊
You haven't drawn the figures in the foreground in proportion. ☊ proportion ☊
propose sth: The government proposed changes to the voting system. ☊ propose ☊
There's no use protesting, I won't change my mind. ☊ protest ☊
His lack of experience may prove a problem in a crisis. ☊ prove ☊
prove to be sth: The promotion proved to be a turning point in his career. ☊ prove ☊
Their fears proved to be groundless. ☊ prove ☊
Details of the government report have not yet been made public. ☊ public ☊
public money/spending/funding/expenditure ☊ public ☊
He spent much of his career in public office (= working in the government). ☊ public ☊
the public purse (= the money that the government can spend) ☊ public ☊
The government had to bow to public pressure. ☊ public ☊
a delay in the publication of the exam results ☊ publication ☊
The government is pushing ahead with its electoral reforms. ☊ push ahead/forward (with sth) ☊
a nursing/teaching, etc. qualification ☊ qualification ☊
In this job, experience counts for more than paper qualifications. ☊ qualification ☊
a decline in water quality ☊ quality ☊
to have leadership qualities ☊ quality ☊
enormous/vast/huge quantities of food ☊ quantity ☊
The government doesn't have the answers to these difficult questions. ☊ question ☊
The question which needs to be addressed is one of funding. ☊ question ☊
legislation against discrimination on the grounds of race or sex ☊ race ☊
race (against sb/sth): Who will he be racing against in the next round? ☊ race ☊
This was outside the range of his experience. ☊ range ☊
Promotion will mean that I'm immediately above him in rank. ☊ rank ☊
to reach a conclusion/decision/verdict/compromise ☊ reach ☊
A spokesman said the changes were not in reaction to the company's recent losses. ☊ reaction ☊
Tell me the real reason. ☊ real ☊
reason (why...): I'd like to know the reason why you're so late. ☊ reason ☊
Give me one good reason why I should help you. ☊ reason ☊
reason (that...): We aren't going for the simple reason that we can't afford it. ☊ reason ☊
reason (for sth): She gave no reasons for her decision. ☊ reason ☊
reason (for doing sth): I have no particular reason for doubting him. ☊ reason ☊
He said no but he didn't give a reason. ☊ reason ☊
For some reason (= one that I don't know or don't understand) we all have to come in early tomorrow. ☊ reason ☊
The man attacked me for no apparent reason. ☊ reason ☊
She resigned for personal reasons. ☊ reason ☊
For reasons of security the door is always kept locked. ☊ reason ☊
He wants to keep them all in his office for reasons best known to himself. ☊ reason ☊
people who, for whatever reason, are unable to support themselves ☊ reason ☊
'Why do you want to know?' 'No reason ' (= I do not want to say why). ☊ reason ☊
'Why did she do that?' 'She must have her reasons ' (= secret reasons which she does not want to tell). ☊ reason ☊
reason (to do sth): They have reason to believe that he is lying. ☊ reason ☊
We have every reason (= have very good reasons) to feel optimistic. ☊ reason ☊
You have no reason to accuse him of laziness. ☊ reason ☊
reason (why...): There is no reason why we should agree to this. ☊ reason ☊
reason (for sth/for doing sth): This result gives us all the more reason for optimism. ☊ reason ☊
We have reasonable grounds for believing that you are responsible. ☊ reasonable ☊
There have been many changes in recent years. ☊ recent ☊
The government granted full diplomatic recognition to the republics. ☊ recognition ☊
The report criticizes the government's record on housing. ☊ record ☊
The team recovered its lead in the second half. ☊ recover ☊
The report recommends further reductions in air and noise emissions. ☊ reduction ☊
proposals to reform the social security system ☊ reform ☊
a government committed to reform ☊ reform ☊
a blunt/flat/curt refusal ☊ refusal ☊
refusal to do sth: His refusal to discuss the matter is very annoying. ☊ refusal ☊
refuse to do sth: He flatly refused to discuss the matter. ☊ refuse ☊
refuse sth: The bank refused his demand for a full refund. ☊ refuse ☊
register sth: to register a birth/marriage/death ☊ register ☊
relate sth: She relates her childhood experiences in the first chapters. ☊ relate ☊
relationship (between A and B): The relationship between the police and the local community has improved. ☊ relationship ☊
People alter their voices in relationship to background noise. ☊ relationship ☊
new products released onto the market ☊ release ☊
The government has been working to secure the release of the hostages. ☊ release ☊
Do you have the relevant experience? ☊ relevant ☊
There was little comic relief in his speech. ☊ relief ☊
relief from sth: The calm of the countryside came as a welcome relief from the hustle and bustle of city life. ☊ relief ☊
a sense of relief ☊ relief ☊
She sighed with relief. ☊ relief ☊
Much to my relief the car was not damaged. ☊ relief ☊
News of their safety came as a great relief. ☊ relief ☊
It was a relief to be able to talk to someone about it. ☊ relief ☊
What a relief! ☊ relief ☊
modern methods of pain relief ☊ relief ☊
the relief of suffering ☊ relief ☊
As babies, we rely entirely on others for food. ☊ rely on/upon sb/sth ☊
Only about half of the original workforce remains. ☊ remain ☊
The elections removed the government from power. ☊ remove ☊
rent (sth): to live in rented accommodation/housing/property ☊ rent ☊
The claims are, I repeat, totally unfounded. ☊ repeat ☊
Nor, to repeat, can these changes be avoided. ☊ repeat ☊
a decrease in the number of reported cases of AIDS ☊ report ☊
it is reported that...: It was reported that changes were being considered. ☊ report ☊
The association was formed to represent the interests of women artists. ☊ represent ☊
our elected representatives in government ☊ representative ☊
Is a questionnaire answered by 500 people truly representative of the population as a whole? ☊ representative ☊
the basic requirements of life ☊ requirement ☊
a software package to meet your requirements ☊ requirement ☊
to meet/fulfil/satisfy the requirements ☊ requirement ☊
research (into/in/on sth): They're researching into ways of improving people's diet. ☊ research ☊
I'll call the restaurant and make a reservation. ☊ reservation ☊
We have a reservation in the name of Grant. ☊ reservation ☊
resist (sth): to resist change ☊ resist ☊
They are determined to resist pressure to change the law. ☊ resist ☊
I believe we should resist calls for tighter controls. ☊ resist ☊
A healthy diet should help your body resist infection. ☊ resist ☊
The government responded by banning all future demonstrations. ☊ respond ☊
The car responds very well to the controls. ☊ respond ☊
You can rely on him to respond to a challenge. ☊ respond ☊
Nobody has claimed responsibility for the bombing. ☊ responsibility ☊
Her job is restoring old paintings. ☊ restore ☊
The government has agreed to lift restrictions on press freedom. ☊ restriction ☊
The house retains much of its original charm. ☊ retain ☊
retire sb: She was retired on medical grounds. ☊ retire ☊
At 60, he was now approaching retirement. ☊ retirement ☊
This year we have seen the retirements of several senior personnel. ☊ retirement ☊
The government has failed to reverse the economic decline. ☊ reverse ☊
The policy is likely to be reversed if there is a change of government. ☊ reverse ☊
the government's review of its education policy ☊ review ☊
His parole application is up for review next week. ☊ review ☊
The government will review the situation later in the year. ☊ review ☊
The government may need to revise its policy in the light of this report. ☊ revise ☊
The ground rose steeply all around. ☊ rise ☊
Take the first road on the left and then follow the signs. ☊ road ☊
the role of diet in preventing disease ☊ role ☊
Sales are up by roughly 10%. ☊ roughly ☊
a round plate ☊ round ☊
These glasses suit people with round faces. ☊ round ☊
The fruit are small and round. ☊ round ☊
Rugby isn't played with a round ball. ☊ round ☊
the discovery that the world is round ☊ round ☊
The child was watching it all with big round eyes (= showing interest). ☊ round ☊
a T-shirt with a round neck ☊ round ☊
the round green hills of Donegal ☊ round ☊
round brackets (= in writing) ☊ round ☊
She had a small mouth and round pink cheeks. ☊ round ☊
Two thousand is a nice round number—put that down. ☊ round ☊
Well, in round figures (= not giving the exact figures) we've spent twenty thousand so far. ☊ round ☊
Have we enough cups to go round? ☊ round ☊
A new roof will cost round about £3 000. ☊ round about ☊
a surface with rounded edges ☊ rounded ☊
rounded shoulders ☊ rounded ☊
There's no need to be rude! ☊ rude ☊
majority rule (= government by the political party that most people have voted for) ☊ rule ☊
The shareholders want more say in how the company is run. ☊ run ☊
the day-to-day running of a business ☊ running ☊
the running costs of a car (= for example of fuel, repairs, insurance) ☊ running ☊
The divorce left him sadder and wiser (= having learned from the unpleasant experience). ☊ sad ☊
memories tinged with sadness ☊ sadness ☊
a local campaign to improve road safety ☊ safety ☊
He gets a basic salary plus commission. ☊ salary ☊
base salary ☊ salary ☊
satisfy sb: Her explanation did not satisfy the teacher. ☊ satisfy ☊
save sth on sth: The government is trying to save £1 million on defence. ☊ save ☊
With the new boiler you can make big savings on fuel bills. ☊ saving ☊
say sth/sb: You could learn the basics in, let's say, three months. ☊ say ☊
At the other end of the scale, life is a constant struggle to get enough to eat. ☊ scale ☊
scheme (to do sth): to introduce/operate a scheme to improve links between schools and industry ☊ scheme ☊
a scratch on the paintwork ☊ scratch ☊
The wreck is lying at the bottom of the sea. ☊ sea ☊
Detectives carried out a thorough search of the building. ☊ search ☊
Experience is what matters—age is of secondary importance. ☊ secondary ☊
an issue that will affect large sections of the population ☊ section ☊
She finished the match, secure in the knowledge that she was through to the next round. ☊ secure ☊
be seen to do sth: The government not only has to do something, it must be seen to be doing something (= people must be aware that it is doing sth). ☊ see ☊
to seek funding for a project ☊ seek ☊
It is important to select a software package that suits your requirements. ☊ select ☊
to sell insurance ☊ sell ☊
I have ten years' experience at senior management level. ☊ senior ☊
He has a very good sense of direction (= finds the way to a place easily). ☊ sense ☊
She has lost all sense of direction in her life. ☊ sense ☊
serve sth with sth: Serve the lamb with new potatoes and green beans. ☊ serve ☊
After retiring, she became involved in voluntary service in the local community. ☊ service ☊
The government aims to improve public services, especially education. ☊ service ☊
Essential services (= the supply of water, gas, electricity) will be maintained. ☊ service ☊
She set a new world record for the high jump. ☊ set ☊
The government has set strict limits on public spending this year. ☊ set ☊
set sb/sth + adv./prep.: Her manner immediately set everyone at their ease. ☊ set ☊
to set up a business ☊ set sth up ☊
The company has agreed to settle out of court (= come to an agreement without going to court). ☊ settle ☊
severe weather conditions ☊ severe ☊
Strikes are causing severe disruption to all train services. ☊ severe ☊
sex discrimination (= the act of treating men and women differently in an unfair way) ☊ sex ☊
sexual orientation (= whether you are heterosexual or homosexual ) ☊ sexual ☊
They shook hands on the deal (= to show that they had reached an agreement). ☊ shake ☊
The island was originally circular in shape. ☊ shape ☊
The government provides money in the shape of (= consisting of) grants and student loans. ☊ shape ☊
His ideas had been shaped by his experiences during the war. ☊ shape ☊
share (sth with sb): Would you like to share your experience with the rest of the group? ☊ share ☊
The group listens while one person shares (= tells other people about their experiences, feelings, etc.). ☊ share ☊
Their experiences contrast sharply with those of other children. ☊ sharply ☊
Human beings need food, clothing and shelter. ☊ shelter ☊
a dramatic shift in public opinion ☊ shift ☊
a shift of emphasis ☊ shift ☊
The news of my promotion came as a shock. ☊ shock ☊
Losing in the first round was a shock to the system (= it was a more of a shock because it was not expected). ☊ shock ☊
The team suffered a shock defeat in the first round. ☊ shock ☊
I'm just going down to the shops. Can I get you anything? ☊ shop ☊
She was determined to go out and shop till she dropped. ☊ shop ☊
The government's popularity is declining rapidly, as the opinion polls show. ☊ show ☊
to put on/stage a show ☊ show ☊
The computer system will be shut down over the weekend. ☊ shut sth down ☊
Follow the signs for the city centre. ☊ sign ☊
Her work is showing some signs of improvement. ☊ sign ☊
sign (of doing sth): The gloomy weather shows no sign of improving. ☊ sign ☊
a danger/warning/distress, etc. signal ☊ signal ☊
The rise in inflation is a clear signal that the government's policies are not working. ☊ signal ☊
Reducing prison sentences would send the wrong signals to criminals. ☊ signal ☊
Delays are occurring as a result of signal failure on the northbound line. ☊ signal ☊
The satellite is used for transmitting signals around the world. ☊ signal ☊
These views are held by a significant proportion of the population. ☊ significant ☊
The drug has had no significant effect on stopping the spread of the disease. ☊ significant ☊
The original building has long since (= long before now) been demolished. ☊ since ☊
the European single currency, the euro ☊ single ☊
The ship sank to the bottom of the sea. ☊ sink ☊
management skills ☊ skill ☊
Her speech sliced through all the confusion surrounding the situation. ☊ slice ☊
a slight increase/change/delay/difference ☊ slight ☊
Because of the slope of the roof, the snow cannot accumulate. ☊ slope ☊
The government is planning to give more help to small businesses. ☊ small ☊
I made only a few small changes to the report. ☊ small ☊
The car's improved suspension gives you a smoother ride. ☊ smooth ☊
There's no need to worry so. ☊ so ☊
social class/background ☊ social ☊
social advancement (= improving your position in society) ☊ social ☊
This provided a solid foundation for their marriage. ☊ solid ☊
The baby is not yet on solids (= eating solid food). ☊ solid ☊
Sorry to bother you, but could I speak to you for a moment? ☊ sorry ☊
They're a sort of greenish-blue colour. ☊ a sort of sth ☊
sort sth: sorting the mail ☊ sort ☊
His explanation sounds reasonable to me. ☊ sound ☊
Government sources indicated yesterday that cuts may have to be made. ☊ source ☊
a source of confusion ☊ source ☊
Her speech was slurred—she was clearly drunk. ☊ speech ☊
We aim to increase the speed of delivery (= how quickly goods are sent). ☊ speed ☊
spin (round/around): The dancers spun round and round. ☊ spin ☊
spin sth (round/around): to spin a ball/coin/wheel ☊ spin ☊
a spiritual experience ☊ spiritual ☊
English became the official language for business in spite of the fact that the population was largely Chinese. ☊ in spite of sth ☊
split (within sth): a damaging split within the party leadership ☊ split ☊
spread sth: Why not pay monthly and spread the cost of your car insurance? ☊ spread ☊
to prevent the spread of disease ☊ spread ☊
to encourage the spread of information ☊ spread ☊
The book had rounded, not square, corners. ☊ square ☊
The children ran up/down the stairs. ☊ stair ☊
The project has the government's stamp of approval. ☊ stamp ☊
The Post Office has issued a commemorative stamp to mark the event. ☊ stamp ☊
The lettering stood out well against the dark background. ☊ stand out (from/against sth) ☊
start sth (up): They decided to start a catering business. ☊ start ☊
to start out in business ☊ start out ☊
families dependent on state benefits (= in Britain, money given by the government to people who are poor) ☊ state ☊
a formal/ a public/a written/an official statement ☊ statement ☊
A government spokesperson made a statement to the press. ☊ statement ☊
The prime minister is expected to issue a statement on the policy change this afternoon. ☊ statement ☊
The directors are responsible for preparing the company's financial statements. ☊ statement ☊
the introduction of steam in the 18th century ☊ steam ☊
Stick your bags down there. ☊ stick ☊
Food stocks are running low. ☊ stock ☊
Work has temporarily come to a stop while the funding is reviewed. ☊ stop ☊
Her novels always have the same basic story. ☊ story ☊
the government's economic strategy ☊ strategy ☊
strategy to do sth: It's all part of an overall strategy to gain promotion. ☊ strategy ☊
it strikes sb that...: It strikes me that nobody is really in favour of the changes. ☊ strike ☊
strong support for the government ☊ strong ☊
a strong leader/government ☊ strong ☊
changes in the social and economic structure of society ☊ structure ☊
a power/leadership struggle ☊ struggle ☊
a student grant/loan (= money that is given/lent to students to pay for their studies) ☊ student ☊
scientific studies of fishing grounds and methods of fishing ☊ study ☊
a style of management ☊ style ☊
a management style ☊ style ☊
a substantial change ☊ substantial ☊
The course teaches you the theory but there's no substitute for practical experience. ☊ substitute ☊
The new job is not a promotion as such, but it has good prospects. ☊ as such ☊
suffer for sth: He made a rash decision and now he is suffering for it. ☊ suffer ☊
sufficient to do sth: These reasons are not sufficient to justify the ban. ☊ sufficient ☊
The following is a summary of our conclusions. ☊ summary ☊
a two-page summary of a government report ☊ summary ☊
Supplies of food are almost exhausted. ☊ supply ☊
a transport plane carrying food and medical supplies for refugees ☊ supply ☊
The UN has agreed to allow the supply of emergency aid. ☊ supply ☊
a contract for the supply of timber ☊ supply ☊
supply sth to sb/sth: Foreign governments supplied arms to the rebels. ☊ supply ☊
supply sb/sth with sth: Foreign governments supplied the rebels with arms. ☊ supply ☊
foods supplying our daily vitamin needs ☊ supply ☊
support sb/sth in sth: The government supported the unions in their demand for a minimum wage. ☊ support ☊
There is no reason to suppose she's lying. ☊ suppose ☊
to conduct/carry out a survey ☊ survey ☊
survive on sth: I can't survive on £40 a week (= it is not enough for my basic needs). ☊ survive ☊
My suspicions were confirmed when police raided the property. ☊ suspicion ☊
Water from shallow wells should be regarded with suspicion, as it may be contaminated. ☊ suspicion ☊
By the end of the match, the sweat was pouring off him. ☊ sweat ☊
Voting showed a 10% swing to Labour. ☊ swing ☊
system for doing sth: a new system for assessing personal tax bills ☊ system ☊
system of sth: a system of government ☊ system ☊
The government is determined to tackle inflation. ☊ tackle ☊
The government is taking action to combat drug abuse. ☊ take ☊
A further round of talks will be needed if the dispute is to be resolved. ☊ talk ☊
changes in tax rates ☊ tax ☊
teach sb sth: Our experience as refugees taught us many valuable lessons. ☊ teach ☊
primary school teachers ☊ teacher ☊
The memory brought a tear to her eye (= made her cry). ☊ tear ☊
telephone sth: You can telephone your order 24 hours a day. ☊ telephone ☊
temporary relief from pain ☊ temporary ☊
laboratory tests ☊ test ☊
'Thank goodness for that!' she said with a sigh of relief. ☊ thank God/goodness/heaven(s) (for sth) ☊
So that's it—the fuse had gone. ☊ that's it ☊
current ideas about what makes good theatre (= what makes good entertainment when performed) ☊ theatre ☊
The stories are all variations on the theme of unhappy marriage. ☊ theme ☊
They themselves had had a similar experience. ☊ themselves ☊
a thorough knowledge of the subject ☊ thorough ☊
The police carried out a thorough investigation. ☊ thorough ☊
She's very thorough and conscientious. ☊ thorough ☊
He was determined to be thorough in his research. ☊ thorough ☊
a thoroughly professional performance ☊ thoroughly ☊
Wash the fruit thoroughly before use. ☊ thoroughly ☊
The work had not been done very thoroughly. ☊ thoroughly ☊
These ancient woodlands are under threat from new road developments. ☊ threat ☊
threaten to do sth: The hijackers threatened to kill one passenger every hour if their demands were not met. ☊ threaten ☊
We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it. ☊ thus ☊
It takes time to make changes in the law. ☊ time ☊
The promotion came at just the right time for me. ☊ time ☊
There's no rush—take your time. ☊ take your time (over sth), take your time to do sth/doing sth ☊
The government has set out its timetable for the peace talks. ☊ timetable ☊
a drop in profits from $105 million to around $75 million ☊ to ☊
She set the tone for the meeting with a firm statement of company policy. ☊ tone ☊
There's no need to take that tone with me—it's not my fault we're late. ☊ tone ☊
Please turn the volume down. ☊ turn sth down ☊
He spoke with typical enthusiasm. ☊ typical ☊
A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness. ☊ ultimately ☊
uncontrolled dumping of toxic wastes ☊ uncontrolled ☊
This jacket's too big, even with a sweater underneath. ☊ underneath ☊
The statement is open to various understandings. ☊ understanding ☊
a programme to get the long-term unemployed back to work ☊ the unemployed ☊
measures to prevent unfair competition between member countries ☊ unfair ☊
He was unfortunate to lose in the final round. ☊ unfortunate ☊
unfriendly (to/towards sb): There's no need to be so unfriendly towards them. ☊ unfriendly ☊
Many people are deeply unhappy about the way the government has handled this matter. ☊ unhappy ☊
a summit to discuss economic and monetary union ☊ union ☊
The basic unit of society is the family. ☊ unit ☊
Nationalist parties united to oppose the government's plans. ☊ unite ☊
He was trying, for some unknown reason, to count the stars. ☊ unknown ☊
She gave me an unlikely explanation for her behaviour. ☊ unlikely ☊
The job was beginning to make unreasonable demands on his free time. ☊ unreasonable ☊
He jumped up from his chair. ☊ up ☊
an upsetting experience ☊ upsetting ☊
urban development (= the process of building towns and cities or making them larger) ☊ urban ☊
urban renewal/regeneration (= the process of improving the buildings, etc. in the poor parts of a town or city) ☊ urban ☊
a valuable experience ☊ valuable ☊
a police van (= for carrying police officers or prisoners) ☊ van ☊
Currency exchange rates are always subject to variation. ☊ variation ☊
He resigned for a variety of reasons. ☊ variety ☊
We all need variety in our diet. ☊ variety ☊
She took the job for various reasons. ☊ various ☊
At dusk bats appear in vast numbers. ☊ vast ☊
green vegetables (= for example cabbage ) ☊ vegetable ☊
to have different/conflicting/opposing views ☊ view ☊
a violent change ☊ violent ☊
The Green candidate won over 3 000 of the 14 000 votes cast. ☊ vote ☊
wage demands/claims/settlements ☊ wage ☊
Tax and insurance are deducted from your wages. ☊ wage ☊
a circular walk ☊ walk ☊
There are some interesting walks in the area. ☊ walk ☊
a guided walk around the farm ☊ walk ☊
The government does not want to go to war (= start a war) unless all other alternatives have failed. ☊ war ☊
The government has declared war on drug dealers. ☊ war ☊
warn (sb) of sth: Police have warned of possible delays. ☊ warn ☊
a government health warning ☊ warning ☊
Wash the fruit thoroughly before eating. ☊ wash ☊
waste sth: to waste time/food/energy ☊ waste ☊
With a wave and a shout he ran down the road to meet us. ☊ wave ☊
It's been quite a day, one way and another (= for several reasons). ☊ way ☊
a weak currency ☊ weak ☊
They welcomed the new volunteers with open arms (= with enthusiasm). ☊ welcome ☊
In general, the changes they had made were to be welcomed. ☊ welcome ☊
Well done! (= expressing admiration for what sb has done) ☊ well ☊
The surface must be well prepared before you start to paint. ☊ well ☊
Get well soon! (= for example, on a card) ☊ well ☊
You are entitled to a free gift whether you accept our offer of insurance or not. ☊ whether ☊
She writes about her experiences as a black girl in a predominantly white city. ☊ white ☊
Mrs Smith, who has a lot of teaching experience at junior level, will be joining the school in September. ☊ who ☊
The reason why the injection needs repeating every year is that the virus changes. ☊ why ☊
a manager with wide experience of industry ☊ wide ☊
The company has won a contract to supply books and materials to schools. ☊ win ☊
She won the admiration of many people in her battle against cancer. ☊ win ☊
fuse wire ☊ wire ☊
Throw some money in the fountain and make a wish. ☊ wish ☊
Government troops were forced to withdraw. ☊ withdraw ☊
We had witnessed one of the most outstanding theatrical performances of the decade. ☊ witness ☊
wonder (about sth): 'Why do you want to know?' 'No particular reason. I was just wondering.' ☊ wonder ☊
The book is a detailed and thorough piece of work covering all aspects of the subject. ☊ work ☊
the working population ☊ working ☊
recent changes in working practices ☊ working ☊
The threat of losing their jobs is a constant source of worry to them. ☊ worry ☊
She felt deeply wounded by his cruel remarks. ☊ wound ☊
wrap B round/around A: I wrapped a blanket around the baby. ☊ wrap ☊
His experiences in India influenced his later writings. ☊ writing ☊
All telephone reservations must be confirmed in writing. ☊ in writing ☊
I have happy memories of my years in Poland (= the time I spent there). ☊ year ☊
She brings to the job a rare combination of youth and experience. ☊ youth ☊
His youth gives him an advantage over the other runners. ☊ youth ☊