VieGermanEnglisch

EngVietnameseEnglisch

GermanEnglishVietnamese

+ + + +

---

1800 VI 1800 ML Beginner Level Intermediate Level Advanced Level
Composite Words Listening Comprehension Oxford Topics Duolingo Topics

---

Deutschtrainer Level A1- A2	Deu	Eng	Vie

Glossika Sentences

Oxford 3000	Vie	Eng

Goethe-Institut	Topic	Subtopic	Deu	Eng	Vie (?)

Goethe-Institut Sentences A1	Topic	Subtopic	Deu	Ger	Eng	Vie

Goethe-Institut Sentences A2	Topic	Subtopic	Deu	Ger	Eng	Vie

Goethe-Institut Sentences B1	Deu	Ger	Eng	Vie

KET	Eng	Wordtype	Definition

PET	Eng	Wordtype	Definition

A1 Sentences	Key	Eng

A2 Sentences	Key	Eng
A2	present +	show sth to sb ● We presented our project to the class. +
A2	ink +	coloured liquid usually in a pen ● Write the answers with a pen that has blue ink. +
A2	thumb +	the short thick finger on the side of your hand that helps you pick things up ● Bob held up his thumb to tell us everything was okay. +
A2	general election +	an event when everyone in the country chooses a new government ● They’re having a general election in Russia to choose a new president. Reading Page 6 +
A2	activity +	something that you do to have fun ● My favourite activity is playing tennis. ➣ act (v), active (adj), actively (adv) +
A2	photography +	the activity of taking photos ● My aunt is good at photography. She takes photos of animals. ➣ photograph (v, n), photo (n), photographer (n) +
A2	cricket +	a game played by two teams of eleven players who score points by hitting a hard ball with a wooden bat, then running between two sets of wooden sticks ● Children in India like playing cricket in the park. ➣ cricketer (n) +
A2	play in a band +	play music together in small group of other people ● My sister plays the guitar in the school band. +
A2	swimming +	the activity of moving through water by moving your arms and legs ● Eleni goes swimming in the sea in summer. ➣ swim (v), swimmer (n) +
A2	online +	that you can use on the internet ● Do you play online games on your computer? ➣ online (adv) ✎ Opp: offline +
A2	profile +	a short description of who a person is, what they like, etc. ● Mum put a photo of our cat on her online profile. +
A2	hobby +	an activity that sb does for fun ● Lesley’s hobbies are playing the piano and swimming. +
A2	country +	an area of land that has its own government, laws and way of life ● Which country is Miguel from? Spain or Italy? +
A2	pet +	an animal that lives with you in your home ● Sylvia’s pets are two rabbits and three fish. +
A2	travel +	go from one place to another ● I travel to school by bus every day. ➣ travelling (n), traveller (n) +
A2	information +	facts about sb or sth ● You can find some information about photography online. ➣ inform (v) Word Focus Page 7 +
A2	nature +	all the wild things like plants, animals, rocks, etc.● I enjoy going for walks near the lake to be close to nature. ➣ natural (adj), naturally (adv) +
A2	forest +	a large group of trees ● Monkeys live in the big green forest next to the river. +
A2	area +	a part of a country ● There aren’t many houses in this area. +
A2	land +	a piece of ground ● The land next to our house is Mr Smith’s garden. 5 +
A2	hang out (together) +	spend a lot of free time (together) somewhere ● George and his friends hang out together at the café after school. +
A2	street market +	a place where you can go to buy or sell things in the street ● People buy fruit and vegetables at the street market here on Tuesdays. +
A2	souvenir +	sth you buy to remember a place you’re visiting ● His T-shirt with the Eiffel Tower on it is a souvenir from Paris. +
A2	remember +	not forget sth; to keep sth in your mind ● Can you remember your phone number? Reading Page 7 +
A2	high school +	school for students from about 11 to 18 years old ● Eva is twelve and she’s in her first year at high school. ✎ Syn: secondary school +
A2	student +	a person who studies at a school, university, etc. ● There are twenty-five students in our class. ➣ study (v) +
A2	brilliant +	very good or clever ● I can’t ride a horse, but my sister is brilliant at riding. +
A2	well-known +	that a lot of people know about ● One Direction is a well-known band. +
A2	artist +	a person who does painting, drawing or other kinds of art ● Leonardo Da Vinci was a brilliant artist. ➣ art (n), artistic (adj) +
A2	future +	the time after now ● In the future, Ted wants to be a teacher. +
A2	incredible +	not easy to believe ● This song is incredible! Listen to it. +
A2	close +	that you know very well and like very much ● Kate and Pauline are close friends and they go everywhere together. ➣ closely (adv) +
A2	busy +	having a lot of things to do ● Mum is busy at work, so Dad’s cooking dinner. ➣ απασχολημένος +
A2	spend time +	use your time ● I like spending time with my dog Fred. +
A2	summer +	the hottest three-month period of the year between spring and autumn ● It’s hot here in summer and we go swimming in the sea. +
A2	sport +	sth you do for fun and to be strong that often has rules ● We don’t have sport every day at school. ➣ sporty (adj) +
A2	winter +	the coldest three-month period of the year between autumn and spring ● It snows a lot in Germany in winter. +
A2	popular +	liked by many people ● Is tennis a popular sport in your country? ➣ popularity (n) ✎ Opp: unpopular +
A2	South Africa +	➣ South African (adj, n) +
A2	England +	➣ English (adj, n) +
A2	Australia +	➣ Australian (adj, n) +
A2	India +	➣ Indian (adj, n) +
A2	European +	➣ Europe (n), European (n) +
A2	also +	too; as well ● I love football, but I also play cricket. +
A2	too +	also; as well ● Megan paints pictures of the sea and the mountains, too. +
A2	always +	all the time ● I always go to school by bus. +
A2	make sure +	do sth so that you know sth will happen or sth is true ● Phone Tom to make sure he knows about the basketball game. +
A2	crowded +	with a lot of people ● The bus is very crowded and we can’t sit down. ➣ crowd (n) +
A2	tourist +	a person who goes to a place for a holiday ● Hundreds of tourists visit the Acropolis every day. ➣ tourism (n) +
A2	famous +	very well-known ● Andy Murray is a famous tennis player. ➣ fame (n) 6 +
A2	gallery +	a building where you can see a lot of paintings or other art ● The artist’s paintings are in a gallery in London. +
A2	around +	in many parts of a place ● I’ve got lots of friends from all around the world. +
A2	excellent +	very good ● This shop sells excellent souvenirs. You should try it. +
A2	rich +	with a lot of money ● Tracy wants to be rich so she can buy a big house one day. +
A2	amazing +	surprising; wonderful ● Your holiday photos are amazing. What a beautiful place. ➣ amaze (v), amazed (adj) +
A2	colourful +	with many colours ● Dora is wearing a colourful dress. ➣ colour (v, n) +
A2	well-liked +	liked by many people ● Kevin is well-liked by everybody in the class because he’s very friendly. +
A2	unusual +	not usual; different ● It’s unusual to see people playing cricket in Greece. ✎ Opp: usual +
A2	noisy +	with a lot of noise ● The teacher isn’t happy because the students are so noisy. ➣ noise (n) +
A2	busy +	with many people ● The shops are always busy on Saturdays. +
A2	better +	more than good ● Is it better to go to a café or to go for a walk? +
A2	creative +	with a lot of skill and imagination ● Cheryl is creative and she writes unusual stories. ➣ create (v), creation (n) Adjectives amazing better brilliant busy colourful creative crowded excellent famous incredible national noisy popular rich unusual well-known well-liked Vocabulary Pages 8-9 +
A2	date +	the day when sth happens ● What’s the date today? Is it the fifth or the sixth? +
A2	national +	relating to all parts of one country ● The first of January is a national holiday in the UK. ➣ nationality (n) +
A2	June +	the month between May and July ❖ Ιούνιος +
A2	twenty-fifth +	the number 25th +
A2	March +	the month between February and April +
A2	twelfth +	the number 12th +
A2	October +	the month between September and November +
A2	July +	the month between June and August +
A2	February +	the month between January and March +
A2	twenty-first +	the number 21st +
A2	September +	the month between August and October +
A2	December +	the month between November and January +
A2	May +	the month between April and June +
A2	August +	the month between July and September +
A2	twenty-eighth +	the number 28th +
A2	November +	the month between October and December +
A2	Italy +	➣ Italian (adj, n) +
A2	Greece +	➣ Greek (adj, n) +
A2	Spain +	➣ Spanish (adj, n) +
A2	France +	➣ French (adj, n) +
A2	Serbia +	➣ Serbian (adj, n) 7 +
A2	Malta +	➣ Maltese (adj, n) +
A2	Portugal +	➣ Portuguese (adj, n) +
A2	Poland +	➣ Polish (adj, n) +
A2	Switzerland +	➣ Swiss (adj, n) +
A2	Albania +	➣ Albanian (adj, n) +
A2	January +	the month between December and February +
A2	April +	the month between March and May Dates, Months & Seasons +
A2	Chinese +	➣ China (n) +
A2	dragon +	an imaginary animal like a big lizard that breathes fire ● In China, people often make colourful paper dragons for the New Year. +
A2	spaghetti +	a kind of pasta in long thin pieces ● Do you want some spaghetti with tomato sauce? +
A2	dancer +	a person who dances ● Margaret is a ballet dancer. ➣ dance (v), dancing (n) +
A2	symbol +	a letter or a sign that means sth ● I can’t read Russian symbols. ➣ symbolise (v), symbolic (adj) +
A2	bulldog +	a short dog with a big head and thick neck ● Bessie has got two small French bulldogs. +
A2	cuckoo clock +	a wooden clock with a small wooden bird in the middle, which comes out and makes a noise every hour ● Granny has got an old cuckoo clock and it’s very noisy. +
A2	tulip +	a plant with a big cup-shaped flower that usually grows in spring ● In February, we’ve got lovely red and yellow tulips in our garden. Albania Albanian Australia Australian Canada Canadian China Chinese Cyprus Cypriot England English France French Greece Greek India Indian Italy Italian Poland Polish Portugal Portuguese Serbia Serbian South Africa South African Spain Spanish Switzerland Swiss the Netherlands Dutch Countries & Nationaliti +
A2	granny +	grandma; grandmother ● My granny in Sparta is my dad’s mother. +
A2	grandad +	grandpa; grandfather ● We sometimes visit our grandad in Glasgow at the weekend. +
A2	parent +	a mother or father ● Gina’s parents are from Crete. +
A2	grandparent +	the mother or father of one of your parents ● My grandparents live near us so I see them often. +
A2	grandchild +	the son or daughter of sb’s son or daughter ● My grandad has got six grandchildren – me and my five cousins. +
A2	granddaughter +	the daughter of sb’s son or daughter ● Lynn’s granddaughter comes to her house after school because Lynn’s daughter and her husband are working. +
A2	married +	not single; having a husband or a wife ● Uncle Rick is married to my Aunt Jane. ➣ marriage (n) Dates the twenty-first the twenty-second the twenty-third the twenty-fourth the twenty-fifth the twenty-sixth the twenty-seventh the twenty-eighth the twenty-ninth the thirtieth the thirty-first Months January February March April May June July August September October November December Seasons spring summer autumn winter 8 +
A2	surname +	your family name; your last name ● Write your name and surname on the front page of your test. +
A2	twin +	a child born at the same time as his/her brother or sister with the same mother ● Robert and David are twins and they look the same as each other. +
A2	altogether +	as a total ● Altogether, I’ve got five cousins – Aunt Helen’s two sons and Aunt Beth’s three daughters. +
A2	favourite +	the thing or person you like best ● Sally has got a lot of hobbies, but reading is her favourite. ➣ favourite (adj) +
A2	same +	not different ● The twins have got the same colour of eyes and hair. +
A2	past +	the time before now ● The life I have now is better than my grandparent’s life in the past. ➣ past (adj) Family daughter grandad grandchild granddaughter grandparent granny married parent son twin Grammar Pages 10-11 +
A2	Cyprus +	➣ Cypriot (adj, n) +
A2	freeze +	get cold and turn to ice ● When it’s very cold in winter, the lake freezes. ➣ frozen (adj), freezing (adj), freezer (n), frost (n) +
A2	fact +	sth that is true ● It’s a fact that summer is hot in Greece. +
A2	routine +	usual ● Eating and sleeping are routine activities. ➣ routine (n) +
A2	Lucky you! +	used to say that sb is lucky ● Lucky you! You’re in your school band, but we don’t play music at our school. +
A2	cycle +	ride a bicycle ● Dad and I cycle in the park sometimes. ➣ cycling (n), cyclist (n) +
A2	often +	a lot of times; many times ● How often do you go swimming? +
A2	late +	● The school bus is never late. It’s always here at 7.30. +
A2	never +	not at any time ● Daisie doesn’t like football, so she never watches it on TV. +
A2	lazy +	not wanting to do activities or work ● Lisa doesn’t like cycling because she’s lazy. ➣ laziness (n) +
A2	usually +	as a usual routine ● We usually walk to school, but today we’re going in Mum’s car. ➣ usual (adj) +
A2	cry +	have tears coming from your eyes usually because you are sad ● Don’t cry. Everything will be okay. +
A2	sometimes +	not always ● Sometimes Harry meets his friends after school, but not every day. +
A2	hardly ever +	not very often; almost never ● I hardly ever see Uncle Joe because he lives in New Zealand. +
A2	pupil +	a student in primary school ● There are thirty pupils in Mr Johnson’s class – 18 girls and 12 boys. +
A2	exam +	a school test ● I can’t go out this evening because I’ve got an English exam tomorrow. ➣ examine (v), examination (n), examiner (n) +
A2	invite +	ask sb to come to an event ● I want to invite all my friends to my party. ➣ invitation (n) +
A2	specific +	particular; exact ● I know that the game is on Saturday, but I don’t know the specific time. +
A2	reason +	the fact or event that makes sth happen ● The reason why Tina is happy is that she is going on holiday. +
A2	come from +	be from the place where you were born ● Where do you come from? Are you Chinese? +
A2	Canadian +	➣ Canada (n), Canadian (n) 9 +
A2	pasta +	noodles, spaghetti, etc. ● Italy is famous for its pasta with cheese or tomato sauce. +
A2	break +	a time to relax between lessons at school ● I like chatting with my school friends in the break. ➣ break (v) +
A2	classmate +	people in the same class at school ● Derek is in a new school and he doesn’t know his new classmates. +
A2	soon +	after a short time ● Don’t stop cycling now. We can have a break soon. +
A2	until +	up to a certain time ● I’m staying with my granny until August. +
A2	lie +	put yourself in a flat position ● Andrew is lying on the sofa and reading a book. +
A2	Arabic +	➣ Arabian (adj), Arab (n), Arabia (n) +
A2	right now +	exactly at this moment ● Can I ask you something or are you busy right now? +
A2	action +	sth that sb does ● Write four sentences about actions you do every day. ➣ act (v, n), active (adj), actively (adv), actor (n) +
A2	happen +	take place ● What’s happening out there? The street is very noisy. +
A2	temporary +	happening only for a short time ● Dan has got a temporary job in a café just for the summer. +
A2	situation +	the things that are happening at a specific time and place ● The country is in a difficult situation. +
A2	homework +	school work to do at home ● I always do my homework in my bedroom after school. +
A2	bus stop +	a place in the street where buses stop for people to get on or off ● There’s a bus stop outside the cinema. +
A2	take a break +	stop working or studying for a short time ● I’m hungry. It’s time to take a break for lunch. +
A2	answer the phone +	pick up the phone when sb calls ● Don’t answer the phone! It’s just somebody selling something again. +
A2	chat +	talk (or send texts) in a friendly way ● Mum is chatting to her friend on the phone. ➣ chat (n) +
A2	feel +	have a certain feeling ● Carol is feeling better today, so she’s going to school. ➣ feeling (n) +
A2	make sense +	be logical ● Dad doesn’t like that book because the story doesn’t make sense. +
A2	make a guess +	say or write an answer without being sure if it is right ● I don’t know what my present is, but I can make a guess. +
A2	hospital +	a place where sick people go to get help from doctors, etc. ● Stephanie is a doctor and she works in the children’s hospital. +
A2	hope +	wish that sth good is possible ● I hope Grandad likes his present. ➣ hope (n) +
A2	get well +	stop feeling ill ● Get well soon! We need you in the basketball team. +
A2	have a great time +	have a lot of fun; to enjoy yourself ● The children are having a great time playing with their friends. +
A2	best friend +	the friend that you like spending time with most ● I know many people, but George is my best friend. We go everywhere together. +
A2	really +	very much ● It’s really hot in here. Please open the window. ➣ real (adj) +
A2	cool +	fashionable and fun ● Paul is wearing his cool new trainers to the party. +
A2	take photos +	take pictures with a camera ● Liz loves taking photos of her friends. +
A2	mobile +	a small phone that you can carry everywhere ● Phone me on my mobile if I’m not at home. 10 Time Adverbs always hardly ever late never often right now sometimes usually Nouns past present future Phrases free time have a great time spend time Listening Page 12 +
A2	price +	the money you need to buy sth ● What price are the art lessons? +
A2	begin +	start ● What time does the lesson begin? ➣ beginning (n) +
A2	cost +	need a certain amount of money to buy it ● How much does the book cost? ➣ cost (n), costly (adv) +
A2	teach +	explain and show sb how to do sth ● Mum is teaching me how to take photos. ➣ teacher (n), teaching (n) +
A2	course +	a group of lessons on one subject ● My sister is doing a one-year course to learn Chinese. +
A2	club +	a group of people who meet to do a particular activity together ● Charles is in a club which meets every week to talk about photography. Speaking Page 13 +
A2	apartment +	a home on one floor of a building that has other homes in it ● Our apartment is on the third floor. ✎ Syn: flat +
A2	share +	use sth together with other people ● Mum and Dad have got only one car, so they share it to go to work. ➣ share (n) +
A2	learn +	find out about and understand sth ● I want to learn to ride a horse. +
A2	watch TV +	see films and other shows on TV ● How often do you watch TV? +
A2	subject +	a lesson you study at school ● My favourite subject at school is maths. +
A2	free time +	the time when you don’t need to study or work, etc. ● In my free time, I often play games with my sister. School Nouns art break classmate course homework pupil sport student subject Verbs learn study teach Writing Pages 14-15 +
A2	accuracy +	the state of being completely correct ● Read your answers again to check the accuracy before you send the form. ➣ accurate (adj), accurately (adv) +
A2	complete +	write information needed on a form, test paper, etc. ● Make sure you complete all the answers in the test. ➣ complete (adj), completely (adv) +
A2	form +	a paper with questions and spaces for answers on it ● Write your name, age and address on the form to join our club. +
A2	title +	a word or letters in front of your name that show a certain job or if you are married ● Patrick’s title is Dr because he’s a doctor. +
A2	date of birth +	the day you first come into the world as a baby ● My sister Denise’s date of birth is the same day as mine because we’re twins. ✎ short form = DOB 11 +
A2	address +	your house number and street name, etc. that shows where you live ● Write your address at the top of your letter. +
A2	interest +	sth that you enjoy doing or want to know more about ● Tracy and I have the same interests – we both like dancing and art. ➣ interest (v), interesting (adj), interested (adj) +
A2	application +	a form you write on to give your personal details needed for a certain reason ● Keith is sending an application for a job in Australia. ➣ apply (v), applicant (n) +
A2	passport +	a small official book that shows who you are and where you come from when you travel to another country ● We must show our passports at the airport. +
A2	membership +	the state of belonging to a group, club, etc. ● My membership for the sports club is from January to December. ➣ member (n) +
A2	enter a competition +	say you want to take part in an event to try to win sth ● Our band is entering the singing competition. +
A2	landline +	a phone that you can only use in one house, office, etc. because it isn’t a mobile ● I can’t hear you on the mobile, phone me on my landline. +
A2	signature +	your name the way you write it by hand at the end of a letter, etc. ● Don’t forget to write your signature on the form. ➣ sign (v) +
A2	order +	say what you would like to buy or eat ● Mum is ordering some books for me online. ➣ order (n) +
A2	monthly +	that you can get once a month ● Dad gets a monthly ticket for the bus to go to work. ➣ month (n) +
A2	magazine +	a thin book that you can buy once a week/ +
A2	personal +	belonging to one person ● I never give all my personal details on Facebook. ➣ personally (adj), personality (n) Personal Information address date of birth nationality signature surname title +
A2	especially +	more than other things ● I love art, especially drawing people. ➣ special (adj) +
A2	computer geek +	sb who knows a lot about using computers ● Sylvia can teach you about the internet because she’s a computer geek. +
A2	gossip +	things people say about sb that aren’t always true or nice ● This magazine has lots of gossip about famous people. ➣ gossip (v) +
A2	cooking +	making food ready to eat ● Christina is really good at cooking Greek food. ➣ cook (v, n), cooker (n) +
A2	variety +	many different kinds of one thing ● The shop sells a variety of souvenir T-shirts for people of all ages. ➣ vary (v) +
A2	expression +	a phrase ● We are learning some useful expressions in our English lessons. ➣ express (v) +
A2	prize +	sth you win for being the best at sth ● What’s the first prize in the swimming competition? +
A2	strange +	surprising or different from usual ● The band always wear strange clothes when they are playing. ➣ stranger (n) +
A2	epic +	especially good ● The football final was an epic game. +
A2	headphones +	sth you wear over your ears to listen to music without other people hearing it ● Vincent wears headphones when he’s playing computer games. +
A2	perfume +	sth that you put on your skin or clothes to smell nice ● Mum is giving Granny some nice French perfume for her birthday. 12 +
A2	announce +	to tell people an important plan or decision ● I hope they announce the competition winner soon. ➣ announcement (n), announcer (n) +
A2	issue +	one of a series of magazines, etc. ● In this month’s issue of Geek Games, there’s a free CD. ➣ issue (v) Video 1 Animal Families Page 16 +
A2	group +	people, animals or things that are together for some reason ● Many groups of tourists visit the island every year. +
A2	team +	a group that work together or play a sport against other teams ● I’m in the school basketball team. +
A2	female +	a female animal; a girl or woman ● A female cat usually stays close to her children. ➣ female (adj) +
A2	male +	a male animal; a boy or man ● Male lions have long hair around their head. ➣ male (adj) +
A2	meerkat +	a small animal that lives in southern Africa and has a very long tail ● Meerkats look very funny when they sit up on their back legs. +
A2	alpha pair +	the mother and father of all the animals in one family, e.g. meerkats ● In a meerkat family, the alpha pair are the mum and dad of up to 30 children. +
A2	silver +	with a shiny light grey colour ● My grandparents have all got silver hair. ➣ silver (n) +
A2	back +	the back part of the top of your body ● You can sit on the elephant’s back and go for a ride. ➣ back (adj) +
A2	front +	the front part of the top of your body ● A female kangaroo has got a pocket on her front. ➣ front (adj) +
A2	leader +	a person or animal who shows the others in a group what to do ● Janice is the leader of our school band. She writes and sings all the songs. ➣ lead (v) +
A2	gorilla +	a big African animal like a really large monkey ● Gorillas are big and strong animals and they don’t eat meat. +
A2	alone +	without any other person ● Don’t walk in the forest alone. +
A2	daughter +	a girl child ● The Smiths’ daughter Sharon is doing her homework. +
A2	handsome +	nice looking ● David looks really handsome in his new clothes. +
A2	son +	a boy child ● Tom and Mary’s son is a really handsome boy. +
A2	bride +	a woman who is about to get married or has just got married ● I went to a wedding yesterday and the bride was so beautiful! +
A2	traditional +	done in the same way for many years ● It’s traditional to eat lamb at Easter in Greece. ➣ tradition (n), traditionally (adv) +
A2	dress +	a piece of clothing for women or girls that covers the top half of the body and hangs down over the legs ● The girl wore a beautiful red dress at her birthday party. ➣ dress (v) Reading Page 18 +
A2	Congratulations! +	We say this to sb to say we are happy about a happy event or when they did sth well. ● Congratulations! You got the first prize. ➣ congratulate (v) +
A2	bored +	tired because you’re not interested ● Ken never gets bored at work because he meets new people every day. ➣ bore (v, n), boring (adj), boredom (n) +
A2	surprised +	how you feel when sth happens that you don’t expect ● I’m very surprised that you’re moving to Canada. It’s so cold there! ➣ surprise (v, n), surprising (adj) +
A2	scared +	afraid ● My cousin is scared of snakes. ➣ scare (v), scary (adj) Word Focus Page 18 +
A2	Aboriginal Australian +	the first people in Australia ● Andrew’s grandfather is an Aboriginal Australian. +
A2	fringe +	the front part of your hair that is cut above your eyes ● Your fringe is getting too long. How can you see where you’re going? +
A2	eyebrow +	one of the two lines of hair on your face above your eyes ● Mandy’s eyebrows lifted in surprise when she saw us. +
A2	didgeridoo +	a long wooden musical instrument ● We bought a small didgeridoo as a souvenir from Australia. +
A2	wooden +	made of wood ● The children are playing with their colourful wooden toys. ➣ wood (n) +
A2	instrument +	an object used to make musical sounds ● The band picked up their instruments and started to play. +
A2	blow +	push air out from your mouth ● When you blow across the top of an open bottle, it makes a noise. +
A2	professional +	a job that needs training and experience ● Frank is a professional football player. ➣ profession (n) +
A2	job +	the work that sb does to get money ● My aunt has two jobs – she cleans houses in the morning and works in a café in the evening. +
A2	culture +	the beliefs, art and way of life in a country ● We learnt a lot about Chinese food and culture on our holiday in Beijing. ➣ cultural (adj) +
A2	snack +	a small meal ● I usually take a snack to school to eat in the break. +
A2	tasty +	having a nice flavour ● These cheese pies are really tasty. ➣ taste (v) ✎ Opp: tasteless +
A2	meal +	the food you eat, e.g. lunch, dinner ● We have a big meal in the evening when my parents come home from work. Reading Pages 18-19 +
A2	finish +	complete ● Helen wants to be a teacher when she finishes her English course. ➣ finish (n) +
A2	business +	an organisation or company that makes or sells things ● Katy has a business making clothes for children. 19 +
A2	sound +	if sth sounds a particular way, that is how it seems to you when you hear it ● This music sounds strange when you hear it for the first time. ➣ sound (n) +
A2	weird +	very strange ● We heard a weird noise from outside, but it was only our cat. +
A2	design +	the lines and shapes drawn to make sth beautiful ● I love the design on the front of your T-shirt. ➣ design (v), designer (n) +
A2	surfer +	sb who does surfing on water ● We sat on the beach watching the surfers on the sea. ➣ surf (v), surfing (n) +
A2	ago +	before a certain time in the past ● Jack went to Italy two years ago. +
A2	take part in +	be involved in ● Our class is taking part in the school sports day. +
A2	champion +	sb who wins a competition ● Serena Williams was a world tennis champion in 2015. +
A2	early +	before the usual time; at the start of a period of time ● The school bus is hardly ever early – it’s often late. +
A2	fun +	sth that you enjoy doing ● Going to the beach in summer is good fun. ➣ funny (adj) +
A2	watch out +	be careful ● Watch out! Don’t fall into the river. +
A2	shark +	a very big fish with sharp teeth and a big fin on its back ● We were scared to go surfing when we saw the sharks. +
A2	so +	very ● Bill was so surprised when he won the competition. +
A2	German Shepherd +	a kind of big dog often used to guard places ● Our dog looks like a wolf, but he’s a friendly German Shepherd. +
A2	train +	teach sb/sth to do a job ● Chris had to train his dog not to eat the furniture. ➣ trainer (n), training (n) +
A2	police dog +	a dog taught to help the police to catch or find people ● The police dog found the thieves from the smell of their shoes. +
A2	quite +	really ● This dog looks scary, but he’s quite friendly with children. +
A2	smart +	clever ● My cat is so smart that he knows how to open the fridge. +
A2	each one +	every one thing or person (of the same kind) ● Lots of tourists came into our shop today and each one bought souvenirs. +
A2	different +	not the same ● Your hair seems different today. It looks very nice. ➣ difference (n) +
A2	like +	in the same way as sb ● Like his brother, Tim plays cricket very well. +
A2	successful +	very good at doing sth ● Laura became a successful artist at an early age and people around the world buy her paintings. ➣ succeed (v), success (n) ✎ Opp: unsuccessful Work Nouns business job Verbs create decide design train Adjectives interesting professional successful traditional +
A2	Labrador +	a kind of large dog that is yellow, black or brown ● Most Labradors can swim very well because they were trained as fishing dogs. +
A2	look after +	take care of sth/sb ● Granny looks after our pets when we go on holiday. +
A2	ill +	sick; not well ● Our teacher wasn’t at school last week because she was ill. ➣ illness (n) +
A2	unkind +	not nice to others ● It’s terrible to see people being unkind to animals. ✎ Opp: kind 20 +
A2	choice +	sth that you can choose out of different things ● It wasn’t easy to make a choice about which dog to take home. They were all lovely. ➣ choose (v) +
A2	decide +	think about things, and then make a choice ● Greta decided to become a doctor. ➣ decision (n), decisive (adj) +
A2	musical +	related to music ● I love listening to the musical sounds of the sea. ➣ music (n), musician (n) +
A2	Hawaii +	Hawaiian (adj, n) +
A2	Brazil +	Brazilian (adj, n) +
A2	still +	not stopping up to a certain time ● Dad’s aunt is ninety and she still walks ten kilometres a day. +
A2	policeman +	a man who is a police officer ● Some policemen use German Shepherd dogs to find people or things that are lost. ✎ Note: policewoman = female police officer +
A2	according to +	from what sb said ● According to our English teacher, Australia has got beautiful beaches. +
A2	horrible +	very bad ● There’s a horrible noise from Theo’s room because he’s learning to play the violin. +
A2	police officer +	a man or woman who works in the police force ● Michelle described her lost bike to the police officers and they found it after two days. +
A2	mean +	not kind; very bad ● My big brother is mean to me. He doesn’t let me play with his computer. +
A2	normal +	usual ● Our lessons start at 8.30 on normal school days. +
A2	attractive +	good-looking ● These Aboriginal instruments have colourful attractive designs. ➣ attract (v), attraction (n) ✎ Opp: unattractive +
A2	intelligent +	able to learn and understand things quickly ● Dogs are intelligent animals – they can learn very quickly. ➣ intelligence (n) ✎ Syn: clever Vocabulary Pages 20-21 +
A2	short hair +	hair that isn’t long ● Jane likes to have short hair because she swims a lot. +
A2	straight hair +	hair that isn’t curly ● My Scottish cousins have got short straight hair. +
A2	brown hair +	hair that is a brown colour ● Grandad had brown hair when he was young, but now it’s grey. +
A2	brown eyes +	eyes that are a brown colour in the centre ● My Labrador has got big brown eyes. +
A2	Turkey +	➣ Turk (n), Turkish (adj, n) +
A2	tan +	brown colour on your skin from the sun ● Alison has a tan on her arms because she was out walking in the sunshine. ➣ tan (v), tanned (adj) +
A2	red hair +	hair that is an orange colour ● Patrick is from Ireland and everyone in his family has got red hair. +
A2	freckles +	small brown spots on your skin ● I’ve got lots of freckles on my face, so my skin goes red in the sun. +
A2	skin +	the outside cover of your body ● Amal has dark skin because she’s from Arabia. +
A2	braces +	a metal thing you wear on your teeth to change their position ● My teeth are a funny shape, so I’m wearing braces to make them straight. +
A2	long hair +	hair that is not short ● Nearly all the girls in my class have got long hair. +
A2	wavy hair +	quite curly hair ● Aunt Stephanie has silver wavy hair. 21 +
A2	blond/blonde hair +	hair that is a light yellow colour ● Many north Europeans have blonde hair and blue eyes. +
A2	pale +	light coloured ● You look a bit pale. Do you feel okay? +
A2	suncream +	cream to protect your skin from the sun ● Don’t forget to put on your suncream before you go to the beach. +
A2	curly hair +	hair that has lots of round curls ● Dad had curly hair when he was young, but now he hasn’t got any. +
A2	beard +	hair that grows on a man’s chin ● Grandad looks like Santa Claus with his long white beard. +
A2	moustache +	hair that grows on a man’s face between his nose and his mouth ● My brother wants to grow a moustache to look like Johnny Depp. Appearance Nouns blond/blonde hair brown hair curly hair long hair red hair short hair wavy hair beard eyebrow freckles fringe moustache skin tan Adjectives attractive lovely pale tall weird Things you wear braces glasses swimming costume uniform +
A2	shave +	cut hair off your skin ● David decided to shave off his beard to keep cool in summer. +
A2	Irish +	➣ Ireland +
A2	kind +	friendly and caring ● Maria is a kind person. She always helps others. ➣ kindness (n) ✎ Opp: unkind +
A2	cheerful +	happy and smiling ● Mark has a cheerful smile that makes everyone feel happy. ➣ cheer (v, n), cheerfully (adv) +
A2	shy +	afraid or not comfortable about talking to other people ● My little sister is shy, so she stays close to Mum and doesn’t talk much. ➣ shyness (n) +
A2	sociable +	enjoying being with other people ● Karen is very sociable and she likes making new friends. ➣ socialise (v) +
A2	silly +	stupid ● Don’t be silly. Dogs can’t talk! +
A2	make sb laugh +	do sth to cause sb to laugh ● Mike is so funny! He always makes me laugh. +
A2	laugh +	make sounds to show that you think sth is funny ● The children laughed at the funny street performer. ➣ laughter (n) +
A2	tell jokes +	say funny stories ● My friend Sarah is good at telling jokes, but I can never remember them. +
A2	hard +	not easy ● It’s hard for Tracy to go out on hot sunny days because she has very pale skin. ✎ Syn: difficult +
A2	smile +	make a happy expression with your mouth ● We smiled as the photographer took our photo. ➣ smile (n), smiley (adj, n) +
A2	annoyance +	the feeling of being a bit angry ● Our teacher showed her annoyance by giving us more homework. ➣ annoy (v), annoyed (adj), annoying (adj) +
A2	beauty +	the quality of being beautiful ● Her photos showed the beauty of the island. ➣ beautiful (adj) +
A2	care +	giving attention and looking after sth/sb ● Parents have to give their children love and care. ➣ care (v), caring (adj), careful (adj), careless (adj) +
A2	love +	the feeling of liking sb/sth very much ● Magda’s smile showed her love for her grandchildren when she saw them. ➣ love (v), loving (adj), lover (n) +
A2	shock +	a feeling of surprise when sth bad happens suddenly ● I got a shock when I saw a snake in the garden. ➣ shock (v), shocking (adj), shocked (adj) 22 +
A2	worry +	feel that sth bad might happen ● Don’t worry. I can help with your homework. ➣ worry (n), worried (adj) +
A2	use +	do an action with sth for a certain purpose ● Use a pencil to complete the form. ➣ use (n), useless (adj), useful (adj) +
A2	neighbour +	sb who lives in a house next to yours ● My neighbours are a bit noisy sometimes and we can’t hear our TV. +
A2	terrible +	really bad ● Please stop making that terrible noise! I’m doing my homework. +
A2	news +	a piece of information about sth new that happened ● I’ve got some good news. I won the surfing competition. +
A2	crash +	an event where sth, e.g. a car, bus, train or plane, hits sth else ● We saw a car crash in our street, but nobody was hurt. ➣ crash (v) +
A2	singer +	sb who sings songs, usually as a job ● Is Adele your favourite female singer? ➣ sing (v) +
A2	call +	phone (sb) ● Maisie called her daughter to tell her the good news. ➣ call (n) +
A2	unhappy +	not happy ● Louise is unhappy because her friend didn’t call her. ➣ unhappiness (n) ✎ Opp: happy Feelings annoyed bored happier scared shocked surprised unhappy worried +
A2	without +	not having sth ● Ted never goes out without his mobile. +
A2	younger +	not as old as sb; born after sb else ● Tina is three years younger than her brother. ➣ young (adj) +
A2	visit +	go and see sb ● How often do you visit your cousins? ➣ visit (n), visitor (n) +
A2	girlfriend +	a close female friend ● My brother is going to the cinema with his girlfriend. +
A2	certainly +	for sure ● Our neighbours are certainly not rich. They have a very small house. ➣ certain (adj) +
A2	lovely +	nice; nice-looking ● Rita is wearing a lovely blue dress. +
A2	friendly +	kind and easy to make friends with ● Labradors are usually quite friendly dogs, so they’re good with chidren. ➣ friend (n), friendship (n) ✎ Opp: unfriendly +
A2	happier +	more happy ● Ryan is happier now because he has a better job. ➣ happy (adj), happiness (n) +
A2	agree +	say you think the same as sb else about sth ● I think hairy spiders are horrible. Do you agree with me? ✎ Opp: disagree Personality annoying caring cheerful friendly funny horrible intelligent kind mean shy silly sociable social Grammar Pages 22-23 +
A2	swimming costume +	clothes you wear for swimming ● You can put on your swimming costume in the room at the pool. +
A2	message +	a note sent on a mobile phone ● Peter was waiting for his friends when he got a message on his phone. +
A2	background +	information to help readers understand where, when or how an event happened ● The story gives some background information about the history of Ireland where the action takes place. ➣ background (n) +
A2	interrupt +	make sb stop what they are doing or saying ● Dad’s talking on the phone, so please don’t interrupt him now. ➣ interruption (n) +
A2	shine +	be very bright ● The sun was shining on the sea. ➣ shiny (adj) 23 +
A2	suddenly +	quickly when you don’t expect it ● We were watching TV, when suddenly we heard a noise outside. ➣ sudden (adj) +
A2	towards +	nearer to sb/sth ● Paul was surprised when the large dog ran towards him. +
A2	oven +	the inside part of a cooker where food is cooked ● The cakes were still in the oven when we came home. +
A2	heavy rock +	a very loud kind of music played with electric guitars and drums, etc. ● My grandparents like listening to heavy rock bands from the 1970s, like Led Zeppelin. Listening Page 24 +
A2	tall +	higher than usual height ● Both my parents are tall, but my grandparents are shorter. +
A2	glasses +	something that you wear over your eyes to help you see better ● Simon has to wear glasses when he’s reading. +
A2	uniform +	clothes sb wears for a certain job, school, etc. to look the same as others ● Our school uniform is a white shirt with blue trousers or a blue skirt. +
A2	identify +	find or discover sb/sth ● The police officer asked me to identify the man in the photo. ➣ identity, identification (n) +
A2	option +	choice ● I don’t know what to wear to the party, but I think my red dress is the best option. ➣ opt (v), optional (adj) +
A2	incorrect +	wrong; not correct ● Some of Jeff’s answers were incorrect, so he got a B in the test. ✎ Opp: correct +
A2	probably +	likely to be true; likely to happen ● Jill’s probably not at home. She isn’t answering her phone. ➣ probable (adj), probability (n) +
A2	little +	young ● Sometimes I help my little brother with his homework. Speaking Page 25 +
A2	role +	a part sb plays, e.g. in a play ● Daniel Radcliff played the role of Harry Potter in the films. +
A2	appearance +	how sb/sth looks ● Do you believe that personality is more important than appearance? ➣ appear (v) +
A2	look like +	used to ask how sb/sth looks ● What does your dog look like? Has he got long or short hair? +
A2	similar +	like sb/sth but not the same ● My friend and I have got similar interests. We both love music and art. ➣ similarity (n) +
A2	each other +	used to show that two or more people do sth the same as the others in a pair/group ● The twins always wear the same clothes as each other. +
A2	nearly +	almost ● Nearly all my classmates have got brown hair. Only two are blond. ➣ near (adj) +
A2	disagree +	say sth to show you think sth different from somebody else ● Mark thinks his jokes are funny, but Fiona disagrees. ✎ Opp: agree +
A2	discuss +	talk about ● Let’s discuss the things we like doing. ➣ discussion (n) +
A2	swap +	change sth for sth else ● When we finished the exercise, we swapped books to check each other’s answers. ➣ swap (n) +
A2	describe +	give details to say how sb/sth is ● Can you describe your clothes? ➣ descriptive (adj), description (n) +
A2	likes +	the things you like ● Molly’s main likes are sports and shopping. ➣ like (v), likeable (adj) +
A2	dislikes +	the things you don’t like ● My only dislikes are homework and getting up early. ➣ dislike (v) +
A2	link +	connect; join together ● We use words like ‘and’ and ‘but’ to link our ideas in a sentence. ➣ link (v), linking (adj) 24 +
A2	problem +	a difficulty ● Cheryl always discusses her problems with her best friend. +
A2	volleyball +	a sport in which two teams of players use their hands to hit a ball over a high net to score points ● We often play volleyball on the beach in summer. +
A2	shopping +	buy things that you need, e.g. food, clothes ● Natalie enjoys shopping with her mum at weekends. ➣ shop (v, n) Speaking Verbs agree believe describe disagree discuss identify interrupt link mention Writing Pages 26-27 +
A2	quality +	how good or bad sth is ● The shoes in this shop cost a lot because they’re very good quality. +
A2	support +	help sb by being kind to them when they have a problem ● My friends always support me when I feel sad. ➣ support (n), supportive (adj) +
A2	a bit +	a little; a small amount ● The surfers were a bit tired at the end of the competition. +
A2	reliable +	that can be trusted to do sth ● Cleo is never late. She’s very reliable. ➣ rely (v) ✎ Opp: unreliable +
A2	look forward to +	be happy waiting for sth good that is going to happen ● Are you looking forward to your holiday? +
A2	arrive +	reach a place ● Bob was cooking dinner when his friends arrived. ➣ arrival (n) +
A2	positive +	good or having a good effect ● Our teacher usually writes something positive on our homework. +
A2	mention +	to say or write something about sb/sth ● Max mentioned his visit to London in his email. +
A2	negative +	bad or having a bad effect ● Kay had a negative feeling that her classmates didn’t like her. +
A2	seem +	appear to be ● Hetty seems quite sociable because she’s always chatting with people. Phrasal Verbs look after look forward to look like take part in watch out Video 2 Happy Elephants Page 28 +
A2	driver +	sb who drives sth, e.g. a car, or rides an animal (often to lead a group of animals), e.g. an elephant or a camel ● The elephant driver was very kind and he helped Joe climb up onto the elephant’s back. ➣ drive (v) +
A2	in captivity +	in a place that you aren’t free to get out of ● Some animals, like pandas, can live longer in captivity than in their natural home. +
A2	circus +	a show that a group of people perform to entertain others sometimes in a big tent ● I feel sad to see wild animals in a circus. +
A2	in the wild +	in nature; in a natural place ● David enjoys going for long walks and taking photos of animals and flowers in the wild. +
A2	over +	more than ● There are over 100 different kinds of birds in London Zoo. +
A2	sure +	certain ● Are you sure these animals are happy in the zoo? +
A2	worse +	comparative form of bad ● In the past, life was worse for animals in captivity. +
A2	gentle +	quiet and kind ● Be gentle with the kittens. They’re very young. +
A2	believe +	think that sth is true ● I don’t believe it! I’ve got a new job. ➣ belief (n) 25 +
A2	keep +	put sth/sb in a certain place and make them stay there ● Tony keeps his pet spider in a large box in his room. +
A2	transport +	a way of carrying people from place to place ● Before people had cars, they used horses for transport. ➣ transport (v) +
A2	puffin +	a bird with a large, brightly coloured beak that lives near the sea in northern parts of the world ● We saw some puffins on our trip to Iceland. +
A2	Alaska +	➣ Alaskan (adj, n) Reading Page 32 +
A2	fair +	an event where people can present and sell different things and entertain the public ● The school band is playing at the summer fair. +
A2	sleepover +	a party where a group of friends all stay at one friend’s home all night ● All the girls in my class are having a sleepover on Saturday at Mandy’s house. +
A2	fancy dress party +	a party where people all wear funny clothes to look like sth/sb else ● I’m dressing up as a pirate for the fancy dress party. +
A2	costume +	special clothes you wear to look like sb/ +
A2	New Year’s Eve +	the night of 31st December ● The friends and neighbours got together for a New Year’s Eve party. +
A2	event +	an occasion that is planned ● New Year’s Eve is an important event in Scottish culture. +
A2	celebrate +	to do something enjoyable for a special reason ● We had a party to celebrate Grandad’s birthday. ➣ celebration (n) Word Focus Page 32 +
A2	settler +	sb who goes to live in a new place and starts a new community ● The first white settlers in South Africa were from the Netherlands. ➣ settle (v) +
A2	harbour +	an area on the coast where ships can stop for people to get on and off ● The children waved to the people on the boat as it sailed out of the harbour. +
A2	spectacular +	exciting to see ● The band gave a spectacular show on stage. +
A2	Aussie +	something or someone Australian ● Linda’s family are all Aussies from Melbourne. +
A2	backyard +	an open space at the back of a house ● My brothers were playing with a ball in the backyard. +
A2	invade +	to go into another country, town, etc. with an army to take control of it ● The Romans invaded France in 121BC. ➣ invader (n), invasion (n) Reading Pages 32-33 +
A2	British +	Britain (n) +
A2	public holiday +	a national holiday when businesses, schools, etc. are usually closed ● 25th March is a public holiday in Greece. +
A2	bank +	a place where people go to save or take out money ● The banks are all closed in my country at weekends. +
A2	post office +	a place where people go to send letters, etc. ● Mum went to the post office to send some Christmas cards to our aunts in Australia. +
A2	relax +	rest and do something you enjoy ● Janet listened to some music to relax after her busy day. ➣ relaxed (adj), relaxing (adj) 31 Places backyard bank harbour post office +
A2	fireworks +	colourful explosions of light in the sky, usually used for celebrations ● We watched the fireworks over the harbour from our balcony on New Year’s Eve. +
A2	important +	having a strong effect on sb/sth ● The First World War was an important event in European history. ➣ importance (n) ✎ Opp: unimportant +
A2	meat +	the soft part of an animal’s body that other animals eat as food ● Heather doesn’t eat meat, so she ate a cheese pie. +
A2	pie +	a kind of food made from pastry filled with, e.g. meat, cheese, or fruit and baked in an oven ● To finish the meal, they had tasty apple pie and ice cream. +
A2	sandwich +	a snack made from two pieces of bread put together with food in between them ● Would you like a cheese and tomato sandwich? +
A2	sprinkles +	small bits of coloured sugar to put on top of cakes ● Nick’s birthday cake had sprinkles on top in his football team’s colours. +
A2	square +	a shape that has four equal sides ● Jerry cut his birthday cake into small squares and gave everybody a piece to eat. ➣ square (n) +
A2	coconut +	a large nut that is hard outside and has a soft and white part inside with milky juice in the centre ● Tom made a hole in the coconut and drank the milk from inside. +
A2	modern +	new and different from old styles ● My grandma doesn’t like old furniture, so her home is very modern. +
A2	freedom +	the state of being free and not controlled by sb/sth else ● The ancient Greek cities fought together for their freedom when the Persians invaded their land. ➣ free (v, adj) +
A2	lifestyle +	the way that you choose to live ● People in southern Europe have a different lifestyle from others in the north because the weather is warmer. +
A2	conversation +	a talk between two or more people ● We had a long conversation about Australian culture. +
A2	that’s a pity +	you say this to show you feel sad or disappointed about sth ● That’s a pity you can’t come to the party. +
A2	luck +	sth that makes sth good or bad happen by chance ● Good luck with your French exam. ➣ lucky (adj) +
A2	delicious +	having a very nice taste ● This cake is delicious. May I have another piece? +
A2	difficult +	not easy ● It was difficult for Lee to learn to speak Arabic. ➣ difficulty (n) +
A2	fantastic +	very good; wonderful ● Greta had a fantastic holiday on Crete with her family, so they want to go back there next year. +
A2	sausage +	a mixture of meat and other substances in a tube of skin ● A traditional English breakfast incudes sausages and eggs. +
A2	barbecue +	a meal or party outside where food is cooked on an open fire ● We invited the neighbours to our barbecue in our garden. Vocabulary Pages 34-35 +
A2	possible +	that can be done ● If Mum says it’s possible, I’ll invite all my classmates to my party. ➣ possibility (n) ✎ Opp: impossible +
A2	candle +	a small thin stick of coloured wax with a string inside that burns when you light it ● How many candles were on your birthday cake? +
A2	confetti +	small pieces of coloured paper to throw over people at weddings, etc. ● Marjory and Bob got confetti all over their hair and clothes at their wedding. 32 +
A2	sparkler +	a small firework that you can hold or put on top of a cake to make a sparkly light ● The children’s eyes shone in the light from the sparklers they were holding. ➣ spark (v), sparkly (adj) +
A2	streamer +	a long thin piece of coloured paper that you use to decorate a place for sth special ● We decorated the room with streamers and balloons for Annabelle’s birthday party. Party Decorations candle confetti costume fireworks sparkler streamer Food coconut meat pie sandwich sausage sprinkles +
A2	hang up +	end a phone call ● Julia said goodbye and hung up the phone. +
A2	get on +	be friends with sb ● Do you get on well with your neighbours? +
A2	get together +	meet socially ● Let’s get together for a chat tomorrow. ➣ get-together (n) +
A2	go around +	visit someone at their home ● Gordon went around to his friend’s house. +
A2	go out +	leave your house to go and do a social activity ● Tracy usually goes out with her friends on Fridays. +
A2	stay in +	not go out ● I’m staying in to watch TV tonight. +
A2	stay up +	not go to bed ● We stayed up late on New Year’s Eve. +
A2	ask about +	ask how sb is ● Jason called to ask about my sister when she was in hospital. ✎ Syn: ask after +
A2	take sb away +	go on holiday with sb ● My parents took us away to Bournemouth for the weekend. +
A2	take sb out +	go out with sb you have invited to come with you ● We’re taking our grandparents out for a meal as a birthday surprise. +
A2	call back +	phone sb that phoned you first ● I’m busy doing my homework now, so I’ll call you back later. +
A2	call off +	decide that sth will not happen at the planned time because it is too difficult or not possible ● They called off the football match because of the snow. +
A2	look up to +	admire or respect sb ● Rhona looks up to her older sister because she works really hard and has a successful business. Phrasal verbs ask about call back call off get on get together go around go out hang up look up to stay in stay up take sb away take sb out +
A2	respect +	admire sb for their personality or the things they do ● I respect my English teacher because she’s kind to us and teaches us well. ➣ respect (n), respectful (adj) +
A2	folder +	a way to store files on a computer ● Nancy puts her photos in different folders on her laptop. +
A2	inbox +	the place where you see new emails on your computer ● There were two new emails in my inbox. +
A2	delete +	remove sth, e.g. words, emails or files on a computer ● Paul deleted all the emails that weren’t important. +
A2	junk +	sth you don’t need or want ● Most of the emails he gets are junk mail from people trying to sell things. +
A2	save +	keep sth; not delete sth on a computer ● Remember to save your text when you finish writing. +
A2	reply +	answer (an email, etc.) ● I was worried because Dave didn’t reply to my email. ➣ answer (n) 33 +
A2	forward +	send an email that you get from one person to another person ● Jill forwarded the email from her brother to her aunt in Edinburgh. +
A2	receive +	get sth that sb sent to you ● Did you receive an email from George about the fair? +
A2	attachment +	sth extra that you send with an email ● Jane sent some photos of her home as attachments to her email. ➣ attach (v), attached (adj) +
A2	device +	sth like a small machine that you use for a particular purpose ● You have to turn off devices, like mobile phones, in the classroom. +
A2	digital +	showing information as electronic images ● Can you show me how to take a good photo with my new digital camera? +
A2	mechanical +	with parts that move with power from an engine; related to a machine ● The car stopped because of a mechanical problem. ➣ mechanic (n), mechanically (adj) +
A2	technology +	the science used to discover and design new things ● Modern technology helps us to communicate with people around the world very quickly. ➣ technological (adj) +
A2	smartphone +	a mobile phone that can use internet and apps ● Carol often sends emails from her smartphone. +
A2	text +	a written message on a mobile phone ● Send me a text when you get to the station and I’ll meet you there. ➣ text (v) +
A2	internet +	the international computer network ● You can look up the meanings of new words on the internet. +
A2	letter +	a message written on paper to send to sb ● Sandra and Jack sent letters to their friends and family to thank them for their wedding presents. +
A2	post +	a way of sending letters and parcels to other people ● Daniel filled in a form for his new passport and sent it by post. ➣ post (v), postal (adj) +
A2	fail +	sth that isn’t a success ● My exam result was a fail, so I’ll try to get a pass next time. ➣ fail (v), failure (n) +
A2	snail +	a small animal with a soft body that lives inside a shell and moves very slowly ● The snails ate the leaves of some plants in Fred’s garden. +
A2	recently +	not long before now ● Liz recently bought a new smartphone and she’s still learning how to use it. ➣ recent (adj) +
A2	desktop (computer) +	a computer that has a screen, keyboard and tower that fits on a desk ● Thelma uses her desktop at work and her smartphone when she’s travelling. +
A2	laptop (computer) +	a small computer that has a keyboard and screen together, which you can carry easily ● Tom watched a film on his laptop on the plane. +
A2	communicate +	to share information with sb, e.g. by writing or talking ● Wendy’s friends in Ireland sometimes communicate with her through Facebook. ➣ communication (n) +
A2	contact +	communicate with; get in touch with ● If you need help with your homework, contact me this evening. ➣ contact (n) +
A2	overseas +	in other countries, especially those across the sea or ocean ● A lot of devices that we use are made overseas in countries like China. +
A2	click +	press the computer mouse or touchpad to choose sth on the screen ● Just click on the screen to see the photos. ➣ click (n) +
A2	net +	sth made from string or rope tied together with spaces in between to catch sth, e.g. fish; short form of the word internet ● The octopus was caught in the fisherman’s net. +
A2	webcam +	a camera on a computer ● My grandparents use their webcam so that we can see them when we talk on the laptop. 34 +
A2	check +	look at sth to see how it is ● Did you check your inbox this morning? ➣ check (n) +
A2	ski +	move across snow on skis ● Ellen learnt to ski in Switzerland when she was ten years old. ➣ skiing (n), skier (n) +
A2	surf the net +	use the internet, e.g. to find information ● Dad surfed the net to find a new job. +
A2	waste time +	use time in a way that isn’t useful when you should be doing sth else ● Your train leaves at six, so don’t waste time chatting. +
A2	in touch +	in contact ● I hope we can keep in touch when you go to study in Plymouth. +
A2	company +	being with other people; a group of people together ● Social events are better fun when you have company to go to them. +
A2	social network +	a website where people can communicate with lots of others; all the people you know socially ● She has thousands of friends on Facebook and other social networks. Grammar Pages 36-37 +
A2	plan +	sth that you intend to do in the future ● Have you got any plans for the weekend? ➣ plan (v), planned (adj), planning (n), planner (n) +
A2	arrangement +	a plan or agreement to make sth happen ● We made arrangements to meet after school. ➣ arrange (v) +
A2	mall +	a building that has many shops, cafes, etc. in it ● James went shopping at the mall to get new shoes. +
A2	download +	put a file from the internet onto your computer ● Sometimes Sheila downloads books to read on her tablet. +
A2	relative +	a family member ● Most of Eva’s cousins and other relatives live in Newcastle. ➣ relate (v), relation (n), relationship (n) +
A2	match +	an event where two teams play against each other in a sport ● I enjoy watching football matches on TV with my friends. +
A2	passenger +	sb who is travelling on a type of transport, e.g. bus, car, boat, plane, train ● We waited for some passengers to get out of the bus before we got on it. +
A2	business class +	first class (travel) ● Tom’s boss was paying for his trip to Brussels, so he travelled in business class on the train. +
A2	economy class +	second class (travel) ● They bought economy class tickets for the ferry because they weren’t so expensive. Technology & Communicating Nouns attachment desktop (computer) device folder inbox internet junk laptop (computer) letter net post smartphone social network text webcam website Adjectives digital mechanical Verbs check click communicate contact delete download forward receive repeat reply respond save update Phrases surf the net in +
A2	row +	a group of people or things in a straight line next to each other ● We sat in the middle row at the cinema. +
A2	seat +	sth for sitting on ● I had a seat next to the window on the train. ➣ seat (v), seating (n) +
A2	kick off +	when a player kicks the ball to start a match in football or rugby ● What time is the kick off on Wednesday? I want to see the whole match. ➣ kick off (phr v) +
A2	flight +	a journey by plane ● The flight to Aberdeen from London takes one hour and forty minutes. ➣ fly (v) +
A2	departure +	leaving a place at a particular time ● All the flight departures from Zurich were late because of bad weather. ➣ depart (v) +
A2	board +	get into a plane, boat, etc. to start travelling ● The passengers waited for three hours to board the plane that arrived late. ➣ boarding (adj, n) +
A2	boarding pass +	a card that you show to board a plane ● Dad printed our boarding passes from the internet so that we didn’t waste time at the airport. +
A2	midnight +	twelve o’clock at night ● I finished my homework at midnight last night, so I’m very tired. +
A2	movement +	going from one place to another ● There was a loud noise and we saw a movement in the trees. ➣ move (v, n), movable (adj) +
A2	in the middle +	in the centre, between two or more other things ● The boat was in the middle of the river when it hit a rock. +
A2	manager +	sb who is responsible for a business, shop, club, etc. ● Margaret is the manager of a bookshop in the mall. ➣ manage (v), manageable (adj) +
A2	museum +	a building where very old objects are on display for people to see ● You’ll have fun at the science museum in Paris. +
A2	colleague +	sb who works in the same office as you ● Ian and his colleagues were having a chat in their lunch break. +
A2	exhibition +	a show of things for people to see, e.g. in a museum ● There was an exhibition of Van Gogh paintings in the art gallery. ➣ exhibit (v, n), exhibitor (n) +
A2	Egyptian +	➣ Egyptian (n), Egypt (n) +
A2	mummy +	a dead body that is covered with bandages and oils, etc. to preserve it ● The mummies in the museum looked quite scary. ➣ mummify (v) People settler actor manager colleague visitor boyfriend +
A2	object +	any thing that is not a living thing ● The farmer found a strange stone object when he was digging in his field. +
A2	tomb +	a place where a dead body is put ● The pyramid was the tomb of an Egyptian queen. +
A2	glass case +	a box made of glass used to keep sth in so it can be seen ● The oldest books in the exhibition were in glass cases to protect them. +
A2	include +	have sth as part of sth else ● The party food included sandwiches, popcorn and small cheese pies. ➣ inclusion (n), inclusive (adj) +
A2	furniture +	things like tables, chairs, cupboards, etc. ● We moved all the furniture out of the living room to paint the walls. +
A2	dead +	not living ● Our cat brought a dead bird into the house. ➣ die (v), death (n) +
A2	afterlife +	a life that some people believe they will have after they die ● The paintings showed how ancient Egyptians imagined the afterlife to be. 36 +
A2	display +	one or more things put in a place for people to look at ● I enjoy looking at the displays in the shop windows at the mall. ➣ display (v) +
A2	ancient +	very old ● Ancient Romans tried to take over the whole of Great Britain. +
A2	X-ray +	a kind of photo that shows the bones inside your body ● The X-ray showed that Adam’s arm was broken. ➣ X-ray (v) +
A2	update +	add the newest information to sth ● You can update your details on the website if you change your email address. ➣ update (n) +
A2	website +	a group of pages on the internet with information about a business, organisation or person ● The business sells holidays in Greece through its website. Listening Page 38 +
A2	wedding +	an event where two people get married ● The band played and everybody danced at Sue and Frank’s wedding. ➣ wed (v) +
A2	concert +	a musical performance ● We’re having a concert at the end of the school year and I’m singing with my class. +
A2	festival +	a public event where people perform music or theatre plays, dance, or show films ● David’s rock band played at the street festival in Glasgow last year. ➣ festive (adj) Speaking Page 39 +
A2	disco +	a place or party where pop music is played for people to dance to ● The music in the disco was so loud that I couldn’t hear my friend, but we danced a lot. +
A2	New Year +	the first day of the year ● The Chinese celebrate New Year around the start of February. +
A2	Christmas +	25th December; the day that Christians celebrate as the birthday of Christ ● At Christmas, we usually have a big meal with a few friends and family members and give each other presents. +
A2	grammatically +	in a way that follows grammar rules ● The teacher will check your spelling and make sure your sentences are grammatically correct. +
A2	respond +	reply to sth that sb said or wrote ● Keith didn’t respond to my emails, so I phoned to see if he was okay. ➣ response (n), responsive (adj) +
A2	boyfriend +	a man or boy who is a close friend ● My sister keeps talking about her new boyfriend, Steven. +
A2	repeat +	do or say sth again in the same way ● Could you repeat your phone number to make sure I’ve got it right? ➣ repetition (n), repetitive (adj) Writing Pages 40-41 +
A2	notice +	● There was a big notice on the wall about the school fair. ➣ notice (v), noticeable (adj) +
A2	break-dance +	a kind of modern dance, often done in the street ● Teresa is learning to break-dance at her dance school. ➣ break-dancer (n) +
A2	waltz +	dance with a partner in a traditional waltz ● The dancers waltzed around the room to classical music. ➣ waltz (n) +
A2	ballet +	a kind of dancing that tells a story with movements and music, but no words ● In my country, ballet classes are popular with young girls. Video 3 Fat Tuesday Page 42 +
A2	Carnival +	a celebration in spring before Lent ● In Greece we have lots of fancy dress parties and street parades at Carnival time. +
A2	Lent +	the period of 40 days before Easter Sunday ● Irene never eats meat, so she enjoys the special foods that people cook without meat during Lent. ➣ Lenten (adj) 37 +
A2	parade +	when people and vehicles move through the streets in a celebration ● We watched the people dancing in the Carnival parade from our hotel balcony. ➣ parade (v) +
A2	float +	a car or truck that is decorated for a parade ● Everybody in our club helped to decorate our float for the festival with paper flowers. +
A2	vehicle +	sth that people can travel in from place to place, e.g. car, bus, truck ● It was difficult for vehicles to travel across the mountain road in the snow. +
A2	decorate +	add colours and other things to sth to make it look nice ● Everybody in our club helped to decorate our float for the festival with paper flowers. ➣ decoration(s) (n), decorator (n) +
A2	feast +	a very large meal ● The people in the village were enjoying their last big feast before Lent. ➣ feast (v) +
A2	rich food +	food that has a strong flavour ● If you eat rich food before you go to sleep at night, you might have bad dreams or a sore stomach. +
A2	Inuit +	a Native American from a northern part of Canada, Greenland or Alaska ● I can’t understand how Inuits can make homes in the snow. +
A2	pick +	cut or take small pieces of sth or small things from sth else ● The farmer picked the stones out of the horse’s feet. ➣ pick (n) +
A2	Greenland +	Word Focus Page 44 +
A2	capital +	the main city in a country ● Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland. +
A2	porridge +	a kind of breakfast food that is hot and creamy, made from cooked oats ● A bowl of hot porridge is the traditional breakfast in Scotland. +
A2	physical education +	sports and exercise done as a class at school ● Our class has physical education three times a week in the school gym or the swimming pool. ✎ Syn: PE +
A2	steamed +	cooked with steam ● The Chinese often eat steamed rice with other foods. ➣ steam (v, n) +
A2	gas +	sth that is not liquid and not solid, e.g. oxygen ● Shona has a gas fire in her living room. +
A2	boiling +	very hot ● He put the boiling water in the cup to make tea. ➣ boil (v) Reading Pages 44-45 +
A2	typical +	usual; common ● My typical day begins with breakfast at seven. ➣ typically (adj) +
A2	congee +	a kind of porridge made with rice ● When Tom was feeling sick, his granny gave him congee to eat. +
A2	international +	for people from many different countries ● The restaurant sells a variety of delicious international foods. ➣ internationally (adv) +
A2	foreign +	from another country ● Can you speak any other foreign languages? ➣ foreigner (n) +
A2	cafeteria +	a self-service restaurant, often in a school or other public building ● Do you have lunch in the school cafeteria? +
A2	during +	all through a period of time ● Thousands of tourists visit the Acropolis Museum during the summer. +
A2	athlete +	sb who takes part in sport, especially on a track, e.g. running ● Frank loves running, but he doesn’t want to be a famous athlete. ➣ athletic (adj), athletics (n) +
A2	Olympic Games +	an international sports event that happens every four years ● The final swimming events in the Olympic Games were on the news on TV. +
A2	on the way +	going towards a place ● On the way to the shops, Tanya found a little dog yesterday. +
A2	have a rest +	relax; take a break ● After five kilometres, the group stopped walking to have a rest. +
A2	organise +	plan and prepare sth ● Helen needs a bigger desk to organise her work. ➣ organiser (n), organisation (n) +
A2	language +	the way of speaking and writing in a particular country ● Can you speak any other foreign languages? +
A2	player +	sb who plays a sport or game ● Who is your favourite football player? ➣ play (v) Vocabulary Pages 46-47 +
A2	dust +	clean the dirt off furniture with a cloth ● Amanda broke the jar when she was dusting the table. ➣ dust (n), duster (n), dusty (adj) 45 +
A2	vacuum +	clean the floor with an electric cleaner ● Who will vacuum the floor after the party? ➣ vacuum (n) +
A2	carpet +	sth that you put on the floor to cover it ● Please don’t walk on the clean carpet with your wet football boots! +
A2	do the washing up +	wash plates, cups, etc. after using them ● I made the dinner, so who wants to do the washing up? The kitchen is full of dirty dishes. +
A2	sweep +	clean a floor with a brush ● Ian swept up the leaves in the backyard. +
A2	iron +	make clothes flat by pressing them with an iron ● Could you iron my T-shirt for the basketball match? ➣ ironing (n) +
A2	rise +	move up ● The sun was rising when I got up this morning. +
A2	dry +	make sth dry ● Put the clothes out to dry in the sun. ➣ dry (adj) +
A2	hairdryer +	a device that you use to dry your hair with hot air ● You don’t have to take a hairdryer on holiday because there’s one in your hotel room. +
A2	ready +	prepared ● Are you ready to dance? Start the music! +
A2	hang +	attach sth to hang on a line outside your home, especially clothes ● I washed my trousers and hung them out to dry. +
A2	tidy +	put things in order ● I always tidy my bedroom on Sunday afternoon. ➣ tidy (adj) +
A2	mess +	an untidy and/or dirty state ● The kitchen was in a mess after the party. ➣ mess (v), messy (adj) +
A2	housework +	work that you need to do in your home, e.g. cooking and cleaning ● My parents are happy when I help them with the housework. Housework do the washing up dry dust hang (sth) out iron sweep tidy vacuum +
A2	pay +	give money to buy sth; give sb money to do a job ● How much did you pay for your new school bag? ➣ pay (n), payment (n), paid (adj), payable (adj) +
A2	spend +	use money to pay for sth ● Gina spends all her money on new clothes. +
A2	rent +	pay money to use sth (e.g. a house, flat or room) that belongs to sb else ● We rented a room with a view of Hyde Park in London. ➣ rent (n), rental (n) +
A2	flat +	a home on one floor of a building that has more than one floor ● George lives in a flat with his parents and his aunt lives in the flat downstairs. +
A2	lend +	give sth of yours to sb to use for a short time ● Could you lend me an umbrella because I forgot to bring mine? ➣ lender (n) +
A2	borrow +	take sth that belongs to sb else to use for a short time and then give it back ● You can borrow books from the town library and take them back a week later. ➣ borrower (n) +
A2	make money +	get money from your job or by selling sth ● Steve makes money by selling his old clothes and other things he doesn’t need on the internet. +
A2	save money +	keep money that you don’t need to spend right now ● It’s difficult to save money when you don’t have a good job. ➣ saving(s) (n) +
A2	till +	a machine that has a drawer where sb puts the money you pay for sth in a shop ● There are always alot of people waiting at the till in the supermarket at weekends. +
A2	cashier +	sb who works at the till in a shop, bank, etc. ● The cashiers at this bank are not always very friendly when Mum goes to pay her bills. 46 +
A2	customer +	sb who buys sth from a shop ● The customers were getting annoyed because there was only one cashier in the busy shop. +
A2	shelf +	a flat surface for storing things on a wall or in a cupboard ● I keep my school books on the shelves next to my bed. +
A2	receipt +	a piece of paper that shows how much you paid for sth in a shop, etc. ● Keep your receipts because you might need to take something back to the shop. ➣ receive (v) +
A2	trolley +	a shopping cart for carrying things in a shop ● The children put some extra things they wanted into the shopping trolley, so their mum wasn’t happy when she found out. +
A2	cash +	money in coins or notes ● Eric pays for everything in cash because he doesn’t like using bank cards. +
A2	product +	sth that is grown or made for selling ● All the products in the village shop come from farms in the area. ➣ produce (v), producer (n), production (n), productive (adj) Shopping & Money Verbs borrow lend pay rent spend make money save money Nouns cash cashier customer dollar product receipt shelf till trolley Containers & Quantity bar can carton loaf piece slice tin +
A2	carton +	a small plastic or cardboard box that has food or drink inside ● I bought four cartons of ice cream and one carton of milk. +
A2	loaf +	an amount of bread that is cooked in a shape ● We need a loaf of bread for the sandwiches. +
A2	tin +	a metal container for food ● There are some tins of tomatoes in the kitchen cupboard. ➣ tinned (adj) +
A2	bar +	a long flat piece of sth with straight sides, e.g. chocolate, soap ● I ate a bar of chocolate and now I can’t eat all of my dinner. +
A2	can +	a metal container for food or drink ● We bought some cans of lemonade and cola for the barbecue. ➣ canned (adj) +
A2	olive +	a small green or black fruit that you can eat or use for its oil ● The pizza had tasty big black olives on top. Grammar Pages 48-49 +
A2	hotel +	a building where you pay for a room to stay in for a short time ● The hotel was very close to the sea, so we didn’t need to swim in its pool. +
A2	tent +	a shelter held up by poles and ropes that you use for camping ● Ben put up his tent and went inside it to sleep. +
A2	backpack +	a large bag that you can carry on your back ● The campers were carrying large backpacks with their tents and clothes. +
A2	pack +	put things into a bag or box ● I packed all my books in my school bag and went for the bus. +
A2	prediction +	what sb says will happen in the future ● Karen didn’t believe Roger’s prediction that the team would win the match. ➣ predict (v), predictable (adj) +
A2	steak +	a thick slice of meat ● The customer was unhappy because his steak wasn’t cooked well. +
A2	tuna +	a large sea fish with light red meat ● Tony makes delicious pizza with tuna and other seafood. 47 +
A2	research +	a study to find out or prove facts about sth ● In our science class, we did some research about healthy eating. +
A2	biscuit +	a thin crispy cake ● Have a biscuit with your hot chocolate. +
A2	dollar +	the kind of money used in some countries, e.g. the USA, Canada and Australia ● The taxi ride from the airport costs forty dollars. +
A2	traffic +	all the cars, buses, lorries, etc. on a street at the same time ● The bus was late because there was so much traffic. +
A2	advice +	sth you tell sb to do to help them with a problem ● If you have any problem with grammar, ask your teacher for advice. ➣ advise (v), advisable (adj) +
A2	luggage +	all the bags you’re carrying when you’re travelling ● Simon put his luggage in the back of the taxi and left for the airport. +
A2	equipment +	the things you need to do a job or an activity ● The students had a party to raise money to buy new equipment, like musical instruments, for the school. +
A2	strawberry +	a small, juicy, red, summer fruit ● We’re having ice cream with strawberries from the garden. Listening Page 50 +
A2	amount +	a quantity of sth ● My uncle won a large amount of money in a TV quiz. +
A2	form +	type; kind ● What forms of music do you enjoy? +
A2	espresso +	a very strong hot, black coffee in a small cup ● Italians often drink a small cup of espresso for breakfast. +
A2	cappuccino +	a hot coffee with lots of frothy milk on top ● They make great cappuccino in this café. +
A2	perhaps +	maybe ● Perhaps we’ll go to Thailand next year, but I’m not sure. +
A2	comfortable +	that has a relaxing feeling to wear or sit on, etc. ● This chair isn’t comfortable to sit on for a long time. ➣ comfort (v, n), comfortable (adv) ✎ Opp: uncomfortable +
A2	reach +	get to a place/person ● When you reach the bank, turn left into Park Street. Speaking Page 51 +
A2	starter +	a little food eaten before the main part of a meal ● In Britain, people often have soup for starters, especially in winter. ➣ start (v) +
A2	main course +	the main part of a meal ● Barbara had fish and salad for her main course. +
A2	dessert +	a sweet eaten at the end of a meal ● We’ve got apple pie and ice cream for dessert. +
A2	chocolate brownie +	a kind of square, American chocolate cake ● How many eggs do I need to make chocolate brownies? +
A2	prawn +	a shellfish with legs, a thin, hard back and a tail ● Prawns are funny looking little animals with ten legs. +
A2	sparkling water +	a kind of fizzy drinking water ● Scientists did some research to see if sparkling water is bad for our bones. +
A2	garlic +	a small vegetable with a very strong taste and smell ● Greek people sometimes eat fish with garlic sauce on special days. +
A2	still water +	drinking water that is not fizzy ● I think still water is a more healthy drink than sparkling water. +
A2	tiramisu +	a dessert made from slices of cake with chocolate and cream cheese ● Tiramisu is too sweet for me, so I had some fruit for dessert. +
A2	tip +	some extra money you give to sb who serves in a café, etc. ● How much should people pay taxi drivers as a tip? 48 +
A2	book +	ask sb to keep sth for you to use later ● We booked a holiday in the north of Scotland. ➣ booking (n) +
A2	Americano +	strong black American style coffee ● Mum never drinks Americano at night because then she can’t sleep. +
A2	latte +	a drink made with milk and a little coffee ● Latte is a more relaxing drink than most other coffees because it has so much milk. +
A2	takeaway +	a meal that you can collect at a restaurant to eat somewhere else ● We were too tired to cook, so we ordered a takeaway. Drinks Americano cappuccino espresso latte sparkling water still water Writing Pages 52-53 +
A2	opinion +	what you think of sth ● What’s your opinion of the new Italian restaurant? Do you like it? +
A2	exterior +	the outside part of a building ● Sam is painting the exterior walls of his house white. +
A2	sunbathe +	stay outside in the sunshine to make your skin go brown ● Some people were swimming and others were sunbathing beside the pool. ➣ sunbathing (n) +
A2	awful +	not nice; very bad ● That meal was awful! I’m not eating there again. +
A2	exciting +	interesting and making you feel excited ● I think travelling by plane is exciting. ➣ excite (v), excited (adj), excitement (n) +
A2	exclamation mark +	a mark you write after an exclamation; ! ● Don’t use the exclamation mark ‘!’ at the end of every sentence because that looks like you are shouting. +
A2	greeting +	sth you say when you meet sb or write when you start an email, letter, etc. ● ‘Hello’ is a common English greeting. ➣ greet (v) +
A2	informal +	in a friendly and relaxed style ● Everybody wore informal clothes to the barbecue. ✎ Opp: formal +
A2	sign off +	end an email, letter, etc. ● Aunt Miranda signed off her email with ‘Lots of love and kisses, Auntie M’. Food beef biscuit boiling chocolate brownie congee dessert garlic main course olive pasta pomegranate pork porridge prawn starter steak steamed strawberry takeaway tart tiramisu tuna venison Video 4 A Grizzly Encounter Page 54 +
A2	encounter +	an unplanned meeting ● Helen had a happy encounter with a dolphin when she went swimming in the sea. ➣ encounter (v) 49 +
A2	grizzly bear +	a very big brown bear from North America or Russia ● When you see a grizzly bear hold your arms up and talk quietly or climb up a tree quickly. +
A2	staff +	all the people working in a place as a group ● The hotel staff were very friendly and helpful. +
A2	task +	a piece of work ● Albert’s job includes the task of feeding the animals at the zoo. +
A2	prepare +	get ready to do sth ● Ken is preparing the invitations for his party. ➣ preparation (n) +
A2	powerful +	strong; with a strong effect ● Grizzly bears are powerful big animals. ➣ power (n) +
A2	hunt +	the action of trying to find sth/sb; the act of looking for sth/sb to catch or kill ● This year, our teacher planned an Easter egg hunt for the class and I found one egg. ➣ hunt (v), hunter (n) +
A2	treat +	sth extra given to a person or animal to eat for something special ● Patricia gives her dog little biscuits as a treat to help train him. ➣ treat (v) +
A2	range (from) +	have a variety of different types, sizes, etc. (from one thing to another) ● The animals in the zoo range from tiny insects to elephants. ➣ range (n) +
A2	venison +	meat from a deer ● Some butcher’s shops in Scotland now sell venison as well as other meat because a lot of deer are kept on farms. +
A2	beef +	meat from a cow ● Angela is cooking beef and potatoes in the oven for Sunday dinner. ➣ beefy (adj) +
A2	pork +	meat from a pig ● Because of their traditional ways of life, people from many countries don’t like eating pork. +
A2	pomegranate +	a large round red fruit with juicy seeds inside ● Heather puts juicy red pomegranate seeds on salads and they’re so tasty. +
A2	private +	that belongs to one person or group and not for everybody to use or know about ● Nobody likes people reading their private texts to friends. ➣ privacy (n) +
A2	daily +	of every day ● Can you describe your daily routine? +
A2	mentally +	related to the mind ● Are you mentally prepared for the maths exam? ➣ mental (adj) +
A2	healthy +	well and not getting ill easily ● Gordon keeps healthy by eating carefully and going for long walks. ➣ health (n), healthily (adv) ✎ Opp: unhealthy +
A2	hidden +	not able to be seen or found easily ● There was a hidden door behind the cupboard. ➣ hide (v) +
A2	convert +	change sth into sth else for a different use ● Mum converted the extra bedroom into an office. ➣ conversion (n), convertible (adj) +
A2	former +	that used to be ● The museum is a former train station. +
A2	water tower +	a large water tank on top of a high frame with water ● We could see the high water tower on the farm from miles away. +
A2	air conditioner +	a device that cools or heats and dries air ● The sun doesn’t shine on this side of the building, so we don’t need an air conditioner in summer. ➣ air conditioning (n) +
A2	toilet +	a small room with a toilet; a bowl that you sit on to go to the toilet ● The house has two toilets; one is upstairs in the bathroom and the other is next to the hall downstairs. Word Focus Page 58 +
A2	running water +	water that comes straight from a tap ● Dad’s grandparents in the village didn’t have running water when they were young. +
A2	tap +	a device from which water comes out ● Remember to turn off the tap after you clean your teeth. +
A2	animal skin +	the skin of a dead animal ● Irene never buys shoes or bags made from animal skin because she loves animals. +
A2	nomad +	sb who moves around and stays in different places ● A group of nomads was travelling across the Turkish desert with a herd of goats. ➣ nomadic (adj) +
A2	permanent +	that lasts forever ● Pauline’s job in the café isn’t permanent; it’s only for the summer. ➣ permanently (adv) +
A2	season +	one of the four parts of the year; spring, summer, autumn or winter ● My favourite season is autumn, when the leaves are brown. ➣ seasonal (adj) +
A2	wood stove +	a device that burns wood for heating or cooking ● The air was filled with the smell of smoke from the wood stoves. +
A2	chill out +	relax ● Steven listens to music with his friends to chill out. Reading Pages 58-59 +
A2	igloo +	an Eskimo house built of snow or ice ● Most Inuits live in towns and only a few live in traditional igloos. +
A2	melt +	heat sth, e.g. ice, to turn it into liquid ● The bar of chocolate melted in my pocket and it was a real mess. +
A2	instead +	in place of sth/sb else ● They didn’t want to stay at home, so they went for a walk instead. +
A2	blanket +	a large thick cover put onto a bed to keep you warm ● I needed an extra blanket on my bed because it was a cold night. +
A2	Mongolia +	➣ Mongolian (n, adj) +
A2	camel +	a tall animal with one or two humps on its back ● Camels can walk for a long time without drinking water. +
A2	ger +	a tent used by nomads ● We rented a ger on a camping site for our summer holiday. +
A2	outdoors +	outside; not in a building ● It’s too cold for us to play outdoors in winter. ➣ outdoor (adj) +
A2	cozy +	warm and comfortable ● Our flat is small, but it’s cozy in winter. +
A2	whole +	complete; all of sth ● The family spent the whole day at the beach. ➣ whole (n), whole (adv) +
A2	satellite dish +	a large device shaped like a dish that receives images and sounds from a satellite above the Earth ● Lots of homes have satellite dishes on their roofs so they can watch TV from other countries. 55 +
A2	solar panel +	a piece of equipment with a flat side that collects heat from the sun to make electricity or heat water ● The solar panels on the roof of our home give us lots of hot water. +
A2	electricity +	energy that moves through wires to give power to machines, lights, etc. ● We couldn’t watch TV because the electricity went off. ➣ electric (adj) +
A2	houseboat +	a boat that is a kind of home (usually on a river or canal) ● On our visit to Holland, we saw colourful houseboats on the canals. +
A2	wardrobe +	a cupboard to hang clothes in ● Millie’s room looked tidy because she quickly put everything into the wardrobe. +
A2	the rest +	everything else; all the other parts of sth ● Why don’t you eat the rest of your dinner? +
A2	unexpected +	surprising; not expected or planned ● Jean had an unexpected call from her Australian cousin in the middle of the night. ➣ unexpectedly (adj) ✎ Opp: expected Vocabulary Pages 60-61 +
A2	cottage +	a small house, especially in the countryside ● We stayed in a lovely little cottage near the sea for the weekend. +
A2	villa +	a large house, usually with a garden ● It’s my dream to live in a villa with a big garden. +
A2	hallway +	a small room or space where you go inside a house/building that has doors onto other rooms ● You can leave your coat and umbrella in the hallway. +
A2	utility room +	a small room where you can use or keep household equipment, e.g. a washing machine ● Louise does her laundry in the utility room. +
A2	patio +	a flat area outside a house where you can sit ● We often eat out on the patio on summer evenings. +
A2	shed +	a small building where you can keep things in ● Ian keeps his bicycle in the garden shed. Homes & Buildings cottage garage ger houseboat igloo shed villa +
A2	tool +	a device that you use to make or fix sth ● Roland took his tools out of the car to change the tyre. +
A2	fix +	correct sth that is broken; make sth work better ● Could you lend me some tools to fix my bicycle? +
A2	loads (of) +	a large amount (of) ● We’ve got loads of time before the film starts. Let’s go to the café. ➣ load (v) +
A2	shady +	without much sunlight ● They found a shady place for a picnic next to the tree. ➣ shade (v, n) +
A2	smell +	sense the smell/aroma of sth ● I can smell something nice. What’s for dinner? ➣ smell (n), smelly (adj) +
A2	light +	make sth begin to burn ● The nomads lit a fire to cook their food. ➣ light (n) +
A2	tumble dryer +	a machine for drying clothes ● This tumble dryer is useful in winter when it’s too wet to hang clothes out. +
A2	lawnmower +	a machine for cutting grass ● The street gets noisy at the weekend when all the neighbours are using their lawnmowers. 56 +
A2	washing machine +	a machine for washing clothes, etc. ● There was water all over the floor when the washing machine broke down. +
A2	dining table +	a table where you have meals ● Our dining table is at one end of our living room. +
A2	fridge +	a machine for keeping food cool ● Katrina put the milk and cheese into the fridge. +
A2	front door +	the main door of a home ● There’s somebody at the front door. I’ll see who it is. ✎ Opp: back door +
A2	rug +	a small carpet ● A traditional rug was on the bedroom floor. +
A2	poster +	a picture on a large piece of paper for decorating on a wall ● Suzanna has posters of her favourite singer in her room. +
A2	curtain +	a piece of cloth to cover a window ● She opened the curtains and saw the rain outside. +
A2	blinds +	a cover for a window that you pull up or down ● A little light came into the room through the blinds. ➣ blind (v, adj) +
A2	pillow +	a cloth bag filled with sth soft that you use to rest your head on in bed ● Jake lay down resting his head on the pillow and went to sleep. +
A2	put away +	put (sth) in its correct place ● The children put away their books before they went to bed. +
A2	pull up +	make sth move up ● Lucy pulled up the blinds and opened the window. +
A2	switch on +	press sth (e.g. a switch or button) to make sth start working ● Jack switched on the TV to watch the news. ✎ Opp: switch off +
A2	hang up +	put sth onto a hook or hanger to store it ● You can hang up your coat in the hallway. +
A2	put up +	hang sth on a wall ● The room looked nicer when we hung up some pictures. +
A2	ideal +	perfect for a certain purpose ● The hotel was in an ideal place close to the sea. ➣ ideally (adj) Phrasal Verbs chill out grow up put away put up pull up switch on/off hang up Grammar Pages 62-63 +
A2	since +	from a time in the past until the time of speaking ● I’ve known Terry since we were kids. +
A2	Peru +	➣ Peruvian (adj, n) +
A2	Chile +	➣ Chilean (adj, n) +
A2	key +	a small metal object for opening or locking a door ● Have you got a key for the front door? ➣ key (adj) +
A2	company +	a business ● Dad works for a company that makes clothes. +
A2	change +	make sth different ● Matthew painted the living room to change the colour of the walls. ➣ change (n), changeable (adj) +
A2	hour +	a period of 60 minutes ● The school bus takes an hour to bring us home. ➣ hourly (adj) +
A2	possession +	the state of having sth ● The bank took possession of the Smiths’ house because they couldn’t pay their bills. ➣ possess (v) +
A2	car park +	a special area where you can leave cars (outside a building, etc.) ● There’s a car park with space for fifty cars next to the sports centre. +
A2	floor +	a level of a buiding ● Bob’s flat is on the top floor. +
A2	pay attention +	take care to do sth carefully; listen to or watch sb carefully ● Your writing will get better if you pay attention to spelling and grammar. 57 +
A2	adult +	a grown-up person (usually sb over 18 years old) ● Young children need adults to look after them. ➣ adult (adj) +
A2	feed +	give food to ● Wendy fed her cat and gave it clean water to drink. ➣ food (n) +
A2	survive +	live through a difficult time ● People can’t survive for a long time without drinking water. ➣ survival (n), survivor (n) +
A2	grow up +	become an adult ● James grew up on a farm, but now he’s moved to the city. ➣ grown-up (adj, n) Listening Page 64 +
A2	ketchup +	a thick tomato sauce ● Would you like ketchup on your chips? +
A2	towel +	a cloth for drying your body or hair ● There were two big white towels in our hotel bathroom. +
A2	printer +	a machine for printing words or pictures on paper ● The students used the school printer to make posters for the fair. ➣ print (v), printed (adj), printing (n) +
A2	garage +	a small building or part of a building to put a car in ● Ann leaves her car in front of her house because she hasn’t got a garage. +
A2	drawer +	sth like a box that you can pull out and close for keeping things in that is a part of a desk, cupboard, etc. ● Len put his socks away in the drawer. Furniture & Furnishings blanket blinds bookshelf curtain dining table drawer pillow poster rug towel wardrobe Speaking Page 65 +
A2	sailing +	a sport in which you travel in a boat with sails ● On our holiday in Greece, we went sailing around the islands on a small boat. ➣ sail (v, n), sailor (n) +
A2	space +	an area that is empty for people to use ● There is a lot of space where the children can play in the garden. ➣ space (v), spacious (adj) +
A2	light +	not dark; full of light ● It gets light when the sun rises in the morning. ➣ light (v, n) +
A2	bookshelf +	a shelf to keep books on ● My school books are on the bookshelf in my bedroom. +
A2	untidy +	not tidy; in a mess ● Sophie’s house is always untidy because she doesn’t have time to tidy it. ✎ Opp: tidy Adjectives connected cozy former ideal light permanent shady unexpected untidy whole Writing Pages 66-67 +
A2	despite +	without being affected by ● We had a good time in London despite the bad weather. +
A2	heavy rain +	more rain than usual ● Sandra didn’t hang the washing out because of the heavy rain. +
A2	darling +	a name you call sb that you love ● Let’s go out for dinner, darling. ➣ darling (adj) +
A2	cancel +	say that sth planned will not happen ● They cancelled the football match because of the snow. ➣ cancellation (adj) +
A2	cause +	sth/sb that makes sth happen ● The heavy rain was the cause of the traffic problems. ➣ cause (v) +
A2	result +	sth that happens because of sth else ● The traffic problems were the result of the heavy rain. ➣ result (v) +
A2	do the laundry +	wash the clothes, etc. ● Neil has to do the laundry because all his shirts are dirty. 58 +
A2	excuse +	a reason that you give to explain why you do or don’t do sth ● Alfie made an excuse not to go to his cousin’s wedding. ➣ excuse (v) +
A2	I’m afraid +	a polite way to say you’re sorry about sth ● I’m afraid I’ll have to cancel my party because I’m ill. Machines & Devices air conditioner cart cooker freezer fridge key lawnmower printer satellite dish solar panel tap tool tumble dryer washing machine wood stove Video 5 The Horse Nomads of Mongolia Page 68 +
A2	ox +	a bull used to pull farm equipment ● The farmer was using an ox to pull the equipment to dig his field. ✎ Plural: oxen +
A2	cart +	a strong open vehicle with two or four wheels, typically used for carrying loads and pulled by a horse ● The ancient Greek wall painting showed the goddess, Athena, on a horse pulling a cart. +
A2	camp +	a place where people put tents to stay in for a short time ● We made our camp in the middle of the forest for the night. ➣ camp (v), camper (n), campsite (n), camping (n) +
A2	centre +	the middle point or part ● The school is in the centre of the town. ➣ central (adj) +
A2	gasoline +	petrol; oil used to make an engine work ● The driver stopped to put some gasoline in his truck. ✎ Br Eng: petrol +
A2	deeply +	very ● A long hot bath is deeply relaxing at the end of a busy day. ➣ deepen (v), deep (adj), depth (n) +
A2	connected +	linked ● Mark feels connected to nature when he swims in the sea. ➣ connection (n) +
A2	rope +	a strong thick string ● The men tied the ropes on the harbour to stop the boat moving. +
A2	represent +	be a symbol that means sth ● The sign above the door represents Heracles and the lion that he killed in Nemea. ✎ Syn: symbolise +
A2	twists and turns +	many bends, e.g. on a road, for a long way ● The mountain road to Delphi is full of twists and turns. +
A2	university +	a place where you go to study a special subject after you’ve left school ● My dad never went to university because he started working when he left school at sixteen. +
A2	tower +	a very tall, narrow, building or structure ● Rebecca went to see the Eiffel Tower in Paris. +
A2	Georgia +	Reading Page 70 +
A2	building +	a structure, e.g. a house, school, hospital, etc. ● Our town is full of new buildings and it looks completely different from the past. ➣ build (v), builder (n) +
A2	return +	give or bring back ● I borrowed my friend’s jacket and returned it today. ➣ return (n) +
A2	enter +	go into ● The door opened slowly, and a man in white entered the room. ➣ entrance (n), entry (n) +
A2	in progress +	happening now ● Please don’t enter the manager’s office because there’s a meeting in progress. +
A2	racket +	a piece of equipment you use to hit a ball in a sport, e.g. tennis, badminton ● Clive hit the ball too hard and broke his racket. ✎ Syn: racquet +
A2	jewellery +	sth you wear for decoration ● Cordelia always wears her gold jewellery when she goes out to special events. ✎ US Eng: jewelry +
A2	ring +	a piece of jewellery that you wear on a finger ● Jane’s new ring fell off because it was too big for her finger. +
A2	necklace +	a piece of jewellery that you wear around your neck ● Mum was wearing her new necklace with her black dress to go out for dinner. +
A2	tub +	a bathtub ● After his long run, Kevin filled the tub with hot water and had a relaxing hot bath. Word Focus Page 70 +
A2	tour guide +	a person who takes tourists to interesting places and gives information about them ● The tour guide told us some interesting facts about Ancient Sparta. +
A2	somewhere +	some place in general ● I’ve seen you somewhere before, but I can’t remember where. +
A2	banquet hall +	a large room where many people have a big meal together at long tables ● In the castle at the top of Ancient Mystras, there was a banquet hall where the rich people had their feasts. +
A2	locked +	closed by using a key ● The killer broke the window to get into the house because the doors were locked. ➣ lock (v, n), locker (n) +
A2	bang +	hit sth very hard to make a noise ● The toilet door wouldn’t open, so Vincent banged on the door and shouted for help. ➣ bang (n) +
A2	once +	one time ● Sally played golf once, but she didn’t enjoy it much. Reading Page 70 +
A2	crazy +	mad ● Why is your hair green? You look crazy! ➣ craziness (n) +
A2	notice +	see or hear sth ● When did Jim go home? I didn’t notice him leaving. ➣ notice (n), noticeable (adj) +
A2	far +	not near ● There were two small hotels at the far side of the village. ➣ far (adv) +
A2	report +	a description of sth that happened ● The police officer wrote a report on the crash. ➣ report (v), reporter (n) 65 +
A2	violent +	acting in a way that can hurt sb/sth ● The bear looks cute, but don’t go close because it’s a violent animal. ➣ violence (n) +
A2	kill +	to end the life of sb/sth ● The robbers killed a lot of people on their way out of the bank. ➣ killer (n) +
A2	spooky +	scary, very strange ● Everybody was afraid to walk along the spooky dark street at night. +
A2	someone +	a person in general (when you don’t know exactly who it is, or it isn’t important) ● Someone sent me a text, but I don’t know who it was because they didn’t sign off with a name. ✎ Syn: somebody +
A2	evil +	very bad to others ● The evil prince killed his brother and became king. ➣ evil (n) +
A2	by herself +	alone without help (for a girl or woman) ● Angela designed the new house by herself. +
A2	allow +	let sb do sth ● Young children aren’t allowed to watch scary films in the cinema. +
A2	flash +	a device that gives a quick bright light to take a photo ● Lizzie’s photos weren’t very good because she didn’t use the flash on her camera. ➣ flash (v) +
A2	guided tour +	a trip around a building, town, etc. with a tour guide ● Eric’s travel company takes visitors on guided tours of the Peloponnese. +
A2	caution +	great care so sth dangerous won’t happen ● Caution! Don’t swim here because of the sharks. ➣ cautious (adj) +
A2	believe in +	think that sth is true ● Do you believe in Santa Claus? +
A2	haunted +	that people say has ghosts inside ● At the top of the hill is a haunted castle where the prince killed his sons. ➣ haunt (v) Vocabulary Pages 72-73 +
A2	corner shop +	a small shop that sells food and other things near your home ● Our corner shop is useful because it’s always open late at night. +
A2	factory +	a building where people make things ● Many people in my town have had no jobs since the car factory closed. +
A2	petrol station +	a place where you stop to put petrol, etc. in a car ● They were lucky to find a petrol station open in a village after driving so many miles. +
A2	pharmacy +	a shop where you can buy medicines ● Judy bought some suncream from the pharmacy. ➣ pharmacist (n) ✎ Syn: chemist’s +
A2	shopping centre +	a group of shops with a common area for cars to park ●The shopping centre is always really busy at weekends. ✎ Syn: mall +
A2	stadium +	a place where sports are played with rows of seats around for people to watch ● Everyone stood up excitedly when the teams entered the stadium. +
A2	theatre +	a place where people go to watch live performances ● I’m going to see a Shakespeare play at the theatre next week. theatrical (adj) +
A2	tank +	a container for water or other liquid ● Olivia stopped at the petrol station because her petrol tank was nearly empty. +
A2	fill up +	make sth full ● The walking group stopped to fill up their water bottles at the tap by the road. +
A2	take up +	start doing sth new, e.g. a hobby or sport ● Grace is never at home at weekends because she’s taken up horse-riding. +
A2	run out of +	use all that you have of sth ● We’ve run out of spaghetti, so can you go and buy a packet? +
A2	sell out +	have sold everything of one kind ● I couldn’t get tickets for the concert because they were already sold out. 66 +
A2	play +	a performance of a story that is acted in a theatre ● We’re going to see a famous play by Shakespeare next week. +
A2	put on +	organise a performance ● Our class put on a play about helping wildlife. +
A2	look for +	try to find ● Tom looked for his glasses everywhere, but he couldn’t find them. +
A2	worker +	sb who works ● The workers in the shoe factory work for eight hours a day. +
A2	break down +	stop working because of a mechanical problem ● Ron can’t do the laundry because the washing machine has broken down. ➣ breakdown (n) +
A2	work out +	exercise your body ● Veronica works out three times a week at the gym. ➣ workout (n) +
A2	come down with +	become ill because of ● I feel awful because I’ve come down with a cold. +
A2	flu +	an illness like a bad cold with headaches, fever and pains, etc. ● All the students in my class had the flu last month. +
A2	medicine +	sth you drink or eat to make you well when you’re ill ● The doctor told Tim to take his medicine every eight hours. +
A2	air +	the gases that are all around us ● Irene opened a window to let some air in. ➣ air (v) +
A2	polluted +	dirty and not safe to use ● You can’t drink the water from the river because it is polluted. ➣ pollute (v), pollution (n) +
A2	everywhere +	in all places ● Maria doesn’t have a car and she cycles everywhere. ➣ everywhere (pron) +
A2	peaceful +	quiet with nothing to worry about ● My family moved to the island to have a peaceful life. ➣ peace (n), peacefully (adv) +
A2	service +	sth helpful for sb to use ● The services at the sports centre include showers, toilets and a cafeteria. ➣ serve (v), servant (n) +
A2	fire station +	a building where firefighters are with their equipment and vehicles ● Our class visited a fire station and we learnt about how to put out fires. +
A2	police station +	a building where police officers work ● Pat went to the police station to give a report about his lost laptop bag. +
A2	dangerous +	that can hurt sb or damage sth ● It’s dangerous to cross the busy street here. ➣ danger (n) +
A2	gain +	get sth that you didn’t have ● We gained a few new friends at the summer camp. ➣ gain (n) +
A2	knowledge +	all the facts you know about everything ● Dimitris couldn’t understand the tourists because he has no knowledge of foreign languages. ➣ know (v), knowledgeable (adj) +
A2	item +	an object ● I made a list of items that I needed before I went shopping. +
A2	stamp +	a small piece of paper to stick on sth before you post it ● The postman returned the letter to me because I forgot to put a stamp on it. +
A2	bill +	sth that shows an amount you have to pay for things or a service ● Has Sandra paid her electricity bill yet? +
A2	past +	to a position that is further than a particular point ● The bus went past the park on the way to the museum. 67 +
A2	breathe +	take air into your body and let it out through your mouth or nose ● People can't breathe under the sea. ➣ breath (n) +
A2	fresh +	clean and new; grown not long ago ● There aren’t many fresh strawberries in the shops in winter. ➣ freshness (n) +
A2	row +	make a boat move across water by pulling on oars ● There was no wind for the sails, so I rowed the boat to the island. ➣ rowing (n) +
A2	continue +	keep doing sth ● Kate told her sister to be quiet, but she continued playing loud music. +
A2	run away +	get out of a place suddenly; escape from somewhere ● Oliver ran away from the evil man who made children work for him. +
A2	directions +	instructions about how to go somewhere ● Tanya asked someone for directions to get to the underground station. ➣ direct (v, adj), directly (adv) +
A2	follow +	keep going along a road ● Follow the street to the corner and you’ll see the bus stop. +
A2	get off +	go out of a bus, train, plane or ship ● We got off the bus outside the school. +
A2	get on +	to go into a bus, train, plane or ship ● Sue got on the plane at Heathrow airport. +
A2	get to +	arrive at ● The train got to the station at six o’clock. Phrasal Verbs get off get on get to run away run out of put on look for break down work out come down with sell out fill up take up +
A2	turn +	move in a different direction ● I didn’t know which way to turn at the end of the road. ➣ turn (n) +
A2	right +	on the right side ● We turn right at the traffic lights. ➣ right (adj) +
A2	left +	on the left side ● Turn left at the corner of King’s Road. ➣ left (adj) +
A2	straight on +	in a direct line ● Walk straight on and turn right at the bank. Grammar Pages 74-75 +
A2	contrast +	a clear difference between two things ● There is a big contrast between our quiet village and the centre of London. ➣ contrast (v) +
A2	Russia +	➣ Russian (adj, n) +
A2	lift +	a machine that moves people and things to a higher level in a building ● You can take the lift to the sixth floor. ➣ lift (v) +
A2	roundabout +	a crossroads where you drive round a circle to enter another street ● Take the first right at the roundabout to get to the port. +
A2	app +	a piece of software on a smartphone ● This app is useful to see what the weather will be like. +
A2	temple +	a building where people pray to their god(s) ● Every year, many tourists visit the temple of Apollo Epicurius in Messinia. +
A2	column +	a tall stone pole that holds up the roof of a building or a statue ● The temple once had fifty columns holding up its roof. +
A2	sightseeing +	the tourist activity of visiting interesting places to look at them ● Andy is planning to go on a sightseeing tour of Rome. ➣ sightseer (n) +
A2	vowel +	one of the letters: a, e, i, o, u ● The five English vowels are a, e, i, o and u. +
A2	exist +	live; be ● Televisions didn’t exist before the twentieth century. ➣ existence (n) +
A2	in general +	usually; generally ● I don’t watch football matches in general, but I enjoyed the World Cup Final. ➣ generally (adv) 68 +
A2	the Alps +	➣ alpine (adj) +
A2	yacht +	a sailing boat ● The yachts sailed quickly into the nearest harbour when the storm got closer. +
A2	yachtsman +	a man who sails a yacht ● The restaurant at the harbour attracts a lot of yachtsmen when they tie up their boats for the night. ✎ Also: yachtswoman (female form) +
A2	signal +	a movement or sound sb makes to send information to sb ● We lit a fire as a signal for any passing ships or planes to find us. ➣ signal (v) +
A2	voyage +	a journey by ship (or spaceship) ● The voyage to the island of Santorini took eight hours. +
A2	collect +	find things of a particular kind to use them ● Our class collected clothes and toys to give to poor children. ➣ collection (n) +
A2	bucket +	a container for carrying liquid or other things ● In the past, farmers carried cow’s milk in buckets. +
A2	Kenya +	➣ Kenyan (adj, n) +
A2	Nepal +	➣ Nepalese (adj, n) +
A2	the Mediterranean +	➣ Mediterranean (adj) +
A2	the Himalayas +	➣ Himalayan (adj) +
A2	Sicily +	➣ Sicilian (adj, n) +
A2	wildlife +	animals and plants that live naturally in an area ● Water pollution in the lake is very bad for the wildlife and the plants and animals are dying. +
A2	the United States +	Countries, Mountains & Sea Denmark Georgia Kenya Nepal Russia Sicily the Alps the Himalayas the Mediterranean the United States Listening Page 76 +
A2	half +	one of two equal parts of sth ● Why were you half an hour late for the lesson? +
A2	half past +	thirty minutes after ● The film started at half past eight. +
A2	weekly +	once a week ● We do our weekly shopping on Friday afternoon when the supermarket isn’t so busy. ➣ week (n) +
A2	marbles +	small round glass balls used to play a game ● The children were sitting on the carpet playing marbles. +
A2	tricycle +	a vehicle like a bike with three wheels ● My little sister has a small tricycle that she rides in the backyard. +
A2	teddy +	a toy bear ● Mum still has a very old teddy that she had when she was a baby. +
A2	childhood +	the years when sb is a child ● Amal spent her childhood in South Africa, and then moved to Germany when she grew up. +
A2	explore +	go around a place to learn things about it ● We put up our tents and began to explore the island. ➣ explorer (n), exploration (n) Shops & Buildings banquet hall corner shop factory fire station petrol station pharmacy police station shopping centre skyscraper stadium temple theatre underground station university youth hostel Speaking Page 77 +
A2	underground station +	a place where people get off and on an underground train ● Liverpool Street and Charing Cross are two of the underground stations in London. +
A2	exactly +	used to ask for more details ● Where exactly will I wait for you? ➣ exact (adj) 69 +
A2	crossroads +	a place where two or more streets meet ● Turn right at the crossroads into Tower Street. +
A2	traffic lights +	a set of three lights, coloured red, orange and green, to control the movement of vehicles on the streets ● There was a bad crash at the traffic lights because one driver didn’t stop when they were red. On the Road Nouns crossroads guided tour roundabout route traffic lights Verbs continue explore follow pass turn Adverbs left past right straight on Writing Pages 78-79 +
A2	sequence +	a logical order of things one after the other ● This radio station plays the songs in the same sequence every day, so it’s a bit boring. +
A2	structure +	the way sth is put together ● We are learning to use new grammatical structures in our English class. +
A2	eventually +	in the end, after a lot of things happened ● Dad failed his driving test three times and eventually passed it the fourth time he tried. +
A2	finally +	in the end ● Finally, we got home after walking for hours. ➣ final (adj) +
A2	regards +	best wishes ● Dorothy always signs off her emails with ‘Best regards’. +
A2	administrator +	sb who organises things in a company ● Susan is an administrator in the university office and she organises the bills that students pay. +
A2	route +	the way from one place to another ● I take the same route to school every day. +
A2	youth hostel +	a building where young people can stay cheaply for a holiday ● When the rain got too heavy, the boys packed up their tents and went to stay in a youth hostel for the rest of the week. +
A2	headteacher +	the person in charge of a school ● Our headteacher is planning a special event for the whole school at the end of the school year. ✎ Syn: principal Video 6 One of a Kind Page 80 +
A2	skyscraper +	a very tall building with many floors ● I couldn’t believe the size of the skyscrapers in Dubai. All the modern buildings were huge. +
A2	architect +	sb who designs buildings, bridges, etc. ● The new bridge was designed by a famous Spanish architect. People & Jobs administrator architect engineer headteacher sailor tour guide worker yachtsman +
A2	inspire +	to give somebody an idea to do something ● Agatha’s strange dream inspired her to write her first book. ➣ inspiration (n), inspiring (adj) +
A2	unique +	the only one of a kind ● The old bridge across the River Forth is unique because there’s no other exactly like it. +
A2	edge +	the top of the outside part of sth ● Don’t sit on the edge of the yacht when we’re sailing. +
A2	pass +	move ● Trains pass through the Channel Tunnel every day. +
A2	turbine +	a machine that liquid or wind goes through to give power ● There are three wind turbines on the hill above our village to make electricity. +
A2	engineer +	sb who designs or makes engines ● Rosemary studied hard at university to become an engineer for a company that makes cars. ➣ engineering (n) +
A2	Denmark +	➣ Danish (adj, n) +
A2	time out +	free time; a break from work or studying ● Now my exams are finished, I really need some time out. +
A2	participant +	sb who takes part in an activity or event ● Anyone over 10 years old can be a participant in this race. ➣ participate (v), participation (n) +
A2	attempt +	try ● Barbara is attempting to run faster than ever, and I think she’s going to do it. ➣ attempt (n) +
A2	course +	a race track ● One of the racing cars broke down in the middle of the course. +
A2	Taiwan +	Reading Page 84 +
A2	skill +	sth you are good at ● Molly is learning new painting skills in her art class. ➣ skilful (adj) +
A2	baking +	preparing food and then cooking it in an oven ● The smell of fresh home baking filled the air when we reached grandma’s cottage. ➣ bake (v), baker (n), baked (adj) +
A2	robotics +	the activity of creating and operating a robot ● Marios love science, so he goes to a robotics club every weekend. +
A2	gardening +	the activity of creating and looking after a garden ● Alistair enjoys gardening and he grows his own vegetables. ➣ garden (n), gardener (n) +
A2	origami +	the activity of folding paper to make artistic shapes ● Claire is good at origami and she can make paper animals very quickly. +
A2	advert +	an advertisement; sth printed or shown to attract you to buy or do sth ● I looked at loads of hotel adverts on the internet to find the perfect place for a holiday. ➣ advertise (v), advertising (n) Word Focus Page 84 +
A2	be into +	enjoy (sth) ● My dad’s really into rock music from the 1970s. +
A2	juggle +	throw things (e.g. balls) in the air and catch them ● The circus clowns were juggling with real fruit and they didn’t drop anything. ➣ juggler (n), juggling (n) +
A2	unicycle +	a one-wheeled thing like a bike ● How can you ride a unicycle without falling? +
A2	wheel +	a round object that helps a vehicle move along the road ● Ellie crashed her bicycle and one of the wheels came off. ➣ wheel (v) +
A2	practise +	do sth often to get better at it ● Pavlina had a chance to practise speaking German when she went to Austria. ➣ practice (n) +
A2	ability +	being able to do sth ● Simon has the ability to sing and play the piano. ➣ able (adj) ✎ Opp: inability +
A2	confidence +	the feeling of being sure of what you or sb else can do ● Sadie never sings in front of others because she doesn’t have enough confidence. ➣ confident (adj) +
A2	perform +	do an act in front of people ● The ballet dancers performed beautifully. ➣ performance (n), performer (n) Reading Pages 84-85 +
A2	session +	a period of time set for an activity ● I’ve just had a two-hour swimming session and I’m so tired. +
A2	program +	design sth with a set of instructions that it has to follow to do sth ● This car is programmed to drive by itself. ➣ program (n), programmer (n) 76 +
A2	workshop +	a group meeting where you can learn to do sth practical; a session where you can discuss a subject in a small group ● There was a photography workshop at the fair where people could learn to use their cameras better. +
A2	pop +	a type of music that has simple words and beats to sing and dance to ● Georgina has posters of her favourite pop singer on her wall. ➣ pop (n) +
A2	classical +	in a style of music that most people know from many years ago, usually with lots of instruments playing ● Yiannis plays relaxing classical music on his piano. +
A2	musical +	a performance with singing and dancing ● We’re performing the musical of the Harry Potter story in our school theatre. ➣ music (n), musician (n), musical (adj) +
A2	join +	become a member of sth ● A new boy has joined our basketball team and he’s a great player. +
A2	pronoun +	a word used in place of a noun ● The pronoun ‘she’ refers to a girl or woman. +
A2	that’s a shame +	used to say sth makes you sad or disappointed ● That’s a shame about the concert being cancelled. I was looking forward to it. +
A2	solve +	find a way to do sth ● It took me ages to solve the crossword puzzle. ➣ solution (n) Vocabulary Pages 86-87 +
A2	brush +	a small tool with hard hairs at the end used for putting paint onto paper, etc. for painting pictures ● Don’t forget to clean your brushes when you’ve finished painting. ➣ brush (v) ✎ Syn: paintbrush +
A2	controller +	a small device for controlling moves in a computer/video game ● This robot will do whatever you like when you move the controller. ➣ control (v, n) +
A2	selfie stick +	a long stick that can hold a camera to take photos of yourself ● Rita and Alex took some good photos of themselves with different views by using their selfie stick. +
A2	sleeping bag +	a bag that you use to sleep in, e.g. for camping ● We got into our sleeping bags in the tent and told stories until we went to sleep. +
A2	gaming +	playing games on a computer ● Alvy bought a really fast computer because he enjoys gaming on the internet with his friends. ➣ game (v, n), gamer (n) +
A2	Scotland +	➣ Scot (n), Scottish (adj) +
A2	hiking +	the activity of going for long walks in the countryside ● Chris goes hiking in the hills around Athens once a month. ➣ hike (v, n), hiker (n) +
A2	the Highlands +	the high mountains in the north of Scotland ● On our bus tour of the Highlands, we saw some amazing views of Scottish mountains and rivers. 77 +
A2	yoga +	a type of exercise that keeps you fit and helps you relax ● Yoga is a great form of exercise for all ages and it helps you to breathe better. +
A2	chess +	a game for two people played by moving specially shaped pieces on a board with black and white squares ● Alice plays chess as a hobby with her friends. +
A2	running +	the sport of running on a track ● A lot of people go running in the park for exercise. ➣ run (v), runner (n) +
A2	table tennis +	a sport played with small rackets and a ball on a table with a net across the middle ● On our camping holiday, my friends and I played table tennis every day after swimming. ✎ Syn: ping pong +
A2	crazy (about sth) +	enthusiastic or excited (about sth) ● I’m not crazy about gaming because I can’t sleep well if I play at night. +
A2	involved (in sth) +	(be) doing (sth); take part (in sth) ● Our teacher is involved in planning the school athletics competition. ➣ involve (v), involvement (n) +
A2	keen (on sth) +	interested (in sth) ● Jim is very keen on football and he goes to watch matches every Saturday. Expressing Likes crazy (about sth) involved (in sth) be into keen (on sth) +
A2	preposition +	a word used before a noun or pronoun to show where, when or how sth is done ● Maria is studying the different words to use with the prepositions ‘on’, ‘at’ and ‘in’. +
A2	alive +	living ● The yachtsman was lucky to be alive after his boat sailed onto the rocks. +
A2	lost +	not able to find your way; not knowing where you are ● The hiking group got lost in the forest because they followed the wrong path. ➣ lose (v) +
A2	realise +	start to understand (that sth is happening or true) ● They realised they were going the wrong way when they came to the river. ➣ realisation (n) +
A2	search +	look for ● I searched for my keys everywhere, and then found them in the door. ➣ search (n) Grammar Pages 88-89 +
A2	dictionary +	a book that gives the meanings of words ● Tom uses his French dictionary to understand the meaning of words he doesn’t know. +
A2	stressed +	worried; not relaxed ● I always get so stressed about taking exams. ➣ stress (v, n), stressful (adj) +
A2	correctly +	in the right way ● Dennis spelt all the words correctly in his word test and got full marks. ➣ correct (v, adj), correction (n) +
A2	skateboarding +	the activity of riding a skateboard ● Skateboarding is exciting, but it’s dangerous to do on a busy street. ➣ skateboard (v, n), skateboarder (n) +
A2	snowboarding +	the sport/activity of riding a board on snow down a hill ● Did you know that snowboarding is a sport in the Winter Olympics? ➣ snowboard (v, n), snowboarder (n) +
A2	win +	be the first in a competition, match or race, etc. ● Which team won the Champions League last year? ➣ winner (n) +
A2	horror film +	a film that is made to be scary ● I get scared if I watch horror films alone at night. +
A2	be worth +	be useful enough to do; have a value ● Is it worth paying to see a film at the cinema or better to watch it on TV? +
A2	gymnastics +	exercises that make you strong and able to bend easily ● The sports club offers gymnastics for children from 6-12 years old. ➣ gymnast (n), gymnastic (adj), gym (n) 78 +
A2	fitter +	comparative form of fit; healthier and stronger ● Ron feels much fitter since he started running as a hobby. ➣ fitness (n), fit (adj) +
A2	woodwork +	the activity of making things from wood ● Mum made a chair at her woodwork class. +
A2	talent +	a natural ability ● Leonardo had great talent as an artist and produced amazing paintings. ➣ talented (adj) Listening Page 90 +
A2	board game +	any game played with pieces that you move on a board (on a table, etc.) ● Sometimes I play chess or other board games with my family. +
A2	quiz +	a game or competition where you answer questions to win points ● Our team came first in the school history quiz. +
A2	drums +	a musical instrument that is round and is empty inside, which you play by hitting with sticks or your hands ● I couldn’t hear the TV because my brother was making so much noise on his drums in his room.➣ drummer (n) +
A2	competitive +	wanting very much to win or be more successful than other people ● If you want to be a professional athlete, you must be very competitive. ➣ compete (v), competition (n), competitor (n) +
A2	absolutely +	very much; completely ● The film was absolutely fantastic. ➣ absolute (adj) +
A2	actually +	in fact ● I didn’t know that Marie was actually from France. ➣ actual (adj) +
A2	in actual fact +	in fact ● Paul sounds Spanish, but in actual fact, he’s from Portugal. Adverbs absolutely actually anywhere before correctly Useful Phrases be worth for sale in actual fact in common that’s a shame time out Speaking Page 91 +
A2	stage +	a part of a theatre where people perform ● Natalie was nervous about going on stage to sing. +
A2	audience +	the people who watch a performance in a cinema or theatre ● The audience were thrilled when the lead singer came down off the stage to sing among them. +
A2	violin +	a musical stringed instrument that you hold on your shoulder to play ● Marinos placed his violin under his chin and began to play a beautiful tune. +
A2	in common +	with the same ideas/interests; being similar ● My best friend and I have got lots of things in common, so we do a lot of activities together. +
A2	scan +	look at all the parts of sth ● Len scanned the online adverts to find a new job. ➣ scan (n), scanner (n) Activities athletics baking board game chess competition drama club gaming gardening gymnastics hiking origami quiz robotics running skateboarding snowboarding stamp collecting table tennis woodwork yoga Equipment brush controller drums machine model selfie stick sleeping bag unicycle violin wheel 79 Writing Pages 92-93 +
A2	suggestion +	an idea that sb gives sb else to do sth ● I agreed with Mary’s suggestion to go dancing. ➣ suggest (v) +
A2	imperative +	the form of a verb that you use to give an order, warning, etc. ● The phrase ‘Be careful!’ is an imperative. +
A2	persuade +	talk sb into doing sth or believing sth is true ● Have you persuaded your parents to buy tickets for the concert? ➣ persuasion (n), persuasive (adj) +
A2	DJ +	short form of ‘disc jockey’; sb who plays recorded music in a public place ● We asked the DJ to play our favourite One Direction song. +
A2	mix +	put things together to form sth different ● The DJ mixed the songs to create a non-stop dance session with music from the eighties and nineties. ➣ mixture (n) +
A2	offer +	say you will do sth; say you can give sth to sb ● Clive has offered to help carrying the band’s equipment. ➣ offer (n) +
A2	stamp collecting +	collect different stamps as a hobby ● Grandad enjoys stamp collecting and some of his old stamps are worth a lot of money. ❖ κάνω συλλογή γραμματοσήμων, +
A2	drama club +	a club for people interested in acting and producing plays ● Our school drama club is putting on an ancient Greek play and I’m playing the part of Theseus. +
A2	per +	for each ● The tickets for the show cost five pounds per person. +
A2	brave +	not afraid to do sth ● You have to be brave to try snowboarding. +
A2	for sale +	ready for you to buy ● There were some snacks and drinks for sale at the exhibition. People audience DJ participant performer skateboarder Places circus course desert hill stage Scotland Taiwan the Highlands Video 7 Mechanical Lizard Car Page 94 +
A2	desert +	a large area of land that is very dry and hot ● The nomads travelled for hours across the sand in the desert. +
A2	rat +	a small animal like a big mouse with a long thin tail ● There was so much rubbish in the streets and we could see rats eating food from the bins. +
A2	off-road +	that can drive on difficult ground ● This truck is specially designed for off-road driving across the countryside. +
A2	lizard +	a small reptile with four short legs and a long tail ● When we opened the window, a tiny green lizard ran up the wall of the cottage. +
A2	machine +	a device that works with electricity or with an engine ● Imagine how life was before people had flying machines to travel anywhere in the world. +
A2	model +	a small copy of sth ● George wanted to buy a model robot after he watched Star Wars. +
A2	before +	at a time in the past ● The Smiths have never been to Denmark before. +
A2	anywhere +	in any place ● I can’t find the tickets anywhere. Where can they be? +
A2	hill +	an area of land like a small mountain ● It wasn’t easy to ride our bikes up the hill. ➣ hilly (adj) +
A2	hold +	have sth in your hand (or arms) ● The gorilla picked up her baby and held it gently in her arms. 80 +
A2	operate +	use or make sth (e.g. a machine) work ● Do you know how to operate this tumble dryer? ➣ operation (n), operator (n) +
A2	steep +	this describes a slope that goes up or down very quickly ● I had to get off my bicycle and push it up the steep hill. +
A2	accident +	sth (usually bad) that happens without you expecting it ● Drive carefully or you might cause an accident. ➣ accidental (adj), accidentally (adv) +
A2	whitewater rafting +	The sport of travelling down a very fast river in a raft ● We tried whitewater rafting on the Alfeios River in Greece and it was so exciting. +
A2	creek +	a small river; an area like a very narrow bay where the sea flows into the land ● The river wasn’t very deep so we were able to walk across the stones to the other side of the creek. Reading Page 96 +
A2	ice hockey +	a sport played on ice by two teams of six players who use hockey sticks to hit a rubber puck into a net to score goals ● Ice hockey is popular in cold countries like Canada. +
A2	general public +	the ordinary people who are not members of a special group, club, etc. ● We’re doing a special performance for a small audience tonight, and then the show opens to the general public next week. +
A2	admission +	the entry to or cost of entering an event or building ● How much is the ticket for admission to the Acropolis Museum? ➣ admit (v) +
A2	VIP +	a very important person with a high position; a celebrity ● We felt like VIPs when we got the best seats in the theatre. +
A2	drill +	a way to learn sth by doing it many times ● Once a year, we do an earthquake drill at school to practise what we would do if it really happened. ➣ drill (v) +
A2	preview +	a performance for a few people before a film, play or show opens for the general public ● The reporters who attended the theatre preview said the actors gave a brilliant performance. ➣ preview (v) +
A2	stand +	an area of a stadium with seats where people sit to watch a match, race, etc. ● George and his friends watched the final from the best seats in the centre of the stand. ➣ stand (v) +
A2	impaired view +	the view from an area of a stadium where you can’t see the full playing field ● I didn’t exactly see the winning goal because I was in the impaired view area at the opposite end of the stadium. ➣ impair (v), impairment (n) +
A2	long jump +	a sport where people run up to a line and then jump as far as they can ● How far did Teresa jump in the long jump at the school sports day? +
A2	hurdle +	sth that you have to jump over in a race; sth that gets in your way ● Tony fell over the second hurdle and broke his leg. ➣ hurdler (n) +
A2	helmet +	a hard hat that you wear on your head to protect it ● Put on your helmet before you start skateboarding. +
A2	skates +	a kind of shoe with wheels, rollers or a blade on the bottom ● Remember to bring your skates to play ice hockey. ➣ skate (v), skater (n) +
A2	glove +	sth that covers your hand and each finger ● It’s freezing outside, so wear your hat and gloves. +
A2	shoulder pad +	a piece of hard material (e.g. plastic or rubber) that you wear on your shoulders inside a shirt so you won’t get hurt ● American football players always seem huge because they’re wearing shoulder pads. +
A2	shin guard +	a piece of hard material (e.g. plastic or rubber) that you wear on the lower front part of your leg so you won’t get hurt ● Cricket players have to wear shin guards because their legs might get hit by a ball. 87 +
A2	elbow pad +	a piece of hard material (e.g. plastic or rubber) that you wear on the middle bone of your arm so your elbow won’t get hurt ● The skater broke her arm when she fell because she wasn’t wearing elbow pads. +
A2	brochure +	a small magazine with pictures and information about sth ● Jill brought home some holiday brochures to choose where to go this year. +
A2	Jamaica +	➣ Jamaican (adj, n) +
A2	baseball +	a game with two teams of nine players in which a player uses a bat to hit a ball and others run to catch it ● My American cousins are all crazy about baseball, but I prefer football. +
A2	originally +	at the beginning before sth changed in some way ● This theatre was originally a factory building. ➣ original (adj), origin (n) Word Focus Page 96 +
A2	colony +	an area of the world where people have travelled to from a powerful country and taken control of the people and land ● Australia was once a British colony. ➣ colonise (v), colonial (adj), colonisation (n) +
A2	independent +	free to do things without being controlled or helped by sb else ● Scotland was an independent country before it became part of the United Kingdom in 1707. ➣ independence (n) +
A2	rule +	control and have power over a country ● The Romans ruled part of Britain in ancient times, but they couldn’t control Scotland. ➣ ruling (adj), ruler (n), rule (n) +
A2	govern +	control and make laws to rule a country ● The British governed India from 1858 to 1947 when India became independent again. ➣ government (n), governor (n) +
A2	authorities +	the organisations with the power to make decisions to control a country or area ● If you’re planning an outdoor concert, you’ll have to get permission from the authorities first. ➣ authorise (v), authority (n) +
A2	bullfighting +	the activity of killing bulls in front of an audience ● Bullfighting was popular in ancient times, but many people believe it’s wrong now. ➣ bullfighter (n), bullfight (n) +
A2	entertainment +	activities for people to enjoy themselves ● TV is not such a popular form of entertainment as it was in the past. ➣ entertain (v), entertaining (adj), entertainer (n) +
A2	bull +	a male cow ● Be careful when you’re passing the farm because the bulls might chase you. Reading Pages 96-97 +
A2	unwind +	relax ● I love listening to music to unwind after I’ve finished my homework. +
A2	the West Indies +	➣ West Indian (adj, n) +
A2	fascinating +	very interesting ● We heard a fascinating story about how people used to travel in the past. ➣ fascinate (v), fascinated (adj), fascination (n) +
A2	war +	a long period of fighting between countries or groups ● Millions of lives were lost during the First World War between 1914 and 1918. ➣ warring (adj), warrior (n) +
A2	run (for) +	continue to happen (for a period of time) ● The film ran for four weeks at the Odeon. +
A2	the Caribbean +	Countries, Nationalities & Seas Alaska Cuba Cuban Hawaii Jamaica Jamaican the West Indies the Aegean the Caribbean +
A2	marathon +	a race that is about 26 miles or 42 kilometres long ● Thousands of runners took part in the London marathon. ➣ marathon (adj) +
A2	synonym +	a word with the same meaning as another word ● The adjectives ‘big’ and ‘large’ are synonyms. 88 +
A2	sauna +	a small room that is very hot, sometimes with steam, which you sit in or lie down in to clean yourself ● Sometimes Tracy has a sauna at the gym after her workout. +
A2	due to +	because of ● The bus couldn’t get to the village due to the snow on the road. +
A2	repair +	an action to fix sth that is broken or not working correctly ● My bicycle needs some small repairs before I can use it again. ➣ repair (v), repaired (adj) +
A2	secure +	safe; not easy to move out of place ● We felt secure when we sailed our yacht safely into the harbour. ➣ secure (v), security (n) ✎ Opp: insecure +
A2	thief +	sb who steals sth ● A thief got into the house and stole the computer and some cash when the Smiths were at work. ➣ theft (n) ✎ Plural: thieves +
A2	provide +	give sth for sb to use ● The sports centre provides rackets, balls and any other equipment you need when you pay for a session. ➣ provider (n), provision (n) +
A2	aerobics +	physical exercises to help you breathe better and become stronger ● Mum goes to her aerobics class at the sports centre three times a week to keep fit. ➣ aerobic (adj) +
A2	timetable +	schedule ● On the door of the gym, there’s a timetable that shows when each class is on. ➣ timetabled (adj) +
A2	goggles +	special glasses to cover your eyes for sports in the snow or swimming ● I don’t like swimming underwater without my goggles because the water hurts my eyes. +
A2	changing room +	an area where people can change clothes before and after taking part in sports ● When I got to the swimming pool, I put on my swimsuit in the changing room. ➣ change (v, n) +
A2	push +	press on sth with your hand or finger ● Push the handle on the side of this machine to make it work. ➣ push (n) +
A2	button +	a small round or square part of sth that you press to make sth work ● When you push this button, the door will open. +
A2	assistance +	help (to do sth) ● Could you give me some assistance to put up the tennis net, please? ➣ assist (v), assistant (n) +
A2	fan +	sb who likes a particular sport or team ● The fans went wild when their team scored the winning goal. Vocabulary Pages 98-99 +
A2	net +	a piece of sports equipment in a playing area which players hit with a ball to score points (e.g. football, basketball) or hit a ball over (e.g. tennis, volleyball) ● Andy hit the ball over the net to win the final game. ➣ net (v) +
A2	court +	the area where a game is played in tennis, badminton, basketball or volleyball ● The basketball fans ran onto the court to meet the players at the end of the game. +
A2	goal +	a point scored in a sport by hitting a ball into a net, e.g. football, hockey ● When Henderson scored his third goal, Liverpool won the match. +
A2	pitch +	the area where a game of football, rugby or hockey, etc., is played ● David ran with the ball and kicked it to the other side of the pitch. +
A2	bat +	a piece of sports equipment for hitting a ball ● Kelly hit the ball hard with the baseball bat. ➣ bat (v) +
A2	stand on your hands +	do a handstand ● Be careful when you stand on your hands because you might fall over and hurt your back. ➣ handstand (n) +
A2	opponent +	a person or team that you are playing against ● Our opponents were too good for our team to beat and we lost the match 3–1. +
A2	referee +	sb who controls a game in a sport (e.g football, basketball) ● The referee gave Miguel a yellow card for being rude to him during the match. ➣ referee (v) 89 +
A2	goalkeeper +	a player who stops the ball from going into the goal when the other team tries to score ● Steve kicked the ball towards the net, but the goalkeeper caught it. +
A2	whistle +	a small piece of equipment that makes a high noise when you blow into it ● We were glad when the referee blew the final whistle and the game was over. ➣ whistle (v) +
A2	tournament +	a sports competition that includes different levels of games until only two teams/players are left in the final ● Gary was so happy to win the chess tournament. +
A2	forever +	for always; for a long time ● I want my team to stay at the top of the League forever. +
A2	bounce +	move sth up and down; move up and down or hit against sth and come back ● You can bounce the basketball, but you’re not allowed to kick it. +
A2	score +	win a point in a game, test, etc. ● The Liverpool fans went wild when the team scored the winning goal. +
A2	coach +	a sports trainer ● Leo’s tennis coach taught him how to serve the ball over the net. ➣ coach (v), coaching (n) People authorities coach colony diver fan general public goalkeeper gymnast lover motorcyclist opponent referee runner thief VIP +
A2	beat +	win more points or do better than another team or opponent so that you win ● When Charlotte saw the other girl running past her, she knew she couldn’t beat her in the race. +
A2	point +	a mark that counts on the score of a game or competition ● At the end of the word game, we counted our points to see who had the best score. +
A2	pass out +	lose your senses; fall down and become unconscious ● Nick passed out when the football hit him on the head. +
A2	warm up +	prepare for an exercise session by doing light exercises to stretch the muscles ● The players ran round the pitch to warm up before the game began. ➣ warm-up (n) +
A2	drop out +	stop taking part in sth ● Hilda dropped out of her Spanish lessons because she wanted to go to zumba instead.➣ dropout (n) +
A2	catch up +	reach others who are in front of you or at a higher level ● Sam is doing extra homework to catch up with the lessons that he missed when he was ill. +
A2	equal +	that is the same as sth/sb else ● The score was equal at the end of the first game, so we played again to decide the winner. ➣ equally (adv), equal (n) +
A2	unconscious +	having lost your senses, as if you’re sleeping because of sth that happened to you ● When we got to the car, the driver and passenger were both unconscious, so we called an ambulance. ➣ unconsciously (adv) Phrasal Verbs & Phrases catch up drop out pass out warm up dream come true stand on your hands Grammar Pages 100-101 +
A2	motocross +	the sport of motorbike racing off-road on rough country tracks ● The motocross riders and their bikes were covered in mud after the race. +
A2	refuse +	say you don’t want sth from sb; say you won’t do sth that sb asks you to ● My parents refused to let me stay out very late. ➣ refusal (n) +
A2	permission +	the act of saying that sb is allowed to do sth ● Our teacher gave us permission to leave the room when we finished our test. ➣ permit (v) 90 +
A2	motorcyclist +	sb who rides a motorbike ● The police motorcyclists rode after the thieves and stopped them at the crossroads. ➣ motorcycle (n) +
A2	swimsuit +	sth you wear to go swimming ● Don’t forget to pack your swimsuits for the holiday. +
A2	abseil +	move down a rope on a straight rock face or wall using your feet and hands ● You have to be very brave or completely mad to abseil down the outside of Europe’s highest building. ➣ abseiling (n) +
A2	lifejacket +	a small plastic jacket that you fill with air to keep you up in the sea ● The island beach was covered with lifejackets from the people who arrived on the boats. +
A2	forbid +	say that sth is not allowed ● The law forbids the sale of cigarettes to people under the age of 16. ➣ forbidden (adj) +
A2	obligation +	sth that you must do ● There’s no obligation to go climbing if you don’t want to. ➣ oblige (v) +
A2	necessity +	sth that is needed ● Helmets are a basic necessity for riders on motorbikes and people doing dangerous sports like snowboarding. ➣ necessary (adj) +
A2	scooter +	a children’s vehicle which has a board that moves on small wheels with a long handle for the rider to hold ● Some children were riding their scooters in the playground. +
A2	drink station +	an area where participants can stop for a drink during a race ● During the marathon, there are many drink stations where the runners can have a drink and some fruit or chocolate to keep them going. +
A2	riding +	the activity of riding a horse ● Luckily, Owen was wearing his helmet when he went riding because he fell off his horse. ➣ ride (v), rider (n) Places changing room court creek drink station gym pitch ski slope stand Listening Page 102 +
A2	thirtieth +	the number 30th +
A2	fortieth +	the number 40th +
A2	fiftieth +	the number 50th +
A2	sixtieth +	the number 60th +
A2	seventieth +	the number 70th +
A2	eightieth +	the number 80th +
A2	ninetieth +	the number 90th +
A2	thirty-second +	the number 32nd +
A2	thirty-third +	the number 33rd Ordinal Numbers thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth thirty-second thirty-third +
A2	watersport +	a sport that takes place on water ● You have to be a good swimmer to do water sports like rafting because you might fall into the river. +
A2	discount +	a lower price than usual; an amount cut off a price ● Students are allowed a 50% discount on train tickets. Speaking Page 103 +
A2	zumba +	a type of aerobics mixed with Latin dancing steps ● Dancing to the music makes zumba classes more fun than basic aerobics. Sports & Activities aerobics baseball bullfighting ice hockey long jump marathon motocross riding watersport whitewater rafting zumba 91 Equipment bat button elbow pad glove goggles helmet hurdle lifejacket locker net pedal sauna shin guard shoulder pad skates swimsuit tyre whistle Writing Pages 104-105 +
A2	blog +	a piece of writing on a website that sb writes about events, opinions, etc. ● Have you read our new travel blog following the adventures of Heracles? ➣ blog (v), blogger (n) +
A2	electric +	that produces a sense of thrilling excitement; that works with electricity ● The actor gave an electric performance of Hamlet. ➣ electrical (adj), electricity (n) +
A2	truly +	really; absolutely ● Seeing the River Amazon must be a truly wonderful experience. ➣ true (adj), truth (n) +
A2	easily +	with no difficulty ● You can easily get to the top of the mountain if you follow the path. ➣ easy (adj), ease (n) +
A2	unbelievable +	that you can’t believe is true or possible ● An unbelievable number of fans came to see the game and many of them couldn’t get into the stadium. ➣ unbelievably (adv) ✎ Opp: believable +
A2	touch +	be right beside sth with no space in between; put your hand or part of your body on sth ● The ball touched the net before the goalkeeper could stop it. ➣ touching (adj), touch (n) +
A2	emotion +	a feeling ● When she received her trophy, she showed her emotions and suddenly started crying. ➣ emotional (adj) +
A2	thrilled +	very excited ● I was thrilled to hear the result of the match. ➣ thrill (v, n), thrilling (adj) +
A2	dream come true +	sth you always wanted very much that actually happens ● Vanessa’s win at Wimbledon was a dream come true. +
A2	disaster +	a very bad event, especially one where sth is damaged and/or people are hurt ● When our team lost 6–0, it was a complete disaster for us. ➣ disastrous (adj) +
A2	upset +	unhappy and worried ● Ken was feeling ill and he was really upset about not being able to run in the marathon. ➣ upset (v), upsetting (adj) +
A2	disappointed +	unhappy when sth doesn’t go as well as you wanted it to ● We felt disappointed that we had to cancel our holiday. ➣ disappoint (v), disappointing (adj), disappointment (n) +
A2	ceremony +	a traditional event where people do things in a special way ● They had their wedding ceremony in a small village by the sea. ➣ ceremonial (adj) Adjectives & Adverbs amazed confident disappointed electric equal fascinating gentle independent rubber secure thrilled unbelievable upset brilliantly easily forever originally truly Video 8 A Muni Adventure Page 106 +
A2	adventure +	a journey or experience that is exciting and may be dangerous ● The first time I travelled by plane was a big adventure for me. ➣ adventurous (adj) +
A2	pedal +	a small part of a bicycle that you push with your foot to make the wheels move; a control operated by foot inside a vehicle ● Which pedal should I press to stop the car? ➣ pedal (v) +
A2	tyre +	a rubber cover around the edge of a wheel ● I had to walk home because my bicycle had a flat tyre. 92 +
A2	strength +	how strong sth is ● After her accident, Liz got back the strength in her arm again with a few minutes exercise every day. ➣ strengthen (v), strong (adj) +
A2	ski slope +	the area on the side of a mountain that you ski down ● Daniel went snowboarding on the ski slope at Aviemore in the Highlands. +
A2	rubber +	made of a strong material that can bend easily without breaking ● You need a small rubber ball to play tennis. ➣ rubber (n) +
A2	knob +	a round handle or switch on sth ● I tried to turn the knob, but the door was locked. +
A2	grip +	ability to move without losing hold on sth ● These new tyres have a good grip on the wet road. ➣ grip (v) +
A2	endurance +	being able to do sth difficult for a long time without getting too tired ● Mountain climbing needs skills and endurance because you can’t stop when you’re half way up or down. ➣ endure (v) +
A2	exercise +	do activities to make your body fitter ● You can exercise your whole body at our zumba classes. ➣ exercise (n) +
A2	concentration +	the act of focussing all your thoughts and attention on one thing ● You need total concentration on the game to win at chess. ➣ concentrate (v) +
A2	accommodation +	a place to stay in ● Our holiday accommodation wasn’t exactly 5 star, but the room had everything we needed. ➣ accommodate (v) +
A2	west +	on the west; in the direction where the sun sets ● Corfu is an island off the west coast of Greece. ➣ west (n) +
A2	coast +	the land next to the sea ● From the hotel window, you can see the boats sailing near the coast. ➣ coastal (adj) +
A2	rainforest +	a thick forest or jungle in a place where it rains a lot ● Farmers shouldn’t cut down rainforests to grow more coffee. Reading Pages 110-111 +
A2	caravan +	a vehicle which you can live inside and you can pull with a car ● The Wilsons stopped having camping holidays in a tent and got a caravan instead. +
A2	chalet +	a traditional wooden house, often built in mountain areas ● Tom rented a wooden chalet to stay in when he went skiing in Austria. +
A2	ride +	a trip by bicycle ● Did you enjoy your ride along the cycle path by the sea? ➣ ride (v), rider (n) +
A2	BBQ +	short form of the word barbecue ● We’re having a BBQ on Friday. Please come along. +
A2	mostly +	mainly ● The island’s hotels are mostly close to the beaches. ➣ most (adj, n) +
A2	all-inclusive +	that includes the cost of different things in the price ● The group went on an all-inclusive tour of the UNESCO sites in the Peloponnese, so they didn’t have any extra costs to pay. +
A2	city break +	a short holiday in a city ● If you don’t like beach holidays, you could take a city break in Amsterdam. +
A2	history +	the study of things that happened in the past ● Last week’s history lesson was about Ancient Rome. ➣ historic (adj), historical (adj), historically (adv) +
A2	geography +	the study of how the Earth is and where places and things are on it ● We had to remember the names of all the rivers and lakes in the country for our geography test. ➣ geographical (adj), geographically (adv) +
A2	Iceland +	➣ Icelandic (adj) +
A2	volcano +	a mountain that has (or had) hot gases and hot melted rocks coming out of a hole on its top ● Did you know that the area of Kamchatka in Russia has over 60 volcanoes? ➣ volcanic (adj) +
A2	waterfall +	a place where a river falls down from high rocks ● Hundreds of pretty little waterfalls flow down the steep hills into Loch Lomond in Scotland. +
A2	glacier +	a slow-moving mass of ice like a huge frozen river ● The Earth’s glaciers are mostly near the North and South Poles and they can actually be hundreds of metres long. +
A2	awesome +	impressive; amazing ● The live volcano in Sicily was an awesome sight. ➣ awe (n) +
A2	experience +	an activity that has an effect on sb ● Skiing down the slope through the trees was a scary experience. ➣ experience (v), experienced (adj) 98 +
A2	it doesn’t matter +	it is not important ● It doesn’t matter where we go – we just need a short break somewhere. +
A2	hot spring +	a place where hot water comes out of the ground naturally ● Many people enjoy relaxing in the water at the hot springs in Edipsos. +
A2	lagoon +	a lake of salt water that is cut off from the sea ● The beautiful lagoon was filled with colourful sea birds looking for fish. Word Focus Page 111 +
A2	the Northern Lights +	coloured lights in the sky that you can see mostly in countries close to the North Pole ● From the north coast of Scotland, we saw the Northern Lights shining above the sea. ✎ Syn: Aurora Borealis +
A2	erupt +	When a volcano erupts, it throws out hot rocks and smoke, etc. ● When the volcano on Iceland erupted, the planes had to stop flying for days because of the smoke and ash in the air. ➣ eruption (n) +
A2	explode +	burst loudly and suddenly ● The plane crashed when one of the engines exploded. ➣ explosion (n), explosive (adj) +
A2	ash +	grey or black powder from sth that has burnt ● Our balcony was covered with ashes after the forest fire near our home. +
A2	powder +	very small pieces of soft dry material ● The actors were putting powder on their faces before they went on stage. ➣ powder (v), powdery (adj) Reading Pages 110-111 +
A2	sunset +	the time of day when the sun goes down in the west ● Melinda enjoys taking photos of beautiful sunsets. +
A2	hole +	an empty space in sth ● There was water pouring out of a hole in the road, so we called the authorities to fix it. +
A2	cliff +	a high area of rock, e.g. at the side of the sea ● We watched the birds flying near their nests on the rocky cliffs above the beach. +
A2	cover +	put sth over sth else so that you can’t see it easily ● The snow was covering the garden when we woke up and looked outside. ➣ cover (n) +
A2	roof +	the top part of a building that covers it ● The rain was coming in through a hole in the roof of the chalet. +
A2	pretty +	nice looking ● In the spring, the countryside is full of pretty flowers. +
A2	sunglasses +	glasses with dark glass to protect your eyes from the sun ● Don’t forget to wear your sunglasses and a hat when you go out in the sun. +
A2	seaside +	an area beside the sea ● Let’s go to the seaside for a picnic. ➣ seaside (adj) +
A2	uncommon +	not usual ● It’s uncommon to see dolphins from the beach because they don’t usually come so close. ✎ Opp: common +
A2	average +	ordinary; normal ● The average tourist doesn't know much about the history of our country. ➣ average (n) +
A2	odd +	strange ● It’s odd to see snow here in summer. +
A2	unnatural +	not natural ● We saw some unnatural ash on the ground after the fire went out. ➣ unnaturally (adv) ✎ Opp: natural +
A2	(blog) entry +	a piece of writing on a website that gives news or an opinion ● You should write a short but interesting entry on your blog every day to attract more people to your website. Nature cliff continent earth giant tortoise glacier geography hot spring lagoon landscape rainforest seaside sunset the Northern Lights volcano waterfall 99 Vocabulary Pages 112-113 +
A2	continent +	one of the large masses of land on Earth ● Very few people live on the continent of Antarctica. ➣ continental (adj) +
A2	Asia +	➣ Asian (adj, n) +
A2	Africa +	➣ African (adj, n) +
A2	North America +	➣ North American (adj, n) +
A2	South America +	➣ South American (adj, n) Continents Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America +
A2	population +	the number of people who live in an area ● The UK has a population of over 65 million and the number is growing every day. ➣ populate (v) +
A2	million +	the number 1,000,000 +
A2	safari park +	a place where wild animals live and walk around safely while visitors can drive through to watch them from their vehicles ● Don’t feed the animals when you drive through the safari park because the wrong food could make them ill. +
A2	Inca +	one of the native peoples of Peru before the Spanish invasion ● The Incas ruled most of South America in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. ➣ Incan (adj) +
A2	landscape +	everything you can see around you on the land ● We were amazed at the colours of the sand and rocks in the desert landscape. +
A2	South Korea +	➣ South Korean (adj, n) +
A2	high tech +	using the latest technology ● Daisy prefers to find her way with a map instead of using a high tech GPS unit. ✎ Syn: hi-tech +
A2	bed and breakfast +	a place that offers a room that you can rent to sleep in and breakfast ● On our trip across the Highlands, we stayed for a few nights at a lovely bed and breakfast near Loch Ness. +
A2	caravan park +	an area where you can find a space to park a caravan and use any services provided ● Caravan parks in the UK often have play areas for children as well as games like table tennis. ✎ Syn: caravan site +
A2	basic +	simple; with the things you need most ● Water and food are basic needs for all people and animals. ➣ basically (adv) +
A2	cheap +	not expensive; not costing a lot of money ● The best campsites aren’t so cheap for a family to stay at, but the services are often worth it. ➣ cheaply (adv) +
A2	park +	leave a vehicle in a place for a period of time ● There were so many cars in the street that Dora couldn’t find anywhere to park her car. ➣ park (n), parking (adj), parked (adj) +
A2	toast +	slices of bread that are heated to make them brown on the outside ● I like to have a piece of toast with my egg for breakfast. ➣ toast (v), toasted (adj) +
A2	uncomfortable +	not comfortable to wear or use ● Her helmet felt a bit uncomfortable at first, but she wore it to protect her head while snowboarding. ➣ uncomfortably (adv) ✎ Opp: comfortable +
A2	tourist information centre +	a place where tourists can find out about services and things to do and see in the place they are visiting ● We had to stay for a night at Patra before taking the ferry, so we went to the tourist information centre to ask about hotels. +
A2	travel agent +	sb who makes arrangements for people to travel, e.g. organising tours, tickets, accommodation ● A good travel agent will find you the best rooms at the best prices in the area where you want to go. ➣ travel agency (n) +
A2	holiday resort +	a place where many people go on holiday ● The quiet fishing village of Benitses changed completely when it became a popular holiday resort. 100 Accommodation all-inclusive bed and breakfast campsite caravan caravan park chalet holiday resort +
A2	sight +	interesting things that you can see in a place ● The walking tour included all the famous sights of Edinburgh from the castle to Arthur’s Seat. +
A2	map +	a plan that shows the surface of the earth and all the roads, etc. to go somewhere ● Click on the link to see a map of the city. +
A2	amusement park +	a place where people can pay to go on rides to have fun ● Have you tried a ride on the big wheel at the amusement park? It’s so exciting. +
A2	day trip +	a short journey to a place and back on the same day ● You can go on a day trip on a boat to some of the islands near the coast. +
A2	excursion +	a short journey to a place and back for fun ● Our class went on an excursion to the West Midland Safari Park and we saw loads of animals. +
A2	suitcase +	a large bag with flat sides that you can pack clothes in to take for travelling ● Sally packed all her nice summer clothes and swimsuits in her suitcase and took a taxi to the airport. +
A2	wander +	walk around slowly without going anywhere in particular ● They wandered around London for hours looking at the sights. ➣ wander (n), wanderer (n) +
A2	wonder +	think about sth to decide what to do, etc. ● I wonder which is the best place to go for dinner. ➣ wonder (n), wonderful (adj), wonderfully (adv) +
A2	earth +	our planet, Earth ● Erica wants to travel to every continent on earth. +
A2	Colosseum +	✎ Syn: Coliseum +
A2	postcard +	a card with a picture on one side and a space to write a message on the back ● Aunt Jessie sent me a postcard from Madrid when she was on holiday in Spain. Grammar Pages 114-115 +
A2	giant tortoise +	a very large reptile with a hard shell on its back ● The largest giant tortoises in the world are from the Galapagos Islands. +
A2	taxi driver +	sb whose job it is to drive a taxi ● Taxi drivers in London have to know all the streets very well. +
A2	tram +	a vehicle that runs on electricity to carry passengers on city streets ● The tram from Edinburgh airport to the city centre is a bit slow. +
A2	sweetly +	in a nice way ● She smiled sweetly at the sight of the little cats playing. ➣ sweeten (v), sweet (adj) +
A2	politely +	in a polite way ● If you ask Joe politely, he will lend you his bike. ➣ politeness (v), polite (adj) ✎ Opp: impolitely +
A2	angrily +	in an angry way ● Jennifer walked out of the room angrily when her mother told her to stop chatting on Facebook. ➣ anger (n), angry (adj) +
A2	hungrily +	hʌŋɡrəli/ +
A2	miss +	be too late for sth ● We got to the airport at the last minute and nearly missed our plane. Adjectives average awesome basic cheap empty enjoyable high tech odd pretty uncomfortable uncommon unnatural vintage west 101 Adverbs sweetly politely deeply angrily hungrily later smoothly mostly Listening Page 116 +
A2	take place +	happen ● When will the concert take place? Speaking Page 117 +
A2	empty +	with nothing/nobody inside ● The village streets are usually empty in the afternoon when the local people have their afternoon sleep. ➣ empty (v), emptiness (n) +
A2	hometown +	the town where you come from ● When Leo returned to his hometown, it was completely different from what he remembered as a child. Writing Pages 118-119 +
A2	social media +	websites where people connect with each other to share news and opinion ● Make sure that information is true before you pass it on through social media. +
A2	post +	a message written on the internet; a part of a blog ● I never have time to read all the posts that appear on Twitter every day, so I only read the most interesting ones. ➣ post (v) +
A2	flow +	move easily; sound natural ● The book was easy to read as the story flowed nicely to the end. ➣ flow (n), flowing (adj) +
A2	smoothly +	easily, without problems ● Everything went smoothly as planned during their trip. ➣ smooth (v, adj) +
A2	avoid +	stay away from sth (e.g. that could be bad); stop sth bad from happening ● You can take the Underground to avoid traffic jams on the streets. +
A2	enjoyable +	that you will enjoy ● The walk around the lake was an enjoyable experience. ➣ enjoy (v), enjoyment (n) +
A2	later +	at a time in the future ● I’ll see you later after school. ➣ late (adj) +
A2	Bye +	short for Goodbye; sth you say when you’re leaving or ending a letter, etc. ● Bye for now! See you soon. +
A2	vintage +	very old and typical of a style in the past ● The museum had a display of vintage clothes from the 1920s. +
A2	contraction +	the shorter form of a verb ● When we write to friends, we often use contractions like ‘I’m’ instead of ‘I am’. ➣ contract (v), contracted (adj) +
A2	full stop +	the mark you write to show the end of a normal sentence ● Remember to put full stops where you need them. +
A2	question mark +	the mark you write to show the end of a question in English ● Did you know that the Spanish question mark is like the English one turned upside down? +
A2	fall in love +	have a sudden feeling of liking sb very much ● Alex decided to move to Glasgow when he fell in love with Shona and wanted to be close to her. +
A2	funicular railway +	a railway that goes up and down a steep hillside on a track by using strong metal ropes to pull the carriages ● The hill was too steep to climb quickly, so we went up on the funicular railway. Reading Page 122 +
A2	rickshaw +	a two or three-wheeled vehicle pulled by sb who cycles or runs in front of it, used like a taxi in some Asian countries ● In the centre of Hanoi, you can see young boys pedalling rickshaws to carry passengers. +
A2	reed +	made of thick hard grass (reeds) ● Traditional rice farmers carry their rice in large reed baskets. ➣ reed (n) +
A2	battery +	sth that you put in a machine or device to give it electricity to make it work ● The TV control isn’t working because it needs new batteries. Word Focus Page 122 +
A2	gear +	the equipment and special clothes that you need to do sth ● We packed all our camping gear into our rucksacks. ➣ gear (v) +
A2	floating market +	an area where people sell their products from flat boats tied up at the side of a river/port ● The fishermen were selling fresh fish directly at the floating market at the harbour. +
A2	float +	move freely in water ● The boat began to float towards the rocks when we stopped rowing. ➣ floating (adj), float (n) +
A2	waterproof +	that doesn’t let water come through ● You should wear a waterproof jacket and trousers to go rafting. ➣ waterproof (v, n) Reading Pages 122-123 +
A2	basket +	a kind of bag for carrying things in ● There’s a basket of fruit on the kitchen table. +
A2	Vietnam +	➣ Vietnamese (adj, n) +
A2	give sb a hand +	help sb to do sth ● I’ll give you a hand to move those boxes. +
A2	fisherman +	sb who catches fish for food, often as a job ● The local fishermen can’t sail their fishing boats today because of the bad weather. ➣ fish (v, n), fishing (n) +
A2	on your own +	by yourself; alone ● Do you like listening to music when you are on your own? +
A2	as well +	also; too ● The tour guide took us to the temple and the local market as well. +
A2	paddle +	a pole with a flat end that you use to row a boat ● Tom’s raft got out of control when he dropped a paddle in the river. ➣ paddle (v), Equipment basket battery gear paddle +
A2	spot +	a particular place ● They found the perfect spot to stop for a picnic. ➣ spot (v) +
A2	remove +	take away ● Terry removed the little fish from the net and put it back into the sea. ➣ remove (v), removal (n) +
A2	material +	the thing(s) that sth is made of ● What kind of material do they use to make these bags? ➣ materialise (v), material (adj) +
A2	bamboo +	a tall plant with long stems like hard grass ● The Chinese often use bamboo to make furniture. ➣ bamboo (adj) 10 108 +
A2	advantage +	sth that is good about sth ● The advantage of using the school bus is that you can chat with your classmates on the way home from school. ➣ advantageous (adj) ✎ Opp: disadvantage +
A2	firstly +	first of all; the first point (is) ● I enjoyed the trip for two reasons. Firstly, there were so many activities to do. ➣ first (adj,n) +
A2	secondly +	the second point (is) ● Secondly, the landscape was beautiful, so we took loads of photos. ➣ second (adj, n) +
A2	wave +	a large mass of water flowing, e.g. in the sea ● Suddenly, a big wave came and covered the beach. ➣ wave (v) +
A2	change your mind +	change your opinion or decision ● Kevin wanted to go to Alaska, but he changed his mind when he found out the cost. +
A2	platform +	the part of a train station where you get on or off a train ● Which platform does the train to Edinburgh leave from? +
A2	delay +	make sth happen later than planned ● The snow on the road delayed the traffic. ➣ delayed (adj), delay (n) +
A2	heavy +	difficult to lift because of having a lot of weight ● Could you help me to carry these heavy bags, please? ➣ heaviness (n) +
A2	gondola +	a traditional kind of long flat boat used in Venice ● Tourists can enjoy a ride on a gondola on the canals in Venice. +
A2	rowing boat +	a small boat that you move by using paddles ● We rented a small rowing boat to go around the island on the lake. ➣ row (v) +
A2	overhead +	in a place above your head ● I put my suitcase on the overhead shelf on the train. ➣ overhead (adv) +
A2	old fashioned +	not modern; in an old style ● They enjoyed an old fashioned British meal of fish and chips. +
A2	well-used +	that has been used a lot for a long time ● The well-used café at the station has been there for years. Vocabulary Pages 124-125 +
A2	coach +	a large bus ● You can take a coach trip to Olympia for a few days to see the ancient stadium. +
A2	ferry +	a ship that carries passengers and vehicles across an area of water ● Keith drove his truck onto the ferry to travel to Crete. ➣ ferry (v) +
A2	taxi +	a car with a driver that you pay to take you somewhere ● There was a long line of taxis waiting outside the train station. ➣ taxi (v) +
A2	protect +	take care of yourself/sth/sb, e.g. to avoid damage or getting hurt ● Wear a thick jacket to protect you from the cold wind. ➣ protective (adj), protection (n) +
A2	deck +	a floor on a ship ● Sue and Len sat on the seats on the top deck of the ferry to watch the sea gulls flying past. +
A2	captain +	sb who is in charge of a ship or plane ● When the ship moved near the rocks, the captain told everyone to put on their life jackets. +
A2	van +	a type of big car, usually with no windows on the sides that you use to carry things or people ● The Maxwells rented a small van to move their furniture to their new flat. +
A2	airport +	a place where planes arrive and leave from with areas for passengers to wait, etc. ● We live near the airport, so there are planes flying above our house every day. +
A2	motorway +	a wide road where cars can travel very fast between towns ● There was an accident on the motorway when a truck tried to drive on the wrong side of the road. 109 +
A2	port +	a place where ships go to let people get on and off, or for sb to move things onto or out of them ● The tourists waved goodbye as the ship was leaving the island port. +
A2	diploma +	a paper to show you have finished a course of study, e.g. at a college or school ● Betty studied for her teaching diploma at Dundee University. +
A2	driving licence +	a paper to show that sb has passed a driving test ● Alison took her test twice before she passed and got her driving licence. +
A2	exit +	a place where cars can drive off a motorway to get on to another road ● When you drive down the motorway from Glasgow, take the first exit to join the road to Lanark. ➣ exit (v) +
A2	journey +	an act of travelling from one place to another ● Yvonne sometimes feels sick when she goes on long bus journeys. +
A2	fare +	the amount you pay for a ticket to travel ● How much is the bus fare to Patra from Athens? +
A2	standard +	usual; normal ● You can travel at any time with a standard train ticket or pay a cheaper fare to travel at midday only. ➣ standardise (v), standard (n) +
A2	return (ticket) +	a ticket for a two-way journey (to go somewhere and come back) ● It’s cheaper to buy a return ticket on the train than to pay for only one way. ➣ return (v) +
A2	packed +	full of people ● The metro is always packed when people go to work in the morning. ➣ pack (v) ✎ Syn: crowded +
A2	pick sb up +	collect sb (e.g. to take them with you in your car) ● The taxi will be here to pick us up in half an hour. +
A2	get into +	to enter sth (e.g. car, a building) ● The thieves got into a blue van and escaped with the cash. +
A2	drop sb off +	leave sb somewhere after taking them in a car, taxi, etc. ● My mum can take us in her car and drop us off at the swimming pool. ➣ drop-off (adj) +
A2	drive off +	leave in a car ● Sam got into his car and drove off quickly. Phrasal Verbs drive off drop sb off get into pick sb up Phrases change your mind give sb a hand on foot on my own +
A2	properly +	correctly; in the right way for the situation ● Ted has a problem with his motorbike because the mechanic hasn’t fixed the engine properly. ➣ proper (adj) +
A2	pilot +	sb who flies a plane ● The pilot welcomed all the passengers when they sat down on the plane. ➣ pilot (v) +
A2	co-pilot +	a pilot who helps another pilot to fly a plane ● When the pilot took a quick break, the copilot was in control of the plane. ➣ co-pilot (v) +
A2	public transport +	all the ways for people to travel in a country/ +
A2	focus (on) +	give all your attention (to sth) ● I can’t go out much this week because I have to focus on studying for my exams. ➣ focussed (adj), focus (n) +
A2	steal +	take sth that belongs to sb else without permission ● Somebody stole Katy’s bag when she was on the metro. ➣ stolen (adj), stealing (n) +
A2	change +	money you get back when you give more money than you need to pay for sth ● Make sure you get the correct change when you pay for something at the shop. ➣ change (v) +
A2	airline +	a company that has planes to fly people and things to different places ● Some cheaper airlines don’t include the price of food or drinks in the air fare. +
A2	diamond +	a clear hard stone used for making jewellery and for cutting glass ● The thief stole diamond necklaces and rings from the jewellery shop. ➣ diamond (adj) Material reed bamboo diamond +
A2	Bolivia +	➣ Bolivian (adj, n), Bolivia (n) +
A2	mountainous +	with a lot of mountains ● The Scottish Highlands are a famous mountainous area which attracts many climbers from around the world. ➣ mountain (n), mountaineer (n), mountaineering (n) +
A2	highlands +	an area of land that has a lot of high mountains ● They went skiing in the snowy highlands of Aspen in winter. ➣ highland (adj), highlander (n) +
A2	lowlands +	an area of land that has low hills and flat valleys ● Dylan has a sheep farm in the lowlands of Wales near the English border. ➣ lowland (adj), lowlander (n) +
A2	narrow +	having a short distance between one side and the other ● The bridge was too narrow for two cars to cross at the same time, so they’re building a wider one. ➣ narrow (v) +
A2	death +	the state of being dead; the time that sb dies ● After the death of Agamemnon, one of his killers, Aegistheus, became King of Mycenae. ➣ die (v), dead (adj) +
A2	path +	a narrow track where people can walk ● We walked up the path right to the top of Ben Nevis. +
A2	on foot +	by walking ● Our hotel was near the sea, so it was easy to get to the beach on foot. +
A2	local +	connected to one area ● The local bus stops at every village on the island. ➣ localise (v), local (n) +
A2	view +	what you can see from a place (often talking about a beautiful sight) ● We watched the view of the countryside from the window of the train. ➣ view (v), viewing (adj), viewer (n) Adjectives circular heavy impressive local mountainous narrow old fashioned overhead packed popular reed Vietnamese waterproof well-used Listening Page 128 +
A2	quarter to +	15 minutes before a particular hour ● I left at quarter to eight this morning and took the eight o’clock bus. +
A2	a quarter past +	15 minutes after a particular hour ● I missed the eight o’clock bus because I reached the bus stop at a quarter past. +
A2	noon +	12 o’clock at midday ● They stopped working at noon for a lunch break. +
A2	end +	to finish ● When the long journey ended, they felt glad to be back home. ➣ end (n) +
A2	cruise +	a journey by sea, sometimes with accommodation on a ship ● The travel agent offered us tickets for a cruise on the River Seine. ➣ cruise (v, n) 111 +
A2	circular +	that is round in shape; that moves around in a circle ● There’s a circular route around the city to avoid driving through the centre. ➣ circle (v, n) +
A2	last +	to keep going for a certain amount of time ● I wish my holiday could last forever. ➣ lasting (adj) Time end last midsummer noon quarter to a quarter past rush hour timetable Speaking Page 129 +
A2	gate +	the part of an airport where you go to get on a plane ● If you don’t have any luggage, you can check in online and go straight to the boarding gate at the airport. +
A2	dot +	a full stop; the symbol: . ● Is there a dot between your names on your email address? ➣ dot (v), dotted (adj) +
A2	slash +	the symbol: +
A2	dash +	the symbol: – used to separate parts of a sentence, etc. ● Sometimes we can use dashes instead of commas when we’re writing. Places airport deck gate highlands lowlands platform port terminus Writing Pages 130-131 +
A2	midsummer +	the middle of summer (in June in the northern countries and December in the southern countries of the world) ● In the north of Scotland, it only gets dark for a few hours on a midsummer night in June. +
A2	Norway +	➣ Norwegian (adj, n) +
A2	accept +	take sth that sb offers ● Michelle accepted her friend’s offer of accommodation at her country house for the weekend. ➣ acceptable (adj), acceptance (n) +
A2	decline +	say ‘no’ to sth that sb offers ● I declined the party invitation because I had a bad cold. ➣ decline (n) +
A2	splish splash +	an expression describing the sound of splashing in water ● The children were splishing and splashing in the pool. +
A2	unfortunately +	sadly; unluckily; used to show that you’re unhappy about sth that happens or doesn’t happen ● Unfortunately, we had to cancel the barbecue because of the rain. ➣ unfortunate (adj) +
A2	wellies +	long waterproof boots; Wellington boots ● It’s raining, so put your wellies on to go to school. Video 10 Travelling in India Page 132 +
A2	carriage +	the part of a train that passengers sit in ● Gwyneth got a seat in the first-class carriage of the Trans-Siberian train. ➣ carry (v) +
A2	rush hour +	the busiest times of day on the streets when people are going to or coming home from work ● It’s hard to get a seat on the bus during the rush hour. +
A2	steam train +	an old fashioned train whose engine moves using steam ● We went inside the old steam train at the transport museum. +
A2	track +	the lines that a train moves along ● Some country roads cross the railway track and drivers have to be very careful. ➣ track (v), tracking (adj) +
A2	railway +	the system of tracks that trains travel on ● The children were playing with the trains on their model railway. ➣ railway (adj) 112 +
A2	impressive +	that you admire because it is sth good, wellmade, etc. ● The new railway station looks very impressive. It’s much bigger and better than the old one. ➣ impress (v), impression (n) +
A2	employer +	a person or company who has others working for them ● Most employers don’t pay their workers very well in Greece. ➣ employ (v), employment (n), employee (n) +
A2	terminus +	the first and/or last stop on the route of a bus or train, etc. ● Get off the bus at the terminus and I’ll meet you there. +
A2	be raining cats and dogs +	be raining heavily ● We ran home quickly because it was raining cats and dogs. +
A2	stranded +	stuck in a place because you have no way to get away from there ● After the plane crash, the passengers were stranded on an island for days before help came. ➣ strand (v) +
A2	tractor +	a heavy vehicle used for pulling equipment or moving sth, often used on a farm ● The farmer was digging his field with his tractor. +
A2	flooding +	when a lot of water comes onto a dry area and suddenly covers it ● The heavy rain caused flooding in some fields near the river. ➣ flood (v, n), flooded (adj) Reading Page 136 +
A2	sunshine +	the light and warmth from the sun ● Let’s go out for a walk and enjoy the sunshine. ➣ sunny (adj) +
A2	bury +	put sth in the ground and cover it ● The whole town was buried by rocks and ash when the volcano erupted. ➣ burial (n), buried (adj) +
A2	collapse +	fall down suddenly ● The old wall collapsed when the car crashed into it. ➣ collapse (n), collapsed (adj) +
A2	injure +	hurt a part of the body ● Luckily, nobody was injured in the accident. ➣ injury (n), injured (adj) +
A2	trap +	put sth in a place where it’s impossible to leave ● The cars were trapped in the snow and couldn’t move. ➣ trap (n) Word Focus Page 136 +
A2	sting +	touch the skin in a way that hurts and you feel a sudden pain ● Have you ever been stung by a bee? ➣ sting (n), stinging (adj) +
A2	sharp +	sudden and painful, like being cut ● Helen felt a sharp pain on her arm when the insect stung her. ➣ sharpen (v), sharply (adv) +
A2	somehow +	in a way that’s not known ● We had to find a way to get home somehow. +
A2	heater +	a machine that gives heat ● I have a small electric heater in my bedroom to keep warm when I’m studying. ➣ heat (v), hot (adj) Reading Pages 136-137 +
A2	day out +	a day trip or visit somewhere ● They had an enjoyable day out at the park. +
A2	such +	used before a noun for emphasis ● There was such a lot of snow last weekend. +
A2	impossible +	not possible; that can’t happen ● It was almost impossible to find a hotel room in Rome in August, but we finally found a small bed and breakfast. ➣ impossibility (n), impossibly (adv) ✎ Opp: possible +
A2	go-karting +	racing around a track in a small open car ● There’s a go-karting track near the beach and it’s fun to drive around it. +
A2	escape +	get away from an unpleasant place or situation ● The thieves were caught while they were trying to escape in a stolen car. ➣ escape (n) +
A2	shoulder +	where your arm is connected to the part of your body ● You have to hold the violin on your shoulder and under your chin to play it. ➣ shoulder (v) +
A2	expect +	wait for sth that you think will happen ● I didn’t expect to see you at the library. I thought you didn’t like reading books. ➣ expectation (n) +
A2	weather forecast +	a description of how sb says the weather will be the next few days ● We should check the weather forecast before we go hiking. 11 117 +
A2	thunderstorm +	a storm with thunder and lightning ● It was scary travelling by plane to Crete during the thunderstorm. Vocabulary Pages 138-139 +
A2	fog +	thick clouds that are low down and close to the land ● The drivers went slowly through the fog because they couldn’t see the road very well. ➣ fog (v), foggy (adj) +
A2	storm +	very bad weather with strong wind and usually rain or snow ● The storm only lasted for an hour, but a lot of trees were damaged by the wind. ➣ storm (v), stormy (adj) +
A2	icy +	very cold; covered with ice ● It’s dangerous to drive on icy roads. ➣ ice (v, n), icily (adv) +
A2	snowy +	with a lot of snow ● The snowy hills looked beautiful from the distance. ➣ snow (v, n) +
A2	windy +	with a strong wind ● It was so windy at the seaside that the beach umbrellas blew away. ➣ wind (n) +
A2	away +	to another place ● My hat blew away off the boat and into the sea. +
A2	sink +	drop down to the bottom of the sea, lake, river, etc. ● When the boat hit the rock, it began to sink into the river. ➣ sunken (adj) +
A2	dull +	not bright; cloudy ● This dull weather is making everybody feel sad; we need some sunshine soon. ➣ dullness (n) +
A2	temperature +	how hot or cold sth/sb is ● The temperature in Moscow is very low in winter. +
A2	cool +	quite cold ● It was very hot at the beach, so we swam in the cool water. ➣ cool (v), coolly (adv) +
A2	degrees Celsius +	the measure of temperatures in centigrade ● Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius. +
A2	What’s sb/sth like? +	ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈlaɪk/ +
A2	diary +	a book with spaces for each day of the year where you can keep note of things to do or write about what you do or think each day ● It was fascinating to read Grandma’s old diary that she wrote as a teenager. +
A2	bush fire +	a fire that spreads quickly across open countryside ● Some of the farm buildings were burnt in the bush fire that spread all over the area this summer. +
A2	lightning +	a bright flash of light in the sky caused by electricity ● The castle tower fell down when it was struck by lightning. +
A2	thunder +	a loud noise from the sky after lightning appears ● There was a flash of lightning and then we heard the sound of thunder. ➣ thunder (v), thunderous (adj) +
A2	drought +	a long time without rain so the land is very dry ● Farmers in many countries in Africa have problems because of long droughts. +
A2	destroy +	damage sth so badly that you can’t use it any more ● The farm was destroyed by fire, so the family had to find a new home. ➣ destruction (n), destructive (adj) +
A2	brick +	sth like a stone which is man-made for building walls ● Most modern homes in the UK are made from bricks. Weather Adjectives clear cool extreme foggy freezing icy snowy southerly stormy windy 118 Grammar Pages 140-141 +
A2	climate +	the patterns of weather in an area ● Mediterranean countries have a warm climate. +
A2	southern +	in the south part of a country, continent, etc. ● The weather in southern Australia is a bit cooler than in the northern part. +
A2	clear +	sunny; without clouds ● It was a clear day, but the temperature wasn’t very high. ➣ clear (v), clearer (adv) +
A2	jeep +	a vehicle that you can drive off-road across rocky ground ● I’d rather cross the desert in a jeep than by camel. +
A2	frightening +	that makes you afraid ● It was a frightening experience when our ship nearly sank. ➣ frighten (v), fright (n), frightened (adj), frighteningly (adv) +
A2	hurricane +	a very bad storm with extremely strong winds ● The hurricane moved across the Atlantic and destroyed many homes in the West Indies. +
A2	monsoon +	heavy seasonal rains in South Asia ● There was flooding on the railway tracks across Pakistan during the monsoon. +
A2	heavily +	in a large amount ● The snow was falling so heavily that the road was covered in a few minutes. ➣ heavy (n), heavy (adj) +
A2	serious +	with a bad effect; causing problems or danger ● There was a serious accident on the street and a famous singer was killed. ➣ seriousness (n), seriously (adv) +
A2	damage +	physical harm to an object or building, etc. ● The damage to his car was terrible and he couldn’t drive it again. ➣ damage (v), damaged (adj) +
A2	ocean +	one of the large areas of water that covers a large amount of the earth ● TheTitanic sank when it was on its first voyage across the ocean. ➣ oceanic (adj) +
A2	conditions +	the situation around that has an effect on sth ● The weather conditions were too bad for us to go sailing. ➣ condition (v), conditional (adj), conditionally (adv) +
A2	extreme +	much more than normal ● Temperatures in the desert can go from extreme heat in the daytime to extreme cold at night. ➣ extreme (n), extremely (adv) +
A2	rainstorm +	a storm with heavy rain ● The streets were covered in water after the rainstorm. +
A2	heatwave +	a period of very hot weather ● It was too hot to go outside at midday during the summer heatwave. Weather Nouns climate conditions flood flooding fog heatwave hurricane lightning monsoon rainstorm snowstorm storm sunshine thunder thunderstorm weather forecast Geography Nouns atmosphere bush fire ocean dust Adjectives coastal southern deep +
A2	atmosphere +	all the gases in the air around the earth ● The atmosphere was filled with dust from the desert storm. ➣ atmospheric (adj), atmospherically (adv) +
A2	evaporate +	liquid evaporates when it gets hot and turns into steam ● He forgot to switch off the cooker and the water in the spaghetti evaporated. ➣ evaporation (n), evaporated (adj) +
A2	record +	information that is written down to remember it ● It was the coldest winter on record in Scotland. ➣ record (v, adj), recording (n) +
A2	occur +	happen ● When the storm occurred, we were sailing in the Caribbean. ➣ occurrence (n) +
A2	the Pacific Ocean +	119 +
A2	face +	meet a situation that could be a problem ● Simon faced a lot of dangers on his journey through the jungle. ➣ face (n) Listening Page 142 +
A2	cm +	centimetre(s) ● There are 100 cm in a metre. +
A2	km/h +	kilometres per hour ● The car was travelling at 200 km/h when it crashed. ✎ Syn: kph +
A2	southerly +	(of wind) moving from the south ● A southerly wind brings warm air from Africa across the Mediterranean. ➣ south (n, adj) +
A2	m +	metre(s) ● A block of ice fell from a roof just a metre in front of Eric. +
A2	minus +	used to talk about temperature below zero ● The temperature was minus two, but it felt like minus ten because of the north wind. +
A2	distance +	how far it is between two places or things ● They travelled a long distance by coach from England to Spain. ➣ distance (v), distant (adj) +
A2	compass +	a device with an arrow that points to north to show direction ● Before people used GPS, they found their direction using a map and a compass. Measurements compass degrees Celsius distance gallon minus pound record temperature cm m km/h Speaking Page 143 +
A2	slightly +	a little bit ● Today the temperature is slightly colder than yesterday. ➣ slight (adj) Writing Pages 144 -145 +
A2	Hyde Park +	a famous large park in London ● Let’s relax and take a walk around the lake in Hyde Park. +
A2	exhausted +	very tired ● The exhausted tourists had to stop for a break at a local restaurant. ➣ exhaust (v), exhaustion (n) +
A2	double-decker (bus) +	a bus that has two floors ● From the top of the double-decker bus, we had a great view of the famous buildings in London. λεωφορείο +
A2	Eiffel Tower +	Vehicles double-decker bus go-karting jeep tractor Famous Places & Buildings Big Ben Eiffel Tower Empire State Building Hyde Park the Pacific Ocean Video 11 Snow on Tigers Page 146 +
A2	have a baby +	give birth to a child ● My aunt had a baby last month, so he’s my new cousin. +
A2	snowstorm +	sudden heavy snow with a strong wind ● We watched the snowstorm outside from the safety of our home. +
A2	extra +	more than usual ● Take an extra pen and pencil when you go for the exam. ➣ extra (n) 120 +
A2	earn +	get sth (usually money) for sth that you have done or made ● Photography is fun, but it’s a hard way to earn a living. ➣ earnings (n) +
A2	cub +	a baby tiger (also: baby lion, wolf, fox, bear, etc.) ● A female tiger feeds her cubs and protects them from danger. +
A2	chore +	a small job that you have to do often ● I like listening to music while I’m doing all the boring chores like dusting. +
A2	deliver +	bring sth to sb ● Brian delivers takeaway food with his small van. ➣ delivery (n) +
A2	pound +	a unit of weight (about 0.454 kilo) ● Theo bought a pound of cheese and some eggs. +
A2	gallon +	a unit used to measure liquid (about 4.5 litres in the UK, Canada, Australia, etc., about 3.8 litres in the USA) ● Megan stopped at the service station to put a few gallons of petrol in her car. +
A2	simply +	basically ● The heavy rain simply means that drivers have to be extra careful on the road. ➣ simplify (v), simple (adj), simplicity (n) +
A2	surround +	be all around sth/sb ● The house was surrounded by trees and plants. ➣ surroundings (n), surrounded (adj) +
A2	mist +	a thin fog, often above water ● On winter mornings, there’s always some mist above the lake. ➣ misty (adj) +
A2	botanical garden +	an area of a park where different plants and trees are grown, often to study them ● The Auburn Botanical Gardens are popular with visitors who want to enjoy the plants around the lake in Sydney, Australia. Reading Page 148 +
A2	orangutan +	a large animals with long arms and reddishbrown hair that comes from islands in South East Asia ● Orangutans eat mostly fruit, but they also like honey and insects. +
A2	panda +	a large furry black and white animal like a giant bear ● It seems that pandas can survive longer in captivity than they do in the wild. +
A2	sea turtle +	a large reptile that has a hard shell on its back and lives in the sea ● Some volunteers were looking after injured sea turtles at the rescue centre. +
A2	polar bear +	a large white bear from the area around the North Pole ● Polar bears are the biggest bears on earth and weigh up to 720 kilos. +
A2	cute +	attractive or sweet ● Puppies and kittens always look so cute when they’re playing. ➣ cuteness (n) +
A2	furry +	covered with soft hair ● I saw a furry animal in the back garden eating the nuts from our tree. ➣ fur (n) +
A2	aggressive +	that can get angry and attack sb ● Polar bears can be aggressive, so don’t get too close. ➣ aggression (n) +
A2	extinct +	not existing any more ● Pandas could soon become extinct if we don’t protect them. ➣ extinction (n) +
A2	massive +	very large ● Female turtles lay a massive number of eggs, but not many survive. ➣ massiveness (n) +
A2	nest +	a place that an animal, especially a bird, builds to have its babies ● There’s a bird’s nest at the top of the tree in our garden. ➣ nest (v), nested (adj) Word Focus Page 148 +
A2	environment +	the air, water, land around us ● We must stop polluting the environment and keep our beaches clean. ➣ environmental (adj), environmentally (adv) +
A2	volunteer +	sb who does a job because they want to and not for money ● A group of volunteers were planting new trees where the forest fire occurred last year. ➣ volunteer (v), volunteering (adj) +
A2	moonlight +	the light from the moon ● We watched the moonlight shining on the sea. ➣ moonlit (adj) +
A2	cage +	sth made of metal bars to keep sb/sth inside ● I hate seeing birds that have to live in a cage. ➣ cage (v), caged (adj) +
A2	bars +	metal poles that are used to stop sb/sth going into or out of a place ● The thief used a special tool to cut through the bars and break the window. ➣ barred (adj) Reading Pages 148-149 +
A2	loggerhead turtle +	a type of sea turtle that has a large beak ad a reddish-brown shell ● Loggerhead turtles can live for almost 70 years. +
A2	disappear +	stop existing; be lost ● Many types of plants and animals are disappearing because of pollution around the world. ➣ disappearance (n), disappearing (adj) 12 126 +
A2	trick +	confuse sb; make sb/sth think that sth is true ● The heat in the desert can fool travellers into believing they can see things far away. ➣ trick (n) +
A2	count +	check how many or how much there is of sth ● We counted four sea turtles in the sea on our way to Santorini. ➣ count (n) +
A2	feel like +	have a particular feeling ● She felt like touching the cute looking bear, but she knew it was dangerous. +
A2	die out +	become extinct ● Pandas have almost died out because people are destroying their natural environment. +
A2	go back +	return ● Before sunset, the birds went back to their nests. Vocabulary Pages 150-151 +
A2	tropical +	in or from the areas not far from the equator ● Would you like to spend a holiday on a tropical island? ➣ Tropics (n), tropically (adv) +
A2	cut down +	make sth, e.g. a tree, fall by cutting it at the bottom ● Ian cut down the tall trees around his garden to make it brighter. +
A2	dry up +	become dry ● The lake has dried up completely because of the drought. +
A2	go down +	become less ● The number of visitors to the island has gone down since the two big hotels closed. +
A2	bring up +	raise (a child) ● Daniel was brought up in the countryside, so he knows a lot about farming. ➣ upbringing (n) +
A2	use up +	use all that there is of sth ● We wanted to stay at the campsite for two weeks, but we had to come home early because we used up all our food in the first week. +
A2	deal with +	pay attention to sth and do sth about it ● Governments are talking about ways to deal with pollution. +
A2	turn off +	stop sth working by moving sth or pressing a switch ● We always turn off the water and electricity at home before we go on holiday. +
A2	at risk +	in danger ● Don’t put yourself at risk by going sailing in dangerous weather conditions. ➣ risk (n), risky (adj) +
A2	penguin +	a large black and white bird that comes from Antarctica ● Penguins have short wings that they use to swim, but they can’t fly. +
A2	at most +	not more than ● Many insects only live for a few days at most. ➣ most (n), mostly (adv) +
A2	in danger +	facing the risk of dying out ● Elephants are in danger of becoming extinct. ➣ danger (n), dangerous (adj) Phrasal Verbs bring up cut down deal with die out dry up go back turn off use up Phrases at most at risk feel like in danger +
A2	species +	type of living thing (e.g. animals, plants) ● We saw different species of tropical plants at the flower show. +
A2	plant +	put sth into the ground so it can grow ● Nick planted an apple tree in his garden. ➣ plant (n) 127 +
A2	seed +	the small hard part inside a plant or fruit that new plants can grow from ● The farmer was planting seeds in his field to grow cabbages. +
A2	water +	put water on an area of ground, etc. ● Mrs Jackson offered to water the garden while we were on holiday. ➣ water (n) +
A2	wet +	make sth wet ● The rain wet the chairs on our patio. ➣ wetness (n), wet (adj) +
A2	branch +	one of the parts of a tree that grows out of the main part and leaves and flowers grown on ● We tied a rope on a high branch of the tree and used it to play on. +
A2	sunlight +	the light from the sun ● The sunlight shone through the bedroom window and woke me up. ➣ sunlit (adj) +
A2	creature +	any animal (including insects, fish, people) ● The sea turtle is a strange looking creature. ➣ create (v) +
A2	butterfly +	a type of insect with big coloured wings ● A beautiful butterfly flew onto one of the flowers in the garden. +
A2	hamster +	a small animal like a large mouse with a short tail and large cheeks ● Ken has a furry little hamster as a pet which he keeps in a cage. +
A2	guinea pig +	a small animal (bigger than a hamster) with short ears and no tail ● Did you know that guinea pigs, like the ones people keep in cages as pets, actually live in the wild in South America? +
A2	goldfish +	a small yellow, orange or red fish that people sometimes have as a pet ● The small lake in the park is full of goldfish that grew too big for their fish bowls. +
A2	canary +	a small (usually yellow) bird that sounds beautiful when it sings ● My granny used to have two canaries that sang beautifully and she let them fly around her living room every day. +
A2	hutch +	a box made of wood or plastic and metal for keeping pet rabbits in ● Eileen’s rabbit lives in a hutch on the balcony, but he comes out to run around and play for a couple of hours every day. +
A2	lettuce +	a leafy green vegetable that is often used in salads ● Our rabbit loves to eat lettuce and carrots. +
A2	cabbage +	a vegetable with thick green, white or purple leaves that is often cooked or served in salads ● Christine is cooking some cabbage that she grew in her garden to have with the dinner. Plant Life Nouns botanical garden branch cabbage lettuce living roof seed species Verbs plant water wet Animals butterfly canary creature dolphin goldfish guinea pig hamster loggerhead turtle orangutan panda penguin polar bear sea turtle species Grammar Page +
A2	rectangular +	in a box shape that has two long sides and two short sides ● Our pet fish are in a large rectangular tank. ➣ rectangle (n) +
A2	litter bin +	a bin for small pieces of rubbish inside a building or outside in public areas ● We collected the rubbish in the park and put it in the litter bins. +
A2	documentary +	a film or TV programme, etc. that gives detailed information about sth/sb ● There are interesting wildlife documentaries on this TV channel every evening. +
A2	dolphin +	a sea animal like a large fish with a round nose ● Dolphins are very clever and they communicate with each other using sounds. 128 +
A2	tiring +	that makes you feel tired ● It was a long tiring journey across the country by bus. ➣ tire (v), tired (adj), tiredness (n), tiringly (adv) +
A2	sign +	write your name on sth to show you wrote it (or read it) ● Remember to sign the form before you post it to the company. ➣ signature (n) People explorer hunter volunteer Listening Page 154 +
A2	safety +	the state of being safe; a place that is safe from dangers ● When he saw the bear, he climbed up the branches of a tree for safety. ➣ safe (adj), safely (adv) +
A2	height +	the measure of how high or tall sth/sb is ● What’s the height of the world’s tallest tree? ➣ heightened (adj) +
A2	a.m. +	before noon ● Our school begins at 8.30 a.m. +
A2	p.m. +	after noon ● We get home from school at 3.45 p.m. +
A2	weigh +	measure sth/sb to see how heavy it is ● How many kilos does an adult elephant weigh? ➣ weight (n) +
A2	(my) own +	belonging to me ● I’d like to have my own car when I am older. ➣ own (v), owner (n) Containers & Animal Homes bars cage litter bin nest tank Speaking Page 155 +
A2	overfishing +	taking too many fish out of the sea so that there are not many left ● If overfishing doesn’t stop, many species of fish will die out. ➣ overfish (v) +
A2	effect +	the change that sth makes to sth/sb else; a result ● The weather often has an effect on how we feel. ➣ affect (v), effective (adj), effectively (adv) +
A2	issue +	a subject; a problem ● We discussed our opinions on the issue of hunting. +
A2	animal welfare +	protection of animals to keep them healthy and safe ● The RSPA is an animal welfare organisation in the UK which looks after lost or injured animals. +
A2	food mile +	how far food is moved from where it was grown/made to the people who eat it, and how much petrol is needed to move it ● The best way to save on food miles is to eat things that grow in the local area. +
A2	chemical +	sth made using a scientific process ● Some of the chemicals used to kill insects on farms can be bad for our health. ➣ chemical (adj) +
A2	waste +	throw away sth that you don’t want which could still be useful ● If we stop wasting energy, we could help the environment and save money. ➣ waste (n), wasteful (adj), wastefully (adv) +
A2	formulate +	create sth in a planned way ● Let’s formulate a plan to make our environment cleaner. ➣ formulation (n) +
A2	tonne +	a weight of 1,000 kilos ● It’s awful to think how many tonnes of food are wasted every day. 129 Environment chemical documentary energy food mile height mist moonlight organisation overfishing questionnaire safety sunlight waste Verbs amaze bore count disappear excite experience formulate frighten interest recommend shop sign surround tire trick waste weigh Writing Pages 156-157 +
A2	introduction +	the first part of a piece of writing that tells you about the idea ● In your introduction, you should explain why you’re writing. ➣ introduce (v), introductive (adj) +
A2	findings +	what sb has found out ● The report described the findings from the scientist’s research into climate change. ➣ find (v), finder (n) +
A2	conclusion +	the end of a piece of writing ● In your conclusion, write what you think should happen next. ➣ conclude (v), conclusive (adj) +
A2	recommendation +	a suggestion about what to do ● The environmental group made a recommendation that the new road should not be built through the wildlife park. ➣ recommend (v) +
A2	questionnaire +	a list of questions that many people are asked so answers can be compared ● We made a class questionnaire to see what most people do to help the environment. +
A2	reusable +	that can be used again ● Glass jars are reusable because you can clean them and keep other things in them. ➣ reuse (v) +
A2	purpose +	the result sb plans to get; why sb is doing sth ● The purpose of the article was to ask for help from local people. ➣ purposeful (adj), purposely (adv) +
A2	based (on) +	that came from another main idea ● The results of the report are based on the answers from our questionnaire. ➣ base (n), base (v) +
A2	however +	used to start saying sth that is the opposite or different from what was said before ● I’d love to help your organisation. However, I don’t have any extra time or money right now. +
A2	energy +	the type of power used to make sth work ● Why don’t all homes use solar energy to produce electricity? ➣ energise (v), energetic (adj) +
A2	perfect +	ideal; the best, without any faults ● The perfect home would use only green energy that doesn’t damage the environment. ➣ perfection (n), perfect (v), perfectly (adv) Video 12 Mega Green Museum Page 158 +
A2	living roof +	a roof with lots of plants growing on it ● Some buildings in the city now have living roofs where plants grow to create a better atmosphere. ✎ Syn: green roof +
A2	flying carpet +	a magic carpet that can fly ● Where would you like to travel if you had a magic flying carpet? (adv) ✎ Syn: magic carpet +
A2	impact +	a strong effect on sth ● A better public transport system would have a positive environmental impact on the city. ➣ impact (v) +
A2	complicated +	not simple; hard to understand or explain ● Making our environment better to live in shouldn’t need complicated plans. It’s so simple. ➣ complication (n), complicate (v) +
A2	recycled +	made from sth that was used before ● These notebooks were made from recycled paper. ➣ recycling (n), recycle (v) +

B1 Sentences	Key	Eng
B1	personality +	character ● Sandra has got a great personality, and everyone gets on well with her. ➣ person (n), personal (adj) +
B1	topography +	the physical features of an area of land, with the position of its rivers, mountains, etc ● This map shows the topography of the area and where the lakes, rivers, hills and mountains are. ➣ topographical (adj) +
B1	view +	look at sth ● Viewed from the top of the hill, the house looks really small. ➣ view, viewer (n) Reading page 6 +
B1	computer-generated +	designed on a computer ● Many films use computer-generated effects for things which people can’t possibly do. +
B1	colour-blind +	unable to see the difference between some colours ● I’m colour-blind, so I didn’t know the car was green. +
B1	crushed ice +	ice that is broken in very small pieces ● I prefer crushed ice in my water. Word Focus page 6 +
B1	synthetic +	not found in nature but made by man ● Synthetic materials like polyester are hot to wear in summer. +
B1	dye +	a substance that changes the colour of sth ● Jane used a new dye for her hair and it’s a lovely red colour now. ➣ dye (v) +
B1	man-made +	not found in nature but made by man ● Plastic is a man-made material. +
B1	substance +	a particular kind of solid, liquid or gas ● This substance is poisonous, so be careful. +
B1	dominance +	being more important or powerful than other people or things ● The old lion showed its dominance by attacking the younger ones. ➣ dominate (v), dominant (adj) +
B1	stimulant +	sth that makes the mind or body more active ● Coffee is a stimulant and will help you stay awake. ➣ stimulate (v), stimulation (n) +
B1	stability +	when sth is not likely to change or come to an end ● Children need the stability of a family environment to feel happy and secure. ➣ stable (adj) ✎ Opp: instability +
B1	mourning +	sadness that you show or feel when sb dies ● In Europe black is the colour of mourning and many people wear black after a relative dies. ➣ mourn (v), mourner (n) Reading page 6-7 +
B1	early human +	a person that lived in ancient times and looked different from people today ● Early humans used plants to make paint. +
B1	variety +	a lot of different things of the same type ● There’s a variety of sandwiches on the menu. ➣ vary (v), varied (adj) +
B1	soil +	the substance on the surface of the earth where plants, trees, etc grow ● The soil in this area is good for growing potatoes. +
B1	signal +	show; draw attention to ● Animals show their teeth to signal that they aren’t happy. ➣ signal (n) +
B1	aggression +	feelings of anger and hatred that may make you violent ● The two cats showed a lot of aggression before they actually started to fight. ➣ aggressive (adj) +
B1	attractive +	nice to look at ● Steve thought his girlfriend’s hair was very attractive and told her how nice it looked. ➣attract (v), attraction (n) ✎ Opp: unattractive +
B1	mate +	one of a pair of birds or animals ● A male bird usually has brighter feathers to attract a mate. ➣ mate (v) +
B1	source +	where sth comes from ● In the past the only source for dyes was nature. +
B1	highly +	very ● She’s a highly successful businesswoman. +
B1	value +	think that sb or sth is important ● I’ve always valued my mother’s advice. ➣ value (n), valuable (adj) +
B1	be worth +	have a particular value ● That painting is worth £50,000. +
B1	manufacture +	use machines to make sth in large numbers or amounts ● My dad works at a company that manufactures clothes. ➣ manufacturer (n) +
B1	effect +	change sth has on sth else ● Do you think some colours have an effect on your mood? ➣ effective (adj) +
B1	influence +	make sb agree and do what you want ● Bright colours can influence our mood and make us feel happy. ➣ influence (n), influential (adj) +
B1	symbolise +	represent sth ● Black symbolises sadness and mourning in most parts of the western world. ➣ symbol (n), symbolic (adj) +
B1	wealth +	riches ● The woman used her wealth and to make the world a better place ➣ wealthy (adj) +
B1	redden +	to become red in the face because of anger or embarrassment ● My face reddened when I realised I had left my wallet at home and couldn’t pay for my meal. ➣ red (n, adj) +
B1	researcher +	sb who studies sth to try to discover new facts about it ● The researcher is studying the effect colours have on the way we feel. ➣ research (v, n) +
B1	species +	a group of animals or plants of the same type ● How many species of animals are there? +
B1	bold +	very strong or bright ● He always paints with bold colours. +
B1	heart rate +	how fast your heart beats ● Your heart rate increases when you run. +
B1	increase +	make bigger, greater ● If you wear a colour you like, it could increase your confidence at the interview. ➣ increase (n) +
B1	shade +	a particular type of colour, eg dark or light ● Olive green is my favourite shade of green. +
B1	aggressive +	angry and ready to attack ● This bull is aggressive, so don’t go near it. ➣ aggression (n) +
B1	specific +	particular ● Is there any specific reason why you dislike the colour green? ➣ specification (n), specifically (adv) +
B1	come to mind +	think of ● When I think of spring flowers, the colours yellow and pink come to mind. +
B1	throughout +	in every part of sth ● You can find animals like rats throughout the world +
B1	command +	deserve to have sth ● The teacher commanded the respect of her students because she was fair. ➣ command (n) +
B1	visible +	that can be seen ● The bright red flowers were visible from a distance. ➣ visibility (n) ✎ Opp: invisible +
B1	highlight +	make noticeable ● If you highlight the main points in the book in yellow, it will be easier to revise afterwards. ➣ highlighter (n) +
B1	caution +	warn ● The police officer cautioned the teenagers and told them to turn the music down. ➣ caution (n) +
B1	reminder +	sth that makes you remember ● The teacher wrote a reminder about the test on the board in case anybody had forgotten about it ➣ remind (v) +
B1	focus (on) +	concentrate on ● ‘In the lesson today we will focus on colour in nature,’ said the biology teacher. ➣ focus (n) +
B1	associated (with) +	make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and another ● I associate the colour blue with the sea. ➣ association (n) +
B1	religious +	connected to religion ● The cross in this church is a religious object. ➣ religion (n) +
B1	evil +	sth very bad or harmful ● Do you believe in good and evil? ➣ evil (adj) +
B1	represent +	symbolise ● Red represents anger in some cultures. ➣ representation (n) +
B1	trustworthy +	A trustworthy person can be trusted and depended on. ● Don’t tell George any secrets as he isn’t trustworthy. ➣ trust (v), trustworthiness (n) +
B1	depressed +	very unhappy ● I felt depressed after the film because it had a sad ending. ➣ depress (v), depression (n), depressing (adj) +
B1	feel blue +	feel sad ● It had been raining all day, which made him feel blue as he couldn’t go out. +
B1	sleeping pill +	medicine which helps you sleep ● If you can’t sleep, try taking a sleeping pill. +
B1	reduce +	make less or smaller ● I am eating less sugar so I can reduce my weight. ➣ reduction (n) +
B1	consume +	eat ● If you consume plenty of vegetables, your health will improve. ➣ consumer, consumption (n) +
B1	refer (to) +	talk about ● What was Grandma referring to when she said she didn’t enjoy it? Was it the film we saw? ➣ reference (n) +
B1	upset +	unhappy; disappointed ● Mum was very upset when she spilt coffee on her new skirt. ➣ upset (v) +
B1	rely (on) +	depend on ● You can rely on Kate because she is always helpful. ➣ reliable (adj) +
B1	ashamed +	feeling embarrassed and guilty because of sth you have done ● She felt too ashamed to tell anybody that she had broken the vase. ➣ shame (n) +
B1	violently +	with a lot of force ● The man started behaving violently and threw a chair across the room. ➣ violence (n), violent (adj) +
B1	pleasant +	nice; enjoyable ● Hi! What a pleasant surprise! ➣ please (v), pleasure (n), pleased (adj) ✎ Opp: unpleasant +
B1	nesting hole +	a bird’s home in tree ● There are three baby birds in the nesting hole in that tree. +
B1	trunk +	the main part of a tree where branches grow from ● The children hid behind the trunk of the tree so their friends couldn’t find them. Vocabulary page 8 +
B1	belief +	a feeling that sth is true ● It is my belief that you will be famous because you are very talented. ➣ believe (v) ✎ Opp: disbelief +
B1	depression +	a medical condition that makes you very unhappy ● After her mother died, she fell into depression. ➣ depress (v), depressed, depressing (adj) +
B1	gift +	a special talent ● Sally paints beautifully and has a real gift for art. ➣ gifted (adj) +
B1	skinny +	very thin ● After losing 10 kilos, the model looked very skinny. +
B1	thoughtful +	always thinking of the things you can do to make people happy ● Thank you for the lovely flowers. It was very thoughtful of you. ➣ think (v), thought (n) +
B1	considerate +	kind; thinking of others ● Bob is a considerate man and always helps people out. ➣ consider (v), consideration (n) ✎ Opp: inconsiderate +
B1	stable +	unlikely to change ● Janine’s stable personality kept her calm and able to cope in emergencies. ➣ stability (n) ✎ Opp: unstable +
B1	plump +	a little fat ● The plump baby has got nice round pink cheeks. +
B1	colleague +	sb you work with ● My colleagues usually arrive at work at 9 am and leave at 5 pm. +
B1	enemy +	sb who hates you and wants to harm you ● Pauline is your worst enemy now that she thinks you stole her boyfriend. +
B1	flatmate +	sb who shares a flat with you ● My flatmate and I share all the costs of living in this flat. +
B1	idol +	sb you admire and want to be like ● She wants to become a famous actress just like her idol, Angelina Jolie. ➣ idolise (v) +
B1	peer +	sb who is the same age as you and does the same things ● If you have a problem, it’s easiest to ask your peers for advice as they will understand how you feel. +
B1	get along +	have a good relationship ● I get along with my brother and we often go out together. +
B1	give in +	do what sb else wants ● Diane didn’t want to go out at first but she gave in and came to the cinema with us. +
B1	pressure +	an attempt to persuade sb by using arguments, threats, etc ● Children often feel pressure to do what their friends do. ➣ pressure (v) +
B1	thoughtless +	unkind; not thinking of others ● It was thoughtless of you to forget Sandra’s birthday. ➣ thoughtlessness (n) ✎ Opp: thoughtful +
B1	misbehave +	be naughty ● The little children got tired and started to shout and misbehave. ➣ misbehaviour (n) ✎ Opp: behave +
B1	recall +	remember ● The lady said she knew me but I couldn’t recall her face and had no idea who she was. +
B1	entertain +	amuse or interest people ● He entertained us with his funny stories. ➣ entertainment, entertainer (n), entertaining (adj) +
B1	amuse +	make sb laugh or smile ● Fred's stories always amuse me and make me laugh. ➣ amusement (n), amused, amusing (adj) +
B1	punishment +	sth unpleasant you have to do because you have done sth wrong ● Mum sent me to my room as a punishment for my behaviour. ➣ punish (v) +
B1	reward +	rɪˈwɔːd/ +
B1	achieve +	successfully complete sth ● I want to be an actor and hope to achieve my dream one day. ➣ achievement (n) +
B1	goal +	purpose ● His goal is to win the competition one day. Look! That musical really entertained the audience. The clown amused the children at the party. Grammar page 9 +
B1	attract +	make sb interested in sth; make sb want to take part in sth ● Concerts with famous bands always attract a lot of fans. ➣ attraction (n) +
B1	forever +	all the time; always ● My brother is forever taking my things without asking! +
B1	based (on) +	beɪst ɒn/ +
B1	commentary +	a spoken description of sth while it is happening ● Do you listen to sports commentaries on the radio? ➣ comment (v), commentator (n) +
B1	emotion +	feeling ● Tim showed little emotion when he heard the bad news, but just sat down and said nothing. ➣ emotional (adj) +
B1	nap +	a short sleep ● The baby is having a nap, so please be quiet and don’t wake her. ➣ nap (v) +
B1	come to a conclusion +	make a decision based on facts ● After reading this book I came to the conclusion that the writer must be a lonely person. +
B1	easy-going +	not easily upset, annoyed or worried ● John will do whatever we want to do; he’s very easy-going, you know. +
B1	sociable +	friendly; liking other people’s company ● Grandpa is sociable and always chats to the friends I bring home. ➣ socialise (v) ✎ Opp: unsociable Speaking page 11 +
B1	caring +	full of love and affection ● Susan is a caring person and likes babysitting the children. ➣ care (v, n) +
B1	ambitious +	determined to be successful, rich, etc ● Dawn is ambitious and she wants to be the manager of this company. ➣ ambition (n) +
B1	sporty +	enjoying sport ● Her aunt is very sporty and plays tennis and basketball every week. ➣ sport (n) +
B1	challenge +	sth that tests your strength, skill or ability ● If you are bored, you need a challenge like learning a new language. ➣ challenge (v) +
B1	hike +	go for a long walk in the country ● We hiked through the forest. ➣ hike, hiker (n), hiking (n) +
B1	marketing +	a job in which you decide how to advertise a product, how expensive it should be, etc. ● She’s always dreamt of a career in marketing. ➣ market (v, n) +
B1	economics +	the study of how people spend their money and buy or sell things ● My sister’s studying economics. ➣ economy, economist (n), economic (adj) +
B1	work (my) way up +	get better positions in the same company in order to reach the top job ● He started here as an office assistant and has worked his way up to head of department. +
B1	animal shelter +	a place where animals without a home are cared for ● If you want a pet, you can go to the animal shelter and give a dog or cat a home. Grammar page 12 +
B1	supportive +	helpful ● My friends are supportive when I need advice. ➣ support (v, n) +
B1	lead (to) +	cause; have sth as a result ● Smoking can lead to serious health problems. +
B1	come up with +	think of ● Have you come up with any new ideas? +
B1	end up +	find yourself somewhere you didn’t want to be ● If you don’t study harder, you’ll end up at the bottom of the class. +
B1	stand out +	be noticeable ● That bright green dress will make you stand out at the party! Adjective endings -ic specific synthetic -ous ambitious religious suspicious -al original -ive aggressive attractive supportive -ing caring easy-going -ful thoughtful -y nasty skinny sporty trustworthy -ed ashamed associated based cold blooded delighted depressed varied -ble sociable stable visible Use your English page 13 +
B1	save time +	be quicker ● If we catch the train instead of the bus, it will be quicker and save time. +
B1	make a difference +	change sth for the better ● Losing weight has made a difference to Carol’s life and she now feels much happier. +
B1	keep in touch +	talk or write to sb ● William moved to Canada but he keeps in touch with his friends by email. +
B1	break the ice +	be the first to make people who have just met feel relaxed ❖ If you want to break the ice, ask him where he is from. +
B1	smash +	break into pieces ● When she dropped the vase, it smashed into tiny pieces. +
B1	save your strength +	not make yourself tired ● Don’t train any more today; you need to save your strength for the match tomorrow. +
B1	ahead of +	into the future ● She’s got a difficult week ahead of her. +
B1	make trouble for +	create problems ● My brother made trouble for me when he told Mum I had lost my mobile phone. +
B1	cheat +	trick sb or do sth that is not fair or honest ● You shouldn’t cheat in exams! +
B1	break a (bad) habit +	stop doing sth which is bad for you ● I want to stop biting my nails, but I can’t break this bad habit. +
B1	keep a promise +	do sth you said you would do ● Justin kept his promise and took his little sister to the cinema as he had said he would. +
B1	see red +	get angry ● Katy saw red and started shouting angrily that it wasn’t fair to make her stay in and study. +
B1	be green with envy +	feel jealous ● When George turned up with a new car, his friends were green with envy and wished they had one as well. +
B1	suspicious +	thinking that sb might be guilty of doing sth wrong ● I felt suspicious that Joe was lying about his age. ➣ suspect (v, n), suspicion (n) +
B1	tickled pink +	very pleased ● She was tickled pink when her parents got her a tablet for Christmas. +
B1	black sheep +	sb who is considered by their family to be an embarrassment ● Uncle Charles is the black sheep of the family because he left home when he was 16 and joined the circus. +
B1	be as good as gold +	behave very well ● The children were as good as gold at dinner time and ate their meal quietly. +
B1	nasty +	unkind ● It was nasty of you not to invite her to the party. ➣ nastiness (n) +
B1	get engaged +	promise to marry sb ● Fred got engaged to Lily last week and they will get married in the summer. +
B1	approve (of) +	think that sb or sth is good or right ● Dad doesn’t approve of my boyfriend and says he is too old for me. ➣ approval (n) ✎ Opp: disapprove (of) +
B1	share +	your part of sth ● My share of the bill for dinner came to 25 euros. +
B1	delighted +	very pleased or happy ● Tommy was delighted with his presents. ➣ delight (n), delightful (adj) +
B1	engineering +	planning and building things like roads, bridges or machines ● Janet is studying engineering at university. ➣ engineer (n) Dependent prepositions associate with focus on refer to approve of Writing: informal letter +
B1	get on (with) +	have a good relationship with sb ● He gets on well with his cousin and they often go out together. +
B1	loads +	a lot ● Don’t worry, we’ve got loads of time. +
B1	have sth in common +	have the same interests as sb; be like sb in a certain way ● Ewa has a lot in common with her sister. +
B1	get on sb’s nerves +	annoy sb ● Steve plays his guitar badly all the time and it really gets on my nerves. +
B1	be into sb/sth +	like sth ● I’m into clothes and I want to study fashion and design. +
B1	be dying to/for +	really want to do sth ● I’m dying to paint my room orange, but my mum won't let me. +
B1	be a natural (at) +	be good at sth without having to try hard ● He’s a natural at swimming and spends all his summer in the sea. +
B1	hang out +	spend a lot of time somewhere or with sb ● Ken hangs out with his friends at the mall every Saturday. +
B1	be sb’s number one +	be sb’s favourite thing or person ● Dad bought me an MP4 player, so he’s now my number one! +
B1	taste +	the kinds of things you like ● Her taste in music different from mine. ➣ tasteful (adj) +
B1	arrange +	organise ● We’ve arranged a get-together for tonight. ➣ arrangement (n) +
B1	district +	an area ● She lives in an expensive district in the north of the city. +
B1	championship +	competition to find the best player or team ● Did your team do well in the championship? +
B1	similarity +	If there is a similarity between things or people, they are almost the same. ● There’s such a similarity between these two people that they must be twins. ➣ similar (adj) +
B1	immediate family +	very close relatives ● My immediate family is small as I’m an only child. +
B1	mention +	speak or write about sb or sth without giving much information ● He mentioned you in his email. +
B1	be up to +	do sth that you should not be doing ● Harry called and asked what you have been up to, so I told him you were in Italy last week. +
B1	do (sth) for a living +	do as a job ● ‘What do you do for a living?’ ‘I’m a teacher.’ Video: Dreamtime Painters page 16 +
B1	outback +	countryside in Australia far from the sea ● The Australian outback is often very hot. +
B1	Aboriginal +	relating to the first people in Australia ● Carrie bought me an Aboriginal painting of a fish from Australia. ➣ Aborigine (n) +
B1	civilisation +	the way people live together in organised groups with laws, a government, etc. ● It’s an article about the importance of technology in modern civilisation. ➣ civilised (adj) +
B1	reptile +	a cold-blooded animal like a snake ● The scientist studies reptiles and is especially interested in lizards. +
B1	deterioration +	getting worse ● These cave paintings have suffered deterioration and are not as colourful as they used to be. ➣ deteriorate (v) +
B1	cold-blooded +	A cold-blooded animal such as a frog or crocodile has a body temperature that changes with the temperature of its environment. ● Snakes are cold-blooded animals so they lie in the sun to get warm. +
B1	lay an egg +	when an egg comes out of an animal ● The chickens on my grandpa’s farm lay eggs every day. +
B1	way of life +	lifestyle ● The way of life in cities these days is busy, noisy and exciting. +
B1	turtle +	an animal with a hard shell on its back that lives in the sea ● Do turtles eat fish? +
B1	coast +	the land next to or near the sea ● We walked along the coast. +
B1	particular +	A particular person or thing is the one you are talking about and not any other. ● Rufus only eats this particular type of cat food. ➣ particularly (adv) ✎ Syn: specific +
B1	relating to +	about or connected with ● ‘We will only answer questions relating to the accident,’ the detective said. +
B1	due to +	because of ● His depression is due to too much work and lack of sleep. +
B1	landscape +	the land around you ● A lot of the landscape in Australia is dry and treeless. +
B1	loss +	no longer having sth ● The loss of her dog made Rachel very sad. ➣ lose (v) +
B1	memory +	sth you remember ● I have lots of happy memories of my holiday in London. +
B1	original +	existing or happening first ● The original owners of our house were a couple who moved to Australia. ➣ originality (n) +
B1	record +	official information about people ● There are few written records of the history of this country. ➣ record (v) +
B1	varied +	including many different things or people ● You should eat a varied diet, not just one or two kinds of food. ➣ vary (v), variety (n) +
B1	naturalist +	sb who studies plants and animals ● I enjoy watching nature programmes on TV presented by naturalists like David Attenborough. ➣ nature (n), natural (adj) +
B1	agent +	sth that has an effect or causes a change ● Human activity is an important agent of climate change. +
B1	prevent +	stop from happening ● Many paintings are kept in dark rooms to prevent the colours from being destroyed. ➣ prevention (n), preventable (adj) Unit Opener page 17 +
B1	solitary +	spending a lot of time alone ● There was a solitary dog in the street looking for food. +
B1	tap +	a device for controlling the flow of water from a pipe into a bath, etc ● There’s no water coming out of the kitchen tap, so we must call a plumber. +
B1	suspend +	hang sth from sth else ● There is a swing in our garden which is suspended from a tree. +
B1	mid-air +	in the air or the sky, not on the ground ● Some birds catch insects in mid-air while they are flying. Reading page 18 +
B1	monolith +	a huge stone ● How did people move those monoliths on Easter Island? Word Focus +
B1	embrace +	cover ● That plant has embraced the abandoned house and completely covered it. ➣ embrace (n) +
B1	surround +	be all around sb or sth ● Tall trees surround the park and the playground. ➣ surroundings (pl n) +
B1	enclose +	surround on all sides ● The house was enclosed by a high wall. ➣ enclosure (n) +
B1	wipe out +	kill; destroy ● Many animals have been wiped out by hunters and no longer exist. +
B1	overpopulated +	with too many people ● London is becoming overpopulated: too many people want to live there. ➣ overpopulate (v) +
B1	available +	If sth is available, you can use, get or buy it. ● There were no rooms available at the hotel. ➣ availability (n) ✎ unavailable +
B1	epidemic +	If there is an epidemic of a particular disease somewhere, it spreads quickly to a very large number of people there. ● Last winter there was a flu epidemic and thousands of people became ill. +
B1	suffer (from) +	be badly affected by sth ● I’ve been suffering from a bad cold and I can’t stop sneezing. ➣ suffering (n) +
B1	disease +	an illness ● Many diseases of the past can now be cured. +
B1	drought +	a long time without enough rain ● A lot of plants and animals died in the drought. Reading pages 18-19 +
B1	alternative +	that you can do, use, etc instead of sth else ● We are looking for an alternative solution to the problem. ➣ alternative (n) +
B1	lack (of) +	not having any or enough of sth ● Lack of sleep can cause serious health problems. ➣ lack (v) +
B1	research +	try to discover facts about sth ● The university student is researching the plants of the rainforest and trying to learn more about them. ➣ research, researcher (n) +
B1	create +	make ● Who do you think created those crop circles in the fields? ➣ creation, creator (n), creative (adj) +
B1	lie +	be located in a particular place ● The small fishing village lies on the south coast of Santorini. +
B1	Native American +	the original people living in North America ● The Apaches are a Native American tribe who used to be famous as warriors. +
B1	approximately +	almost exactly ● The dinosaurs died out approximately 65 million years ago. ➣ approximate (adj) +
B1	settlement +	a place where people come to live and build their homes ● Archaeologists found signs of a settlement which is thousands of years old. ➣ settle (v), settler (n) +
B1	vine +	a climbing plant ● The vine had grown up a tall tree. +
B1	temple +	a building used for the worship of a god or gods ● One of the most famous ancient temples of Apollo is situated at Delphi. +
B1	in ruins +	destroyed or very damaged ● While on holiday in Athens, the tourists visited the Agora which today is in ruins. +
B1	abandon +	leave a place or thing permanently or for a long time ● The villagers abandoned their houses when the fire got dangerously near. +
B1	disaster +	a sudden event or accident which causes great damage or suffering ● Thousands of people died in the earthquake. It was a disaster. ➣ disastrous (adj) +
B1	decade +	ten years ● He lived there for a decade from 2000 to 2010. +
B1	range from ... to +	vary ● The marks for our history project ranged from 8 to 19. ➣ range (n) +
B1	invasion +	when the army of a country goes to another country in order to take control of it ● The book is about the French invasion of Russia in 1812. ➣ invade (v), invader (n) +
B1	forces +	a group of soldiers ● German forces attacked Poland in 1939, which started the Second World War. +
B1	migration +	movement to another place to find a better life ● The migration of people from villages to cities has led to cities becoming overpopulated. ➣ migrate (v), migrant (n) +
B1	collapse +	a sudden failure ● Disease and natural disasters caused the collapse of some civilisations. ➣ collapse (v) +
B1	evidence +	facts that show that sth is true ● There isn’t enough evidence that Atlantis ever existed. +
B1	come to light +	become known ● New findings about what happened to the Mayan civilisation have come to light. +
B1	investigation +	scientific examination of the facts of a problem or subject ● The investigation finally proved what had happened. ➣ investigate (v), investigator (n) +
B1	layer +	a level on top of another level ● If you study the layers of rock, you can learn a lot about the Earth's history. ➣ layer (v) +
B1	mud +	wet earth ● There was mud all over his shoes because he had been walking in the fields. ➣ muddy (adj) +
B1	region +	a place; an area of land ● What plants grow in this region? ➣ regional (adj) +
B1	long-lasting +	continuing for a long time ● They had a longlasting friendship. +
B1	factor +	sth that affects sth else ● One factor in the collapse of the Minoan civilisation is thought to have been a tsunami. +
B1	riverbank +	the ground on the side of a river ● The fisherman found a place on the riverbank where he caught a lot of fish. +
B1	ruins +	parts of damaged buildings, often very old ● Many tourists visit Greece to see the famous ruins of its ancient civilisation. ➣ ruin (v) +
B1	invader +	a person who enters a country by force with an army ● The local people fought to protect their homes against the foreign invaders. ➣ invade (v), invasion (n) +
B1	battle +	fight ● After they had battled against the enemy for days, many soldiers lay dead in the mud. ➣ battle (n) +
B1	head +	go towards ● We left the city and headed for the countryside to see the archaeological site. +
B1	come across +	find by chance ● The archaeologist was very surprised when she came across a gold necklace. +
B1	tomb +	a large grave ● When the rich man died, he was buried in the family tomb. +
B1	body +	a dead person's body ● I wish I hadn’t watched the documentary because they showed pictures of dead bodies. +
B1	roughly +	approximately ● There are roughly 10,000 objects in the museum. ➣ rough (adj) +
B1	lively +	full of life ● The ancient Agora must have been a lively place with lots of people meeting and talking. ➣ liveliness (n) +
B1	squash +	a type of vegetable with solid yellow flesh and a hard skin ● Fried squash is a delicious dish. +
B1	warfare +	the activity of fighting in a war ● Modern warfare can result in millions of deaths. +
B1	weaken +	make less strong ● War and natural disasters weaken a civilisation and can lead to its collapse. ➣ weakness (n), weak (adj) ✎ Opp: strengthen +
B1	victory +	winning; success in a war ● In 1945, the Allies celebrated their victory over Germany. ➣ victor (n), victorious (adj) ✎ Opp: defeat +
B1	community +	all the people who live in a place ● The local community was shocked by his death. +
B1	fall apart +	If an organisation falls apart, it becomes disorganised and inefficient. ● The company fell apart after the manager retired. +
B1	downfall +	the sudden failure of an organisation ● What caused the downfall of the Roman Empire? +
B1	capture sb’s imagination +	make sb interested in sth ● Films about ancient times really capture my imagination and I want to learn more about them. +
B1	picture +	imagine ● Our history teacher tells us to try to picture what life was like in the past. ➣ picture (n) Death and destruction body cemetery collapse disaster disease downfall epidemic fall apart grave ruins suffer from tomb volcanic eruption wipe out +
B1	resident +	a person who lives in a particular place ● The residents of cities are often too busy to be friendly. ➣ reside (v), residential (adj) +
B1	tile +	a flat piece of baked clay that is used to cover a wall, floor or roof ● There was a storm last night and many tiles were blown off the roof. +
B1	volcanic eruption +	when a volcano throws out a lot of hot ash, lava and steam ● The volcanic eruption of Vesuvius in 79AD completely destroyed the city of Pompeii. +
B1	occur +	happen ● Disasters occur all the time and we hear about them on the news. ➣ occurrence (n) +
B1	shake sb’s faith +	make sb doubt what they believe ● Warfare has shaken her faith in the goodness of humans. War battle forces invader victory warfare weaken Vocabulary page 20 +
B1	incident +	sth that happens ● I told him about the incident and he said I should apologise. +
B1	phenomenon +	a fact or event in nature or society, usually one not fully understood ● A strange phenomenon occurs in Kefalonia, where snakes appear at the church of the Virgin Mary on August 15th. ➣ phenomenal (adj) ✎ Plural: phenomena +
B1	hoax +	a trick sb uses to fool others ● He showed them a photo of a ghost but it was just a hoax. +
B1	clue +	sth that helps you to solve a mystery ● The detective who was investigating the disappearance of the old lady found a clue in her diary. +
B1	illusion +	sth we see that seems to be real but actually isn’t ● When it is very hot , the road in the distance looks wet, but that is just an illusion. +
B1	fully +	completely ● I fully understand the problem. +
B1	fool +	make sb believe sth that is not true ● You can’t fool me! You’re lying! ➣ fool (n), foolish (adj) ✎ Syn: trick +
B1	cemetery +	a place where dead people are buried ● Every year we go to the cemetery and put flowers on Grandma’s grave. +
B1	confused +	not able to think clearly or understand sth ● I’m confused. What do you mean? ➣ confuse (v), confusion (n) +
B1	grave +	a place where a dead person is buried ● The grave was covered with soil and there were flowers on top of it. +
B1	odd +	strange ● There’s an odd sound coming from the old castle! Do you think it’s haunted? +
B1	cave +	a hole in side of cliff or under the ground ● We went into the cave and switched on a torch to see the stalagmites. +
B1	legend +	an old, well-known story ● I love reading the old legends about King Arthur and his knights. ➣ legendary (adj) +
B1	haunted +	If a place is haunted, people think there are ghosts there. ● Go in? No way! That house is haunted! ➣ haunt (v) +
B1	spirit +	a ghost-like being ● Some people go to mediums and try to contact the spirits of dead relatives. ➣ spiritual (adj) +
B1	creature +	an animal; a living thing ● There are lots of strange creatures that live in the ocean. ➣ create (v), creator (n) +
B1	outer space +	the space beyond the Earth’s atmosphere ● We watched a science fiction film about invaders from outer space. +
B1	investigate +	try to find out the truth about sth like a crime or scientific problem ● The police are investigating the theft of the painting from the museum. ➣ investigation, investigator (n) +
B1	practical joke +	a trick that is intended to give sb a surprise or to make them look silly ● I heard a noise downstairs and thought it was a ghost, but it was my brother playing a practical joke on me. +
B1	witness +	sb who sees a crime or event ● The witness said the criminals were wearing masks. ➣ witness (v) +
B1	crop circle +	a pattern that appeared in British farm fields and that some people believe were made by aliens ● The farmer was shocked to find a large crop circle in his field. +
B1	earthy +	looking like earth or soil; bold and direct ● The room was decorated in earthy shades of brown and yellow. +
B1	pattern +	lines, shapes, colours, etc on sth ● Her T-shirt had a pattern of small red flowers. +
B1	field +	an area of land that is part of a farm ● The farmer was working in the field. +
B1	deny +	say sth isn’t true ● Jack denied that he had made the crop circles, but the police didn't believe him. ➣ denial (n) +
B1	be involved +	take part in sth ● The police interviewed the people who were involved in the accident. +
B1	several +	● I’ve seen this film several times. +
B1	come forward +	offer help or information ● Nobody came forward with any information about the accident. Strange but true? bizarre clue crop circle illusion legend phenomenon spirit Grammar page 21 +
B1	sculpture +	an object made out of stone, wood, metal etc by an artist ● In the Louvre museum, you can see the sculpture of the Aphrodite of Milos +
B1	crime scene +	the place where a crime was committed ● The bank is closed as it is a crime scene after a robbery this morning. +
B1	immigrate +	come into a country because you want to live there ● They immigrated to Australia in 2012. ➣ immigrant, immigration (n) +
B1	spectacular +	very impressive ● The large paintings by El Greco are spectacular creations. ➣ spectacle (n) +
B1	revolving door +	a door that turns around as you go through it in the entrance of a building ● Banks and hotels have revolving doors and you have to be careful when entering as the door may hit you as it goes around. +
B1	bearing +	a part of a machine that turns on another part ● The wheels on a skateboard have two bearings so that they can move. +
B1	originally +	before other things happened; before things changed ● Pedro is originally from Argentina, but now he lives in the USA. ➣ origin (n), original (adj) +
B1	excavate +	If an archaeologist excavates an area, they dig carefully to find ancient objects, etc. ● Wherever archaeologists excavate in Athens, they find ruins of the ancient city. ➣ excavation (n) +
B1	bizarre +	strange; weird ● I heard a bizarre story about a man who was taken to a spaceship by aliens. Listening page 22 +
B1	take into account +	consider particular facts when making a decision or coming to a conclusion ● You must take the age of the temple into account before you reach a conclusion. +
B1	summit +	the top of a mountain ● We started climbing the mountain early and reached the summit four hours later. +
B1	goggles +	special glasses which protect your eyes ● You should wear goggles when you ski to protect your eyes from the sun. +
B1	definitely +	without a doubt ● It was a great museum and I think everyone definitely found it interesting. ➣ definite (adj) +
B1	rope +	very thick strong string ● He tied the dog to a tree with a rope. +
B1	attach +	join or fix one thing to another ● There was a small card attached to the box. ➣ attachment (n) +
B1	avalanche +	lots of snow which falls down the side of a mountain ● The village was destroyed by an avalanche which came down from the mountain. Nature avalanche cave drought mud rainforest riverbank vine volcanic eruption Speaking page 23 +
B1	come to mind +	If sth comes to mind, you suddenly remember or think of it. ● What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the colour blue? +
B1	spray +	force a liquid out of a container so that it comes out in a stream ● Larry sprayed a blue line along the side of his car. ➣ spray (n) +
B1	quality +	sth that people have as part of their character or personality ● Patience and understanding are qualities a teacher needs. Grammar page 24 +
B1	look into +	study or try to find out sth ● Don’t worry, I’ll look into the problem. +
B1	occurrence +	sth that happens ● Natural disasters are a regular occurrence on our planet. ➣ occur (v) +
B1	pay attention +	listen, look at or think about sb or sth carefully ● ‘Stop talking and pay attention to what I’m saying,’ said the teacher. +
B1	go on and on about sth +	talk about sth for a very long time ● He went on and on about his trip to Jamaica. +
B1	exhibit +	an object of interest in a museum ● The best exhibit in this museum is the dinosaur skeleton. ➣ exhibit (v), exhibition (n) +
B1	adjust (to) +	get used to sth by changing the way you think or behave ● If you make some friends, you will soon adjust to living in a new town. ➣ adjustment (n) ✎ Syn: adapt (to) +
B1	adapt (to) +	change your behaviour in order to be successful in a new situation ● Tracy moved to Italy last year and it took her a few months to adapt to life in that country. ✎ Syn: adjust (to) Use your English page 25 +
B1	make out +	manage to see sth ● There is an odd object in this photo but I can’t make out what it is. +
B1	look into +	examine facts and information; investigate ● The police are looking into the disappearance of the rich woman. +
B1	stick to +	keep doing one particular thing and not change to anything else ● ‘You should stick to one idea in each paragraph,’ said our English teacher. +
B1	take in +	trick ● We were taken in by the hoax and were really terrified! +
B1	let out +	suddenly make a loud sound such as a shout ● She thought she saw a ghost and let out a scream of terror. +
B1	believe (in) +	be sure that sth exists ● Do you believe in aliens? +
B1	deceive +	make sb believe sth that is not true ● You can’t deceive me, I know that isn’t a ghost! ➣ deception (n) +
B1	exist +	be real ● Does life exist on Mars? ➣ existence (n) +
B1	case +	a crime which is being investigated ● The detective couldn’t solve the case. +
B1	ridicule +	make fun of ● He was ridiculed because he believed in ghosts. ➣ ridicule (n), ridiculous (adj) +
B1	pour with rain +	rain very hard ● It poured with rain all day, so we stayed at home. +
B1	it’s raining cats and dogs +	it is raining heavily ● Take an umbrella with you. It's raining cats and dogs out there. +
B1	globe +	the world ● There are legends from countries all around the globe. ➣ global (adj) +
B1	come up with +	think of ● Have you come up with an idea for your ghost story yet? +
B1	prove +	show that sth is true ● The police couldn’t prove he had stolen the money. ➣ proof (n) +
B1	citizen +	sb who lives in a particular country, city, etc ● The citizens asked the mayor to look into the problem. +
B1	native (to) +	If an animal or plant is native to a place, it grows or lives there. ● The panda is native to China. +
B1	thunderstorm +	a storm with thunder, lightning and heavy rain ● The thunderstorm scared the children, who ran into their parents’ room. +
B1	substance +	a type of solid, liquid or gas ● They cover the wood with a special substance to protect it from the sun. +
B1	jellyfish +	a sea creature with a body like jelly and long thin parts (tentacles) which can sting ● In some areas in Australia, you cannot swim because there are dangerous jellyfish in the sea. +
B1	remark +	say sth about sth you have just noticed ● ‘What an unusual story!’ remarked Wayne. ➣ remark (n), remarkable (adj) +
B1	stick +	join or become joined to sth, usually with a special substance ● Use the glue to stick the broken pieces together. ➣ sticky (adj) +
B1	conclude +	decide that sth is true after considering all the information ● After reading the police report, he concluded that the crop circle had been made by some local people. ➣ conclusion (n), conclusive (adj) Phrasal verbs believe in let out look into make out stick to take in wipe out Writing: a story (1) pages 26-27 +
B1	thrilling +	very exciting and enjoyable ● The most thrilling moment of my life was when I bought my first car. ➣ thrill (v, n), thrilled (adj) +
B1	thrilled +	delighted ● Little Bobby was thrilled to get a toy spaceship for his birthday. ➣ thrill (v, n), thrilling (adj) +
B1	wrap +	put sth such as paper around sth ● Wrap the glasses in paper and put them in the box. ✎ Opp: unwrap +
B1	silk +	a type of soft thin cloth that an insect makes ● She was wearing a silk shirt. +
B1	ribbon +	a long narrow piece of material used to tie things or for decoration ● The doll had a red ribbon in its hair. +
B1	embarrassing +	making you feel shy or ashamed ● These photos of us dressed as aliens are embarrassing! ➣ embarrass (v), embarrassment (n), embarrassed (adj) +
B1	leak (sth) to +	give secret information to the public through the media ● The secret meeting between a politician and a criminal was leaked to a newspaper. +
B1	the press +	newspapers ● She read about the strange phenomenon in the press, so she thinks it must be true. +
B1	weird +	strange ● The atmosphere in the old castle is weird, and I'm scared. +
B1	extraordinary +	very unusual ● We had an extraordinary experience last night when we saw three strange lights in the sky. +
B1	dark room +	a room where you develop photos ● You don’t need a dark room to print your photos if you have a digital camera. +
B1	stare (at) +	look at sb or sth for a long time ● She stared at George as if she’d seen a ghost. +
B1	astonishment +	great surprise ● You can imagine our astonishment when Mum said she had won +
B1	tremble +	shake ● We were trembling with fear inside the dark old house. +
B1	stammer +	speak with many pauses and repeated sounds because you have a speech problem or because you are nervous ● ‘I’m s-s-s-sorry,’ he stammered. ➣ stammer (n) +
B1	suspense +	the feeling of worry or excitement that you have when you are waiting for sth to happen ● Come on, don’t keep us in suspense! What happened? +
B1	out of the ordinary +	strange or unusual ● Did you see anything out of the ordinary? +
B1	chilled +	very frightened ● He was chilled when he suddenly saw a shadow on the wall. ➣ chill (v, n), chilling (adj) +
B1	curious +	strange or unusual ● It was curious that he hadn’t called his wife. +
B1	eerie +	scary and strange ● The empty house had an eerie atmosphere and I was scared. ➣ eeriness (n), eerily (adv) +
B1	disbelief +	lack of belief ● I thought Gerry was dead, so when he arrived at my house I looked at him in disbelief. ➣ disbelieve (v) +
B1	inexplicable +	too strange to be explained ● His behaviour was inexplicable. I don't know why he did that. +
B1	optical illusion +	sth that tricks your eyes and makes you think you can see sth which isn’t there ● The circles in this drawing appear to move, but that's just an optical illusion. +
B1	out of this world +	unbelievably good, beautiful, etc ● ‘Independence Day’ is a film about alien invaders and it’s out of this world! I love it! Video: Marfa Lights page 28 +
B1	affectionate +	showing that you love sb and care about them ● She's an affectionate child and loves everyone. ➣ affection (n) +
B1	nickname +	a name that is given to sb, but that is not their real name ● Mark’s nickname is Spike because he has spiky hair. +
B1	Abominable Snowman +	a mythical huge ape-like creature that some people believe lives in the Himalayas ● The Yeti is also called the Abominable Snowman. +
B1	depend (on) +	be affected by ● Whether they really saw aliens that night depends on who you ask. +
B1	vanish +	disappear ● I thought I saw a ghost but then whatever it was vanished and there was nothing there anymore. +
B1	by mistake +	accidentally ● She dropped the old vase by mistake, but the archaeologist was still furious. +
B1	by chance +	without being planned ● I came across this amazing old book by chance in my grandpa’s attic. +
B1	off +	away from a place ● They saw strange lights off in the distance. +
B1	in the distance +	not near ● Is that a ship in the distance? It’s too far away to make out. +
B1	be located +	If sth is located in a place, it is there. ● The office is located in the city centre. ✎ Syn: be situated +
B1	be situated +	If sth is situated in a place, it is there. ● The hotel is situated near the beach. ✎ Syn: be located +
B1	head off +	leave to go to another place ● We’re heading off. Bye! +
B1	proof +	information, facts, etc that show sth is true ● There is no proof that he stole the money. ➣ prove (v) +
B1	ranch +	a very large farm where people keep horses, cows or sheep ● They had horses on their ranch in Texas. +
B1	response +	an answer ● We asked the farmer who had made the crop circles and his response was that he had no idea. ➣ respond (v) +
B1	remote +	far from inhabited places like towns ● Harry lives in a remote area and the nearest house is two miles away. +
B1	apparently +	used to say that you have heard that sth is true although you are not sure about it ● Apparently, the scientist has proof that aliens exist. ➣ apparent (adj) +
B1	doubtful +	not certain ● It is doubtful if anyone is still alive after the building collapsed but rescue teams are still searching. ➣ doubt (v, n) Unit Opener page 31 +
B1	fit as a fiddle +	very fit and healthy ● Grandma walks five miles every day so she’s as fit as a fiddle. Reading pages 32-33 +
B1	longevity +	long life ● People from Crete are well-known for their longevity and many live to be over 100. +
B1	religion +	a belief in a god or gods ● Christianity is the biggest religion in Europe. ➣ religious (adj) +
B1	gene +	a part of a cell in your body that you get from your parents and controls what you look like ● Your eye colour is controlled by genes. ➣ genetic (adj) Word Focus page 32 +
B1	trait +	a quality, good or bad, in sb’s character ● A sense of humour is a family trait. +
B1	consumption +	eating or drinking sth ● The consumption of food on the Metro is not allowed. ➣ consume (v), consumer (n) +
B1	life expectancy +	the length of time that a person is likely to live ● In the West, women have a longer life expectancy than men. +
B1	dementia +	a serious illness of the mind, especially in old people ● Grandma has got dementia and she often forgets who we are. +
B1	fast +	a period of time when no food, or only certain food, is eaten ● The fast before Easter lasts for forty days and people don’t eat meat. ➣ fast (v) Reading pages 32-33 +
B1	contribute (to) +	be one of the causes of an event or situation ● Eating well and exercising contribute to a long life. ➣ contribution (n) +
B1	(the) norm +	the usual way sth happens ● Eating potatoes almost every day is the norm in parts of Britain. ➣ normal (adj) +
B1	Sardinian +	sb from Sardinia ● My friend Lela is a Sardinian and she loves the island she comes from. ➣ Sardinia (n) +
B1	rate +	how often sth happens or how many people sth happens to ● The rate of people living beyond 80 has increased over the last fifty years. +
B1	average +	a number or amount calculated by adding several amounts together and then dividing the total by the number of amounts ● Most people live to about 80 years old, but the average in this remote village is 95. ➣ average (adj) +
B1	milk +	get milk from a cow, goat or sheep using your hands or a machine ● Every morning the farmer milks the cows. ➣ milk (n) +
B1	chop +	cut with an axe ● We will need to chop a lot of wood because it’s going to be a cold winter. +
B1	nutrition +	the food that you eat and the way it affects your health ● Good nutrition is important if you want to be healthy. ➣ nutritious (adj) +
B1	dairy product +	food made from milk, such as cheese and yoghurt ● My sister is allergic to dairy products, so she never drinks milk. +
B1	genetic +	having to do with genes ● The colour of your eyes is a genetic trait. ➣ gene (n), genetically (adv) +
B1	favour +	support ● Exercising is one thing that favours a long life. ➣ favour (n) +
B1	motorway +	a long wide road used by traffic travelling fast ● We drove on the motorway to Thessaloniki and got there quickly. +
B1	commitment +	a promise or decision to do sth ● I can’t visit you on Tuesday because I have a previous commitment; I'm taking Mrs Jones to the doctor. ➣ commit (v) +
B1	weight +	sth that is heavy ● Andy lifts weights twice a week at the gym and he has become very strong. +
B1	forbid +	tell sb that they are not allowed to do sth, or that sth is not allowed ● The doctor has forbidden him to eat junk food. +
B1	discourage +	make sb not want to do sth ● Her friend discouraged her from leaving her job. ➣ discouraging (adj) ✎ Opp: encourage +
B1	caffeinated +	with caffeine (a substance that makes you feel more active) ● I can’t drink caffeinated drinks like coffee because they make my hands shake. ➣ caffeine (n) ✎ Opp: decaffeinated +
B1	spice +	a powder from a plant that you put in food to make it taste better ● My mum uses a lot of spices in her cooking. ➣ spicy (adj) +
B1	nut +	a dry brown fruit in a hard shell that grows on a tree ● Cashews and almonds are her favourite nuts. +
B1	whole wheat +	Whole wheat flour is made from all of the wheat grain, including the outer layer. ● I think whole wheat bread is nicer than white bread. +
B1	soy +	a kind of bean ● Dina doesn’t eat any animal products, so she drinks soy milk instead of cow’s milk. ✎ soy = American English; soya = British English +
B1	lower +	make sth less or smaller ● Exercise can help lower your blood pressure. ➣ low (adj) ✎ Opp: raise +
B1	get together +	meet ● Our whole family often gets together at the weekend to have lunch. ➣ get-together (n) +
B1	socialise +	spend time enjoying yourself with other people ● George usually socialises with his friends at the local café. ➣ sociable, social (adj) +
B1	relieve +	reduce sb's pain or unpleasant feeling ● I went for a run before the exam to relieve my stress. ➣ relief (n) +
B1	reveal +	make known sth that was secret or unknown ● The scientist revealed the results of his experiments to the public. ➣ revelation (n) +
B1	predictable +	happening or behaving as expected ● She is so predictable! She always phones me on Saturday morning. ➣ predict (v), prediction (n) ✎ Opp: unpredictable +
B1	in moderation +	If you do sth in moderation, you do not do it too much. ● Drinking coffee in moderation won’t do you any harm. +
B1	network +	a group of people who know each other and socialise ● Kelly has a large network of friends on Facebook. +
B1	(be) worth +	be enjoyable or useful to have ● Life is worth living when you are healthy and happy. +
B1	nod +	move your head up and down as a way of saying ‘yes’ or ‘hello’ ● When I asked her if she was happy, she nodded. +
B1	party +	go to parties ● Fred parties hard every Saturday and then sleeps most of Sunday. +
B1	afflict +	affect badly ● Grandma is afflicted by arthritis so she finds it hard to walk. ➣ affliction (n) +
B1	observe +	do things and obey laws that are part of a religion or custom ● Harry had to observe a strict diet for six months in order to lose weight. +
B1	nap +	sleep for a short time during the day ● My dad always naps after lunch. ➣ nap (n) +
B1	ingredient +	a quality you need to achieve sth ● The main ingredient of a good relationship is trust. +
B1	herb +	a plant used in cooking to add flavour ● The chef’s favourite herb is oregano and he uses it in many dishes. ➣ herbal (adj) +
B1	blood pressure +	force with which blood flows around your body ● High blood pressure is dangerous but a healthy diet and exercise can reduce it. +
B1	affect +	make sth change in a particular way ● The decisions you make now will affect your future. Vocabulary page 34 +
B1	ward +	a room in a hospital for patients ● Larry is in Ward 3, which is on the third floor of the hospital. +
B1	surgeon +	a doctor who performs operations ● The surgeon who replaced Grandma’s hip did an excellent job. ➣ surgery (n) +
B1	meditation +	emptying your mind of thoughts and feelings in order to relax completely ● Doug does some meditation every night before he goes to sleep. ➣ meditate (v) +
B1	additive +	a chemical added to food to make it taste better or keep it fresh ● Many food additives are bad for your health. ➣ add (v) +
B1	mineral +	a natural substance found in food which your body needs to stay healthy ● I drink bottled water because it has minerals in it which are good for you. +
B1	optician +	sb who tests your eyesight ● He had an eye test at the optician's yesterday and was told he needs reading glasses. +
B1	dietician +	sb who gives you advice about what to eat ● Janet cannot lose weight, so she has decided to see a dietician for advice. ➣ diet (v, n) +
B1	vaccination +	sth given to you to prevent you from getting a disease ● You will need some vaccinations before you go to Africa so that you don’t get ill. ➣ vaccinate (v) +
B1	operation +	the process of cutting into sb's body to repair it or remove a part that is damaged ● Steve had a heart operation and he stayed in hospital for two weeks. ➣ operate (v) +
B1	injection +	putting a drug into sb's body using a needle ● When Harry was bitten by a dog he had to have a tetanus injection. ➣ inject (v) +
B1	prescription +	a piece of paper which a doctor writes saying what medicine sb needs so that they can get it from a pharmacist ● Sally has pneumonia so the doctor gave her a prescription for some antibiotics. ➣ prescribe (v) +
B1	treadmill +	an exercise machine you walk or run on ● How many kilometres did you do on the treadmill at the gym today? +
B1	bandage +	a long piece of cloth that you tie around a a part of the body that has been injured ● He cut his knee so he tied a bandage round it to stop the bleeding. ➣ bandage (v) +
B1	tablet +	a pill ● If you have a headache, take two of these tablets and it will go away. +
B1	crutch +	a stick you put under your arm to help you walk when you have hurt your leg ● Sam has got a broken leg and he can only walk on crutches. +
B1	diagnose +	identify what is wrong with sb’s health ● She went to the doctor, who diagnosed that she had pneumonia. ➣ diagnosis (n) +
B1	organic food +	food grown without the use of chemicals ● Organic food is good for you because it doesn't have dangerous chemicals in it. +
B1	twist +	turn a part of your body suddenly and injure it ● I fell and twisted my ankle. +
B1	wound +	an injury made by a knife or bullet ● The soldier was shot and his wound is very serious. ➣ wound (v), wounded (adj) +
B1	infected +	If a part of your body or a wound is infected, it has bacteria in it that prevent it from healing. ● This cut on my hand must be infected. ➣ infect (v), infection (n) +
B1	X-ray +	a photograph of part of sb's body taken using X-rays to see if anything is wrong ● She had an X-ray to see if her arm was broken. +
B1	preservative +	a chemical which stops food going bad ● You can keep fish in salt for a long time because it is a natural preservative. ➣ preserve (v), preservation (n) +
B1	plaster +	a hard cover around an arm or leg to keep a broken bone in place while it mends ● Anna has her arm in plaster because it’s broken in two places. +
B1	heal +	If a wound or a broken bone heals, the flesh, skin or bone grows back together and becomes healthy again. ● That cut has healed so well that you can’t see where it was. +
B1	recover +	get better from an illness ● Grandpa has recovered from his bad cold and now he feels as fit as a fiddle. ➣ recovery (n) +
B1	saying +	a sentence that many people use, which expresses sth a lot of people believe is true ● ‘Money makes the world go round’ is an old saying. +
B1	reject +	refuse to accept or agree with sth ● I told the teacher I had been too ill to do my homework, but he rejected what I said as a lie. ➣ rejection (n) +
B1	old wives’ tale +	a belief based on old ideas that are now considered to be untrue ● Have you heard the old wives’ tale that it's bad luck to open an umbrella indoors? +
B1	indeed +	really; truly ● Jeremy Smart is indeed a good surgeon who cares about his patients. +
B1	wisdom +	good sense and judgment ● Grandma’s words of wisdom are to drink chamomile tea for a stomach ache, and it really works. ➣ wise (adj) +
B1	in (good) shape +	fit and healthy ● John has been in good shape ever since he took up swimming. +
B1	figure +	body shape ● Nancy has a nice figure because she works out at the gym three times a week. +
B1	physically +	to do with the body ● If you take up a sport, you will feel better physically. ➣ physical (adj) +
B1	starve +	make sb suffer or die because they do not have enough food to eat ● He starved the poor dog to death. ➣ starvation (n) +
B1	fever +	when your body is too hot because you are ill ● She had a high fever and had to stay in bed. +
B1	limit +	to stop sb from doing what they want ● He limited himself to two small meals a day while he was on a diet. ➣ limit (n) +
B1	well-balanced +	A well-balanced diet has all the different kinds of food you need to be healthy. ● She has a wellbalanced diet with plenty of fish, chicken, fruit and vegetables. +
B1	nourishing +	providing good nutrition ● This nourishing meal will give me a lot of energy. ➣ nourish (v) +
B1	prescribe +	When a doctor prescribes medicine, they say that you must take it. ● The doctor prescribed some medicine for her stomach problem. ➣ prescription (n) +
B1	treat +	try to make a sick person better by using medicine, hospital care, etc ● Don’t worry. The doctor will treat that burn. ➣ treatment (n) +
B1	remedy +	a medicine to cure an illness or pain ● Hot tea with lemon and honey is my mum’s remedy for a cold. +
B1	medication +	medicine ● He takes medication prescribed by the doctor for his heart problems. ➣ medicate (v) +
B1	runny nose +	A runny nose has liquid coming out of it because you have a cold. ● I think I’ve got a cold. I’ve got a runny nose. +
B1	sniffles +	a mild cold that makes you sniff because you have a runny nose ● Every winter I get the sniffles. ι +
B1	sore throat +	when the area at the back of your mouth and inside your neck hurts ● A spoonful of honey might help your sore throat go away. +
B1	tender +	painful ● I cut my finger and now it’s so tender that I can’t touch it. +
B1	flu +	an illness that makes you feel tired and weak, makes you cough and gives you a sore throat ● If you've got the flu, you should stay in bed. ✎ NB: flu is the abbreviated form of influenza +
B1	infection +	a disease in a part of your body caused by bacteria ● Lyn has an ear infection ➣ infect (v), infected (adj) +
B1	herbal tea +	tea made of herbs like chamomile ● Would you like a cup of herbal tea before you go to bed? People who can help dietician optician surgeon Grammar page 35 +
B1	fitness +	the condition of being strong and healthy ● People can achieve fitness if they exercise and eat the right food. ➣ fit (adj) +
B1	remedy +	sth that makes you better when you are in pain or sick ● Chamomile tea is a good remedy for a sore tummy. +
B1	sneeze +	If you sneeze, air suddenly comes from your nose, making a noise, when you have a cold, for example. ● Every spring she sneezes because she is allergic to flowers. ➣ sneeze (n) +
B1	treatment +	medical attention given to sb who is ill ● The treatment for pneumonia is antibiotics. ➣ treat (v) Listening page 36 +
B1	at least +	not less than a particular number or amount ● You might have to wait at least an hour for the doctor to see you. +
B1	partly +	not completely ● Both drivers were partly to blame for the accident. ➣ part (n) +
B1	be to blame +	be responsible for something bad that happens ● They’re trying to find out who was to blame for the mistake. +
B1	sense +	feel and understand sth ● If you sense you’re going to get sick, then you should rest. ➣ sense (n) +
B1	tend (to) +	often do a particular thing ● Grandpa tends to sleep more in the middle of the day as he grows older. ➣ tendency (n) +
B1	sleep patterns +	how often, how long, etc you normally sleep ● Your sleep patterns affect your health. +
B1	carry out +	do or complete sth ● Research is being carried out into sleep patterns. Speaking page 37 +
B1	stressed +	so worried or tired that you cannot relax ● Most students get stressed before exams. ➣ stress (v, n) +
B1	deal with +	take action to achieve or solve sth ● Exercising or doing a sport might help you deal with stress. +
B1	get rid of +	do sth so that you no longer have sth unpleasant that you do not want ● He can't get rid of his headache even though he took some aspirin. Grammar page 38 +
B1	recreation +	an activity that you do for pleasure ● He plays football for recreation. ➣ recreational (adj) +
B1	encouraging +	giving sb help or hope so that they do sth ● She’s getting better – that’s very encouraging. ➣ encourage (v), encouragement (n), encouraging (adj) ✎ Opp: discouraging +
B1	dizzy +	feeling that you can't stand steadily, for example because you are ill ● He felt dizzy after he hit his head so he went to the hospital. ➣ dizziness (n) +
B1	memorable +	which can be remembered easily; unforgettable ● My first day at work was a memorable experience and I will never forget it. ➣ memory (n) +
B1	harm +	hurt; damage ● Eating too much food will harm you and make you put on weight. ➣ harm (n), harmful (adj) +
B1	dental +	to do with teeth ● She has dental problems because smoking has damaged her teeth. +
B1	calorie +	a unit for measuring the amount of energy we get from food ● An apple has fewer calories than a bar of chocolate. +
B1	cereal bar +	a snack made of nuts, fruits and grains ● Her favourite cereal bar has lots of nuts and berries. Use your English page 39 +
B1	cholesterol +	a substance in your blood ● Too much cholesterol is bad for you and can cause a heart attack. +
B1	get into shape +	keep fit ● He jogs every day because he wants to lose weight and get into shape. +
B1	vaccinate +	protect sb from a disease by giving them a substance that contains a weak form of the bacteria or virus that causes the disease ● Have you had your baby vaccinated yet? ➣ vaccination (n) +
B1	as fresh as a daisy +	lively and energetic ● After ten hours' sleep she woke up feeling as fresh as a daisy. +
B1	under the weather +	ill; not feeling very well ● Ever since he caught a cold, he’s been feeling under the weather. +
B1	do (me) the world of good +	make me feel very well ● That holiday has done me the world of good and I’m ready to go back to work. +
B1	spa +	a place where people go to relax or improve their health ● You’ll feel better after a day at the spa. +
B1	recharge (my) batteries +	get your energy back ● I'm tired. I’ll take a break to recharge my batteries. +
B1	pick sb’s brains +	ask sb who knows a lot about a subject for information ● I have to write an essay about Ancient Greek philosophers. Can I pick your brains? +
B1	vegetarian +	for people who do not eat meat or fish ● Have you been to that new vegetarian restaurant? ➣ vegetarian (n) +
B1	unwell +	ill; not well ● He was feeling unwell, so he stayed in bed. +
B1	regain +	get back ● Have you regained your health after the flu you had last month? Writing: an article (1) pages 40-41 What doctors offer bandage crutch injection medication operation plaster prescription remedy tablet treatment vaccination X-ray Things you consume nut whole wheat soy herb protein additive mineral organic food preservative herbal tea cereal bar +
B1	light-hearted +	not too serious ● She wrote a light-hearted email to her friend with all her good news. +
B1	critical +	saying sth is wrong ● Our teacher was critical of our homework and said we should have tried harder. ➣ criticise (v), criticism (n) +
B1	addicted (to) +	not able to stop eating or drinking sth or taking a drug ● Betty is addicted to sugar and can't stop eating sweets. +
B1	announcement +	an important statement that is made to give people information about sth ● We arrived at the airport in time to hear the announcement that our flight was cancelled. ➣ announce (v), announcer (n) +
B1	common sense +	the ability to behave sensibly ● It’s common sense to stay at home if you have a bad cold. +
B1	the common cold +	a cold that is not very bad and which many people get ● Most people suffer from the common cold at least once a year. +
B1	come down with +	get ill ● I can’t go out with you. I’ve come down with a cold again. +
B1	handy +	useful ● It's handy to keep a torch near your bed. +
B1	head start +	an advantage ● Dina’s got a head start on this diet as she began a week before us. Children who eat a healthy diet have a head start in life. +
B1	recovery +	getting better after an illness or injury ● His recovery from the flu took two weeks but he’s better at last. ➣ recover (v) +
B1	resistance +	a person's natural ability to stop getting ill ● People who eat badly have less resistance to disease and get ill more easily. ➣ resist (v) +
B1	fight off +	prevent sth from happening ● Since I started exercising I’ve been able to fight off illness much better. +
B1	last, but not least +	used to emphasise that the last person or thing in a list is still important ● A healthy diet, exercise and a good home are important to a child. And last, but not least, there's love. +
B1	ensure +	make sure sth is done or happens ● Ensure that you follow a healthy lifestyle so that you live a long life. +
B1	hygienic +	very clean so that bacteria can’t spread ● You should keep food in hygienic conditions. ➣ hygiene (n) +
B1	surface +	the top or outside part of sth ● You must wash kitchen surfaces well before you prepare food on them. +
B1	germ +	an organism that causes disease ● Wash your hands before you eat so there aren’t any germs on them. +
B1	handle +	the part of a door, window, etc that you use to open or close it ● I can’t open the door – the handle is broken. +
B1	button +	a small thing on a machine that you push to make it work ● No, don’t touch the red button! It’s the alarm! +
B1	prevention is better than cu +	it is better to avoid getting ill than to try and get better after you have become ill ● Wash your hands before you eat or you might get ill. Prevention is better than cure. +
B1	benefit +	an advantage ● There are many benefits to healthy living, longevity being one of them. ➣ benefit (v), beneficial (adj) +
B1	drawback +	a disadvantage ● One drawback of taking exercise is that you get really hungry! +
B1	refer back (to) +	read or mention sth again that you have read or mentioned before ● When you revise for exams, you must refer back to the previous units in your book. +
B1	prone (to) +	likely to suffer from sth ● Chuck is prone to colds, so he often has the sniffles. +
B1	have therapeutic qualities +	have qualities that make you feel better ● Herbal tea has therapeutic qualities, so drink some if you have a sore throat. +
B1	on form +	performing well ● The athlete was on form today and won the race. +
B1	be out of shape +	be unfit ● Bob never exercises and eats a lot of sweets so he’s really out of shape. +
B1	burn up calories +	use energy by exercising ● Let’s run another kilometre and burn up some more calories. +
B1	flexibility +	the ability to move and bend easily ● Many old people lose flexibility and find it hard to bend down. ➣ flexible (adj) +
B1	speed up +	increase ● If you speed up your metabolism, you should lose weight. +
B1	metabolism +	the chemical process which changes food into energy in your body ● She put on weight when she stopped exercising and her metabolism slowed down. +
B1	stretch +	put your arms and legs out as far as you can ● Ben stretched and got out of bed. +
B1	warm up +	do gentle exercise to prepare your body for more intensive exercise ● The football players warmed up before the match started. ➣ warm-up (n) +
B1	work out +	do exercise ● How many times a week do you work out at the gym? ➣ workout (n) +
B1	bug +	an illness; a bacteria or virus that causes an illness ● Sue caught a bug and she has to stay in bed. Feeling unwell bug common cold dizzy flu infection runny nose sneeze sniffles sore throat stressed under the weather wound Video: The Science of Stress page 42 +
B1	physiological +	having to do with how the body works physically ● Fred is fine and he doesn’t have any physiological problems. ➣ physiology (n) +
B1	sample +	a small quantity of sth to show what it is like ● She wants to try a sample of the new perfume before she buys it. ➣ sample (v) +
B1	release +	let a substance flow out ● The body releases adrenaline when a person is scared. ➣ release (n) +
B1	lean +	slim, but strong and healthy ● The marathon runner was very lean. +
B1	quantity +	amount ● He only bought a small quantity of coffee as he’s trying to drink less. +
B1	rush hour +	the time of day when the roads are most full because people are travelling to or from work ● It took Dad an hour to drive home in the rush hour traffic today. +
B1	show up +	appear ● The problem only showed up when the doctor carried out some tests. +
B1	react +	behave in a particular way because of sth that has happened ● The tennis player reacted slowly and didn’t manage to hit the ball. ➣ reaction (n) +
B1	force +	power ● It took force to push the car out of the garage when it broke down. ➣ force (v), forceful (adj) +
B1	effect +	a change that happens because of sth; a result ● The way you sleep can have an effect on your health. +
B1	minimal +	very small ● She is on a diet and eats only minimal amounts of sugar. ➣ minimum (n) +
B1	series +	a number of things, one after the other ● He has had a series of operations to fix his broken leg. +
B1	get through +	survive ● He had a terrible headache but managed to get through the day. +
B1	hormone +	a chemical substance produced by your body that influences its growth, development and condition ● When you are a teenager, your hormones can cause mood changes. ➣ hormonal (adj) +
B1	put together +	prepare sth by collecting pieces of information, ideas etc ● Her dietician has put together a list of meals she can eat each week. +
B1	have an impact +	affect ● Not eating properly when you are young can have an impact on your health when you get older. +
B1	put (sb) through +	make sb experience sth ● Our PE teacher put us through forty minutes of intensive exercises. Unit Opener page 43 +
B1	marvel +	an extremely useful person or thing ● The Internet is one of the technological marvels of our times. ➣ marvel (v), marvellous (adj) +
B1	humanoid +	like a human ● In Japan they have humanoid robots who look after the elderly! ➣ human (n, adj) Reading page 44 +
B1	jet-powered +	with powerful engines ● His brother is in the air force and flies a jet-powered aeroplane. +
B1	aircraft +	a vehicle that can fly ● The aircraft that took us to London was an Airbus. ✎ Plural: aircraft +
B1	hot air balloon +	a large balloon that flies using air that is heated ● The hot air balloon slowly floated above us in the sky. Word Focus page 44 +
B1	feather +	one of the soft light things that cover a bird’s body ● That bird is a flamingo and it has beautiful pink feathers. +
B1	wax +	a substance used to make candles ● The wax in these candles smells pleasantly of lemon. ➣ wax (v), waxy (adj) +
B1	melt +	turn a substance from solid to liquid, or make sth do this ● If you leave ice in the sun, it melts. +
B1	weightless +	having or seeming to have no weight ● The astronaut felt weightless and floated in the spaceship. ➣ weigh (v), weight, weightlessness (n) +
B1	private enterprise +	a private business, one not controlled by the state ● Some people believe that private enterprise performs better than statecontrolled companies. Reading pages 44–45 +
B1	edge +	the part of sth furthest from its centre ● I wonder what there is at the edge of the universe. +
B1	mankind +	all humans ● Mankind first went into outer space in the twentieth century. +
B1	invention +	sth created by sb for the first time ● The invention of the plane meant people could travel easily to foreign countries. ➣ invent (v), inventor (n), inventive (adj) +
B1	advanced +	very modern ● This computer is expensive because it is the most advanced model available. ➣ advance (v, n), advancement (n) +
B1	fighter plane +	a plane used in war ● The F16 is a powerful fighter plane used by the Hellenic Air Force. +
B1	fascination +	being very interested in sth ● John’s fascination with technology has taken him to Japan to see humanoid robots. ➣ fascinate (v), fascinating, fascinated (adj) +
B1	drive +	influence sb to do sth ● His interest in planes drove him to become a pilot. ➣ drive (n) +
B1	take to the skies +	start flying ● Mankind first took to the skies over two hundred years ago in hot air balloons. +
B1	factory +	a place where machines are used to make things ● Cars are made in this Japanese factory. +
B1	introduce +	make sth exist, happen or be used for the first time ● Air travel for the general public was first introduced in the 1950s. ➣ introduction (n) +
B1	development +	an improvement ● Developments in communications over the past twenty years mean that now most people have a mobile phone. ➣ develop (v) +
B1	space shuttle +	a vehicle designed to travel into space and return to Earth more than once ● The Americans built the first space shuttle in 1970s. +
B1	grab sb’s attention +	make sb interested in sth ● Computers first grabbed his attention in primary school. +
B1	reusable +	that can be used again ● These plastic bags are reusable, so don’t throw them away. ➣ reuse (v) +
B1	launch +	when sth is sent into the sky or space ● The launch of the first spaceship was an important event in the history of space travel. ➣ launch (v) +
B1	orbit +	move around an object like a planet or sun ● The moon orbits the Earth. ➣ orbit (n) +
B1	resolve +	make a firm decision to do sth ● He has resolved to pass all his exams and go to university. ➣ resolution (n) +
B1	float +	hang in the air as if weightless ● The balloon floated in the air and then the wind blew it away. +
B1	curiosity +	an object that is interesting because it is unusual or strange ● Computers were a curiosity when my parents were young, but now most families have one. ➣ curious (adj) +
B1	observation +	sth you notice and say ● Our teacher made the observation that our computer studies projects were very good. ➣ observe (v) +
B1	optimism +	a tendency to believe that good things will happen ● I wish I shared her optimism about the future! ➣ optimistic (adj) ✎ Opp: pessimism +
B1	pay off +	have successful results ● All that studying has paid off and you have got into university! +
B1	make it back (to) +	manage to return ● We finally made it back to our hotel at midnight. +
B1	requirement +	sth that sb says you must have in order to do sth ● Writing an assignment is a requirement on this history course. ➣ require (v) +
B1	scheme +	a plan ● There is a new scheme for recycling paper, glass and aluminium. +
B1	commercialise +	sell sth new to the public for the first time ● If space travel is commercialised, people will buy tickets to go to space. ➣ commercial (adj) +
B1	license +	give official permission for sb to do sth ● This restaurant is licensed to sell wine. ➣ licence (n) +
B1	unveil +	show sth new for the first time ● The new car was unveiled to the public at the motor show. +
B1	follow-up +	continuing sth that has started; done in order to find out more about sth ● The follow-up study had some amazing results. ➣ follow-up (n), follow up (phr v) +
B1	craft +	a vehicle that can travel in space ● The craft landed on Mars on 15 April. +
B1	aboard +	on or onto a plane, ship, bus or train ● There are three hundred passengers aboard this ship. +
B1	gaze +	look at sth for a long time ● She gazed out of the train window at the beautiful view. ➣ gaze (n) +
B1	galactic +	relating to a galaxy ● A galactic year is the time it takes the sun to orbit the centre of our galaxy. ➣ galaxy (n) +
B1	launch +	send a spacecraft into the sky or into space ● The craft was launched at 6 a.m. this morning. ➣ launch (n) +
B1	turn into +	become different; change sb or sth into sth different ● Water turns into ice at 0°C. +
B1	degree +	a qualification from a university when you successfully complete your studies there ● If you have a university degree, you should find a good job. Above the ground aircraft fighter plane float hot air balloon launch orbit Space Shuttle take to the skies Vocabulary page 46 +
B1	speaker +	the part of a sound system, radio, etc from which the sound comes out ● The music coming out of those speakers is really loud! +
B1	cloning +	making an exact copy of an animal or plant by taking a cell from it and developing it artificially ● Cloning is possible and the first animal to be created in a lab was a sheep. ➣ clone (v, n) +
B1	process +	a number of actions that are done in order to get a particular result ● Making cheese is usually a slow process. +
B1	gadget +	a small device that does sth useful ● This sat nav is a handy gadget which helps me find my way around. +
B1	portable +	that can be carried and moved to another place ● His laptop is portable, so he takes it with him when he travels abroad. ➣ portability (n) +
B1	lightweight +	not at all heavy ● You only need a lightweight jacket in the summer. +
B1	efficient +	able to work well and produce results ● The spellcheck on this computer isn’t efficient and often misses wrong words. ➣ efficiency (n) ✎ Opp: inefficient +
B1	demonstrate +	show how sth works ● Demonstrate the new equipment to the boss so she can see how it works. ➣ demonstration (n) +
B1	touch-screen +	having a computer with a screen that you touch in order to tell the computer what to do ● This touch-screen phone doesn’t need any buttons. +
B1	operate +	use; make sth work ● Please show me how to operate this machine as I can’t get it to do anything. ➣ operator, operation (n) +
B1	device +	an object with a particular purpose ● This device is used to back up the data on your computer. +
B1	run +	work ● He stopped the car, but the engine was still running. +
B1	appliance +	a piece of equipment like a fridge or cooker that is used in a home ● I love buying appliances like espresso machines and toasters. +
B1	vacuum cleaner +	an electrical appliance used to clean the floor and carpets ● This vacuum cleaner cleans the carpets very well. +
B1	brochure +	a small book with information about a product ● He got a brochure from the shop to see what new cameras they are selling. +
B1	improvement +	making sth better ● This silent vacuum cleaner is a great improvement over older models. ➣ improve (v) +
B1	innovation +	a new idea or invention ● I think technological innovations will make life easier in the future. ➣ innovative (adj) +
B1	stage +	a part of a process ● The next stage in communications is hand-held tablets that have a phone, a camera and Internet connection. +
B1	guide +	information on a subject; explanation how to do sth ● Read the guide before you use the new DVD player. +
B1	pay off +	bring good results ● Her hard work had finally paid off. +
B1	fabulous +	extremely good ● This fabulous netbook is just what I needed to take on my trip. +
B1	rough +	difficult or unpleasant ● He had a rough time at work today because his computer wasn’t working. +
B1	rocky +	with obstacles ● The rocky road to fame nearly made Fred give up, but in the end he was successful. +
B1	commercial +	related to buying and selling things ● The commercial area in the city centre is a great place to go shopping. ➣ commercialise (v) +
B1	licence +	official permission to do sth ● Have you got a licence to sell these goods in the street? ➣ license (v) +
B1	cellar +	a room in basement used for storing things ● Put this old computer is in the cellar. +
B1	worthless +	having no value ● You can’t sell that old mobile phone. It's worthless. ➣ worth (n) +
B1	consider +	think carefully about sth ● They are considering buying a new house. ➣ consideration (n) Grammar page 47 +
B1	bring out +	produce; publish ● They’ve just brought out their new CD. +
B1	install +	put equipment somewhere and connect it so that it is ready to be used ● We had a new alarm system installed last week. ➣ installation (n) +
B1	surveillance camera +	a camera that records everything that happens in a place ● Surveillance cameras were used in the shop to deter thieves. +
B1	whiteboard +	a board used, for example, in a classroom, which is connected to a computer ● All our lessons at school use whiteboard technology. +
B1	education minister +	a politician in charge of the education department ● The education minister announced that many schools would be closed. +
B1	confirm +	show sth to be true ● Ken sent an email to confirm he would be attending the meeting. ➣ confirmation (n) +
B1	way to go +	used to say that sb has done sth very well ● You've built a robot? Way to go! +
B1	visionary +	having the ability to imagine what sth will be like in the future ● HG Wells was a visionary author who wrote about space travel long before it was possible. ➣ vision (n) +
B1	revolutionary +	causing great change ● The Internet has had a revolutionary effect on the world. ➣ revolution (n) +
B1	tool +	sth useful for a particular purpose ● Interactive whiteboards have become a tool for teaching foreign languages. +
B1	hands-on +	doing sth rather than just talking about it ● You've learnt about robotics in theory; now you need some hands-on experience. +
B1	presently +	now; at the present time ● The police are presently investigating the case. ➣ present (n, adj) +
B1	academics edition +	a version of a book for universities ● Buy the academics edition of the book because it has some useful notes at the back of the book. +
B1	major +	important ● Technology plays a major role in business these days. +
B1	laboratory +	a room where experiments are done ● These robots have been developed in laboratories in Japan. +
B1	doubt +	a feeling of being not sure if sth is true or right ● I'm not sure that's the right thing to do. I have some doubts. ➣ doubt (v), doubtful (adj) Listening page 48 +
B1	household +	all the people living together in a house or flat ● Most households today own at least one computer. +
B1	supplier +	a person or company that sells sth ● They are one of the biggest computer suppliers in the area. ➣ supply (v, n) +
B1	regulation +	an official rule ● There are regulations for the design of appliances so that they are safe to use. ➣ regulate (v) +
B1	cooker +	an appliance used for cooking ● How are we going to make supper if the cooker is broken? ➣ cook (v, n) +
B1	structure +	the way in which the parts of sth are connected and form a whole ● We are studying the structure of the human body at school. ➣ structural (adj) Machines and equipment appliance cooker device gadget hardware sat nav surveillance camera tool vacuum cleaner video games console Speaking page 49 +
B1	replace +	put sth new in the place of sth old ● Robots have already replaced people in many factories. ➣ replacement (n) +
B1	video game console +	a device with the controls for a video game ● We need two video game consoles to play against each other on PlayStation. +
B1	sat nav +	a piece of equipment in a vehicle that tells the driver what the best way to a place is ● Remember to switch on the sat nav when you leave the hotel. +
B1	simplify +	make easier ● If you don't understand these instructions, I can simplify them for you. ➣ simple (adj) +
B1	face-to-face +	in person ● We didn’t communicate by email but had a face-to-face meeting in his office. +
B1	via +	through; using a particular system, person, etc ● They can send you the information via email. +
B1	file +	a set of data on a computer ● This file on my computer is called HW01 because it’s the first homework I did this year. ➣ file (v) +
B1	update +	add the most recent information to sth ● Always update your virus protection so your computer is safe. ➣ update (n) +
B1	technician +	sb whose job is to check equipment and make sure it is working properly ● The technician has to come to the office today to set up our new computers. +
B1	hardware +	computer machinery and equipment ● Your computer hardware is getting old. You need to buy a new hard drive. +
B1	get on board +	enter a vehicle ● The pilot got on board the fighter plane and prepared to take off. +
B1	security alarm +	equipment that makes a loud noise when sb enters a place illegally, when there is danger, etc ● Our hotel room had its own security alarm! +
B1	up-to-date +	modern and using the most recent technology ● This is the most up-to-date information on the subject. +
B1	access +	open a file on a computer in order to find information ● I don’t know what’s in the file – I can’t access it. ➣ access (n) +
B1	download +	move information or programs from a computer network to a small computer ● He downloaded a map of the city from the Internet. ➣ download (n) +
B1	demonstration +	showing sb how to do sth or how sth works ● The chemistry teacher gave the pupils a demonstration of the experiment in the lab. ➣ demonstrate (v) +
B1	application +	a formal request for sth such as a job or place at university ● She filled in an application for a job at the factory. ➣ apply (v), applicant (n) +
B1	gather +	collect ● Have you gathered all the information you need? +
B1	activate +	make sth start working ● If you push this button, you’ll activate the alarm. ➣ activation (n) +
B1	spare +	If sth is spare, you do not use or need it all the time. ● You can stay with us – we’ve got a spare room. Use your English page 51 +
B1	explosion +	a blast of energy (often from a bomb) ● There was a loud explosion at the power station and a fire broke out. ➣ explode (v), explosive (adj) +
B1	reactive +	reacting to what happens rather than doing new things yourself ● Reactive laws won’t help – they need to do something before the problems start. ➣ react (v), reaction (n) +
B1	empower +	give sb control over their own life ● A good education empowers people and gives them the confidence to succeed in life. +
B1	revolutionise +	change sth completely ● Personal computers have revolutionised the way we live and work. ➣ revolution (n), revolutionary (adj) +
B1	industrialise +	develop industry ● The western world was industrialised in the nineteenth century and many factories were built. ➣ industry (n), industrial (adj) +
B1	inspiration +	sth that gives you a new idea ● The inventor’s inspiration comes from books on space travel. ➣ inspire (v), inspirational (adj) +
B1	excellence +	the quality of being extremely good ● The school has a reputation for excellence. Many of its students go on to university. ➣ excel (v), excellent (adj) +
B1	initial +	first ● My initial reaction was to say no. +
B1	back up +	make a copy of information stored on a computer ● Luckily, I had backed up my work because my computer just crashed. ➣ back-up (n) +
B1	blast off +	leave the ground and head for space ● The Space Shuttle blasted off yesterday and will return to Earth in a week. ➣ blast-off (n) +
B1	hook up +	connect ● You’ll have to hook up the phone if you want to call anyone. +
B1	log in +	gain access to a computer ● You can log in to this website with a password. +
B1	set up +	get all necessary equipment ready for an activity ● Dad set up my new laptop for me so I can use it now. ➣ set-up (n) +
B1	power supply +	where power comes from ● Plug this appliance into the power supply in the wall over there. +
B1	gain access +	find information on a computer ● He can gain access to his bank account online because he has Internet banking. Writing: a formal email pages 52–53 +
B1	postpone +	delay until a later date ● The robotics demonstration has been postponed for an hour because the expert isn’t here yet. ✎ Syn: put off +
B1	fair +	an event where people show and sell their products ● There is a technology fair on at the university next week. +
B1	extend +	continue for a longer time; make sth last longer ● I’ve extended my stay in Japan so that I can go to a robotics fair next week. ➣ extension (n) +
B1	interactive +	an interactive computer program, game, etc allows you to communicate with it and reacts to your actions ● I prefer playing interactive games to playing games on my own. ➣ interact (v), interaction (n) +
B1	challenging +	difficult in an interesting way ● This computer game is very challenging, but I’m not going to give up. ➣ challenge (v, n) +
B1	principal +	a person who is in charge of a school ● The principal asked to see the student’s parents. +
B1	feedback +	comments or information about how good or useful sth is ● So far we’ve had positive feedback from our customers. +
B1	facilities +	a room, equipment or service provided for a particular purpose ● The facilities at the university include a library and a sports club. +
B1	grateful +	feeling you want to thank sb ● Thank you for letting me use your computer. I’m very grateful. ➣ gratitude (n) ✎ Opp: ungrateful +
B1	informative +	providing useful facts or ideas ● This magazine has an informative article on space travel. ➣ inform (v), information (n) ✎ Opp: uninformative +
B1	appealing +	interesting; attractive ● They’re trying to make the product more appealing to young people. ➣ appeal (v, n) ✎ Opp: unappealing +
B1	former +	having a particular position in the past ● Do you know the names of many former prime ministers of Greece? +
B1	hesitate +	not speak or act for a moment because you are nervous or not certain ● Please do not hesitate to call me if you need help setting up the system. ➣ hesitation (n), hesitant (adj) +
B1	comment +	an opinion you express about sb or sth; a remark ● The class had good comments to make about her project so she felt pleased. ➣ comment (v) +
B1	regarding +	concerning ● Regarding space travel for the general public, I think it will be too expensive for most people. +
B1	a great deal +	a lot ● There is a great deal of information on the Net about fighter planes. +
B1	impression +	the opinion you have about sb or sth because of the way they seem ● The robotics fair gave us all a very good impression as it was so well organised. ➣ impress (v), impressive (adj) +
B1	consequently +	as a result ● The weather was bad. Consequently, the launch of the spaceship was postponed. ➣ consequence (n) +
B1	greet +	say hello ● The new pupil greeted the teacher as he walked into the classroom. ➣ greeting (n) +
B1	constructive +	useful and helpful ● The teacher's constructive criticism will help us do better next time. +
B1	sum up +	summarise ● At the end of your composition, sum up your main ideas. +
B1	equipment +	the things needed for a certain purpose ● We packed all our camping equipment into the car and drove to the campsite. +
B1	range +	a number of different things of the same kind ● The shop has a wide range of souvenirs to choose from. +
B1	stargazing +	looking at or studying the stars ● Stargazing sounds really interesting, but I haven’t got a telescope. +
B1	leisure +	free time ● He plays golf in his leisure time. ➣ leisurely (adj, adv) +
B1	meet (my) needs +	provide what is necessary ● Does this vacuum cleaner meet your needs or do you want a more powerful one? +
B1	feature +	an important part or a typical quality of sth ● A camera is a feature on most mobile phones nowadays. ➣ feature (v) +
B1	purchase +	buy ● They purchased a new washing machine yesterday for four hundred euros. ➣ purchase (n) +
B1	provide +	give ● The sun could provide us with a lot more energy ➣ provision, provider (n) +
B1	in advance +	before a particular time ● The boss thanked his staff in advance for being willing to work the following weekend. +
B1	to my mind +	in my opinion ● To my mind, space travel for everyone is the most exciting idea of this century. +
B1	convenient +	If sth is convenient, it is useful because it saves you time or does not cause you problems. ● Modern appliances are convenient and make life much easier. ➣ convenience (n) ✎ Opp: inconvenient +
B1	ideal +	perfect ● This MP4 player would be an ideal present for John. He loves music. +
B1	appropriate +	correct; suitable ● Do you think robots are appropriate presents for little children? ✎ Opp: inappropriate +
B1	enthusiast +	sb who is very interested in sth ● As a computer enthusiast, I read about new programs all the time. +
B1	take an active part in +	do sth about sth, be involved in sth ● Anna is taking an active part in the fair and this afternoon she’s demonstrating her new invention. Video: Solar Power page 54 +
B1	solar power +	energy produced from the heat or light of the sun ● We use solar power to heat water in our building. +
B1	generate +	produce ● The sun's energy can be used to generate electricity. ➣ generator (n) +
B1	renewable +	Renewable energy is replaced naturally or easily so that there is always enough of it. ● Wind power is a renewable energy source. ➣ renew (v) +
B1	advocate +	sb who supports sth publicly ● The Minister of the Environment is an advocate for alternative sources of power. ➣ advocate (v) +
B1	solar cell +	equipment for producing electric power from sunlight ● A solar cell on our roof provides us with hot water. +
B1	utility company +	a company that provides gas, electricity, water, etc ● The utility company which provides us with electricity wants to increase prices. +
B1	photosensitive +	having sensitivity to light ● This camera has an automatic photosensitive system so you don’t need to use the flash. +
B1	photovoltaic +	able to make electricity from the sun ● A photovoltaic panel can produce a lot of electricity. +
B1	capture +	catch ● A solar cell captures the heat from the sun and then heats up water. +
B1	reflect +	send back an image, light, etc off a surface ● This shiny metal reflects light. ➣ reflection (n) +
B1	tube +	a hollow cylinder ● This tube of toothpaste is recyclable, so don’t throw it away. +
B1	dependable +	trusted to do what you expect ● Paul is dependable, so he won’t forget to help you with your homework. ➣ depend (v) +
B1	reliable +	a reliable person or thing can be trusted or depended on ● Solar energy is a reliable source of power; the weather here is usually sunny. ➣ rely (v) ✎ Opp: unreliable +
B1	affordable +	not too expensive to buy ● Electricity is becoming so expensive that soon it won’t be affordable for many people. ➣ afford (v) +
B1	resource +	sth such as land, water, oil or coal that exists in a country and can be used to increase its wealth ● What will humans do when the Earth’s resources run out? +
B1	net metering +	when people produce their own solar energy and sell it to a utility company ● Some people are buying solar cells so they can sell electricity by net metering to the utility companies. +
B1	solar plant +	a place where electricity is produced using solar power ● Many people believe that solar plants do less damage to the environment. +
B1	facility +	a place or building used for a particular activity ● The world’s largest solar power facility is in the USA. +
B1	work at full capacity +	If sth is working at full capacity, it is working, producing things, etc as fast as possible. ● The factory is working at full capacity. +
B1	megawatt +	one million watts (watt = a unit for measuring electrical power) ● The solar power plant produces 17.3 megawatts per hour. +
B1	carbon dioxide +	the gas produced when animals breathe out ● Carbon dioxide is poisonous to humans. +
B1	high-flyer +	sb who is very successful or who may become very successful ● Jack is a high-flyer and he got the top job he had always wanted. +
B1	base jump +	do a parachute jump from a fixed point such as a building ● I love extreme sports but I would never base jump from the 100th floor of a building! ➣ Reading page 58 +
B1	define +	say exactly what sth means ● He defines success as getting a good job. ➣ definition (n) +
B1	wealth +	a large amount of money, land or property that sb has ● Her grandfather was a man of great wealth. ➣ wealthy (adj) +
B1	status +	sb's social position ● She wants to be a doctor as she thinks it is a career with high status. Word Focus page 58 +
B1	funding +	money for a particular purpose ● Keith is trying to get some funding for his research. ➣ fund (v, n) +
B1	reserve +	keep sth for a particular purpose or time ● Those seats are reserved for visitors. +
B1	improvise +	invent music, the words of a play, etc while you are playing ● I couldn’t remember my lines, so I had to improvise. ➣ improvisation (n) +
B1	upgrade +	change sth such as a computer so that it is better ● When did you last upgrade your laptop? ➣ upgrade (n) +
B1	pester +	annoy sb by asking them for sth many times ● Journalists pestered the actress for information. +
B1	irritate +	annoy sb, especially by doing sth many times or for a long period of time ● Her behaviour was starting to irritate me. ➣ irritation (n), irritating (adj), irritated (adj) Reading pages 58–59 +
B1	take (sth) apart +	separate sth into its different parts ● He took apart the old radio, fixed the problem and got it to work again. +
B1	path (to) +	a number of actions that will help sb do or achieve sth ● He sees that job as his path to success. +
B1	innovator +	sb who introduces new ways of doing sth ● He was an innovator in early radio and television. ➣ innovate (v), innovation (n) +
B1	motivation +	the reason why sb wants to do sth ● What was your motivation for becoming an actor? ➣ motivate (v), motivating (adj), motivated (adj) +
B1	function +	a program or part of a program on a computer, smartphone, etc that does sth specific ● The program has a ‘Search’ function. +
B1	virtually +	almost ● The two sisters look virtually the same. +
B1	shoot +	make a film or take a photo of sth ● They’re shooting the film in Mexico. ● shooting (n) +
B1	hook up +	meet sb and spend time with them; start doing things with sb ● He hooked up with the other members of the team in London. +
B1	boom +	a period when sth suddenly becomes very popular ● These companies made a lot of money during the internet boom of the 1990s. +
B1	ride a wave (of sth) +	get an advantage from a situation ● The young singer is riding a wave of popularity. +
B1	basis +	the most important idea or part of sth from which it grows ● Trust is the basis of a strong friendship. ➣ base (v) +
B1	determination +	trying to do sth even though it is very difficult ● It took hard work and determination to run the marathon. ➣ determined (adj) +
B1	hooked +	liking sth so much that you cannot stop doing it ● My brother is hooked on that game. +
B1	solo +	done alone by one person only ● You must be daring to fly solo around the world. +
B1	supplies +	things such as food, medicine, etc that you need to live or in order to do a particular activity ● They keep their food and other supplies over there. ➣ supply (v) +
B1	accomplishment +	sth that is successful, or that is achieved after a lot of work ● Passing your final medical exams was a great accomplishment. ➣ accomplish (v) +
B1	extended family +	a family that includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc ● Her neighbours, friends and extended family members were all invited to the party. +
B1	rehearsal +	a time when you practise a play, piece of music, etc before you perform in front of other people ● We missed most of the rehearsals for the school play. ➣ rehearse (v) +
B1	motivated +	very keen to do sth because you find it interesting or exciting ● The young pupils were motivated to try because their teacher gave them stickers for good marks. ➣ motivation (n) +
B1	accomplished +	talented ● Maria Callas was an accomplished opera singer. ➣ accomplish (v), accomplishment (n) Vocabulary page 60 +
B1	best-selling +	popular and bought by many people ● J.K. Rowling wrote the best-selling Harry Potter books. ➣ best-seller (n) +
B1	devoted +	loving or caring about sth or sb very much ● Judy is a devoted nurse who really cares about the sick people she looks after. ➣ devote (v), devotion (n) +
B1	failure +	lack of success ● His failure to get into music school was a great disappointment. ➣ fail (v) +
B1	overcome +	manage to deal with (a problem) ● He overcame his problems and succeeded in his career. +
B1	medal +	a metal disc given as a prize or award in a competition ● The athlete came first and was given a gold medal. +
B1	cup +	a silver, gold, etc container that you get for winning a sport ● They won the World Cup in 2014. +
B1	loss +	the money a person, company, etc loses when they spend more than they earn ● The company made a loss of £40,000 last year. ➣ lose (v) ✎ Opp: profit +
B1	fortune +	a lot of money and possessions ● Many Hollywood actors are paid millions of dollars and quickly make a fortune. +
B1	profit +	money you get from selling sth for more than it cost ● The company produces laptops which cost about £300 and then sells them at £1,000, making a profit of about £700 on each one. ➣ profit (v), profitable (adj) +
B1	property +	a building and/or land ● He began buying houses over thirty years ago and now owns a lot of property. +
B1	jewellery +	ornaments you wear like earrings, rings, necklaces etc ● She wore a lot of gold jewellery to show she was rich. +
B1	possession +	sth that belongs to you ● Their home and all of their possessions were destroyed in the fire. ➣ possess (v) +
B1	valuable +	worth a lot of money ● This painting by Picasso is very valuable and will be sold for millions of euros. ➣ value (n, v) +
B1	stubborn +	determined not to change your opinion, ideas, plans, etc ● Andy is so stubborn that he has refused to go to the party with me. ➣ stubbornness (n) +
B1	blockbuster +	a very successful film ● We saw the latest blockbuster and we liked it very much. +
B1	flop +	a film, play, etc that is not successful ● The film Catwoman was a flop. ➣ flop (v) +
B1	record-breaker +	sth which breaks a record by being the best, longest, most profitable, etc ● That jump is the highest ever and is a record-breaker! +
B1	worship +	love and admire sb very much ● It’s silly to worship celebrities because I don’t think they do anything important. ➣ worship (n) +
B1	idolise +	love and admire sb and think they are perfect ● Dave idolises the footballer Lionel Messi and wants to be like him one day. ➣ idol (n) +
B1	envy +	wish you had sb else's possessions, abilities etc ● Sally envied her brother’s success and secretly wished he had failed. ➣ envy (n), envious (adj) +
B1	self-confident +	sure of yourself ● She is a self-confident person and is happy to talk to groups of people. ➣ self-confidence (n) +
B1	arrogant +	believing you are better or more important than other people ● The arrogant singer talked about how great he was during the whole interview. ➣ arrogance (n) +
B1	modest +	not talking too much about yourself or being too proud of yourself ● As a modest person, she never talks about all the money she gives to the poor. ➣ modesty (n) +
B1	flawless +	perfect ● This antique vase is flawless; it’s in perfect condition. ➣ flaw (v, n) ✎ Opp: flawed +
B1	faulty +	not made correctly; not working properly ● The remote control is faulty and I can’t change the channels on the TV. ➣ fault (n) +
B1	infamous +	well-known for a bad reason ● The infamous criminal Jack the Ripper attacked and murdered women in London. +
B1	celebrated +	famous for a special quality or ability ● We went to a concert to listen to the celebrated singer George Dalaras. +
B1	renowned +	famous for sth ● Steven Spielberg is renowned for his films. +
B1	swearing in ceremony +	a ceremony in which sb with a new public position promises to do their duty well ● People from all over the world watched the swearing in ceremony of Barack Obama, the first black president of the USA. +
B1	talk show host +	sb who talks to the guests on a television show in which famous people answer questions about themselves ● The talk show host announced that his special guest that day would be Lady Gaga! +
B1	tiring +	making you feel tired ● It was a tiring journey. ➣ tired, tireless (adj) +
B1	tireless +	working hard without stopping ● Chris is a tireless worker. ➣ tired, tiring (adj) +
B1	philanthropist +	a rich person who gives a lot of money to help poor people ● Marianna Vardinoyanni is a philanthropist and has done a lot for children who have cancer. +
B1	rags to riches story +	a story about sb who becomes very rich after starting life very poor ● Madonna’s life is a rags to riches story as she started out with nothing and now has a fortune. +
B1	set (my) mind to +	decide you want to achieve sth and try hard to do it ● If you want to go to university, you must set your mind to it. +
B1	poverty +	the state of being very poor ● There is a lot of poverty in the developing world where people have no money at all. +
B1	influential +	able to change the way people think and behave ● Antonis Kanakis is an influential celebrity whose opinions are listened to by young people. ➣ influence (v, n) +
B1	leading +	the most important; the best ● Albert Einstein was the leading physicist of the twentieth century. ➣ lead (v) +
B1	raise +	bring up; look after a child until they grow up ● She raised three children and she's proud of them. +
B1	rundown +	in poor condition ● In Rio de Janeiro, there are rundown areas called favelas where the poor people live. +
B1	inner-city +	near the middle of a city where poor people live ● The inner-city area near Omonia in Athens has got a lot of crime and poverty. +
B1	hardship +	difficulties ● When he lost his job, he faced a lot of hardship because he had very little money. +
B1	apparent +	clear ● It was soon apparent to the film director that the young actor was going to be a success. ➣ apparently (adv) +
B1	climb up the ladder of succe +	do well and become successful ● Barack Obama climbed up the ladder of success to become president of the USA. +
B1	speedy +	very quick ● Grandma’s eyes are better already. She has made a speedy recovery from her cataract operation. ➣ speed (n) +
B1	benefit +	If you benefit from sth, you are helped by it in some way. ● Bill benefited from the advice his father gave him about money. ➣ benefit (n), beneficial (adj) +
B1	boost +	increase ● The success of her book boosted her confidence and she decided to continue writing. ➣ boost (n) +
B1	ratings +	a list that shows which television programmes are the most popular ● The ratings for the talk show are always high. ➣ rate (v) +
B1	ambition +	desire to succeed ● His ambition has made him a leading businessman. ➣ ambitious (adj) +
B1	drive +	determination to succeed ● The athlete has the necessary drive to win an Olympic gold medal. ➣ drive (v) +
B1	set up +	start (a company) ● Last century, Henry Ford set up a car manufacturing company which became one of the largest in the world. +
B1	the rest is history +	everyone knows what happened ● In 1969, Apollo 11 was launched. The rest is history. +
B1	rank +	decide the position of sb or sth on a list based on quality or importance ● The tennis player is currently ranked third in the world. ➣ rank (n) Describing people accomplished arrogant celebrated devoted high-flyer infamous influential leading modest motivated persistent renowned self-confident stubborn tireless Grammar page 61 +
B1	bring up +	raise ● Her grandma brought her up after her parents died. +
B1	conference +	a large meeting when people with the same interests or jobs come together to discuss ● There will be a three-day conference at the hotel next week. Listening page 62 +
B1	persist +	continue to do sth even though it is difficult ● Sam persisted in learning the violin and he is now in an orchestra. ➣ persistence (n) +
B1	give up +	stop trying ● Helena didn’t give up and in the end she was able to walk again after her terrible accident. +
B1	aim +	have as a purpose ● When she grows up, she aims to become a professional singer. ➣ aim (n) +
B1	inspire +	make sb feel that they want to do sth and can do it ● He was inspired by Albert Einstein’s work to become a physicist. ➣ inspiration (n), inspirational (adj) +
B1	pointless +	with no purpose ● Buying her a piano is pointless. She can't play it. ➣ point (n) Speaking page 63 +
B1	option +	sth you can choose to do or have ● We have two options: stay here or go to a hotel. ➣ opt (v) +
B1	measure +	to judge how successful, important, valuable, etc sth is ● Teachers use tests to measure their students’ progress. ➣ measure (n) Grammar page 63 +
B1	willingness +	when you want to do sth ● Her willingness to learn is amazing! ➣ will (n), willing (adj) +
B1	pay rise +	an increase in the money you earn ● She got a pay rise in January, so she has more money now. +
B1	injure +	hurt ● The footballer injured his ankle in the first five minutes of the match. ➣ injury (n), injured (adj) +
B1	regret +	wish you hadn’t done sth ● Sandy regrets not going to university because she can’t find a well-paid job now. ➣ regret (n) +
B1	CEO +	Chief Executive Officer: the person with the most authority in a large company ● The CEO has the necessary experience to run the company. +
B1	corporation +	a large company or group of companies ● She has always wanted to work for a big corporation. +
B1	on a daily basis +	every day ● They meet on a daily basis. +
B1	reassemble +	put sth together again ● They reassembled my car at the garage after taking it apart to fix it. +
B1	fellow +	used to talk about sb who is similar to you in some way or in the same situation as you ● Be nice to your fellow students, Fred. +
B1	drop out (of) +	leave a school or university before you have finished your course ● If you drop out of school at 16, you will regret it. +
B1	never look back +	become more successful after a particular success ● After she wrote her first successful novel, Jenny never looked back and went on to write many more. +
B1	fulfil +	manage to do (e.g. what you hoped for) ● He wants to be a doctor but to fulfil his dream he needs money to study. ➣ fulfilment (n) +
B1	go on (to do sth) +	continue or move to the next thing ● Will Smith started out as a singer and went on to become an accomplished actor. Use your English page 65 +
B1	go into partnership +	go into business with sb else ● My uncle went into partnership with my dad and they run their company together now. +
B1	go bankrupt +	not have enough money to pay what you owe ● Greg went bankrupt and he lost all his money and his business. +
B1	do business +	buy and sell goods or services ● They have a successful company and do business all over the world. +
B1	do (my) best +	try as hard as you can ● She did her best and got a B in the final exam. +
B1	make progress +	improve ● Tom has made progress at school and his marks are much higher. +
B1	take a chance +	do sth risky ● Don’t take chances with your health. If you don’t feel well, see a doctor. +
B1	take (my) place +	replace sb or sth ● When I got a better job, my old company had to find someone to take my place. +
B1	from time to time +	sometimes; occasionally ● She works in town but from time to time she works from home. +
B1	promote +	give sb a more responsible job in a company ● Dina has been promoted from assistant editor to chief editor. ➣ promotion (n) +
B1	Head of Department +	sb in charge of part of a company ● The Head of Department thanked all the employees for their hard work. +
B1	work (my) socks off +	work very hard ● Tina worked her socks off before the exams studying until late every night. +
B1	set (my) sights on +	aim for ● The runner has set his sights on the gold medal, which is why he is training so hard. +
B1	set the world on fire +	have a big effect; be very successful ● The Beatles’ music set the world on fire in the 60s. It changed the music industry. +
B1	up and coming +	showing signs of being successful ● The up and coming young actor gave an excellent performance. +
B1	industry +	the companies and people involved in producing a particular type of thing or providing a particular service ● Greece has a big tourist industry. ➣ industrial (adj) +
B1	throw in the towel +	give up ● After years of trying to become a famous actor, Peter threw in the towel and opened a café. +
B1	target +	goal ● My target is to save enough money for a laptop. ➣ target (v) +
B1	admit +	agree that you did sth bad or that sth is bad is true ● The director admitted that the film he had made was a flop. +
B1	defeat +	failure to win ● We were disappointed by the team’s defeat in the final. ➣ defeat (v) +
B1	let alone +	not to mention ● Few people become famous, let alone incredibly wealthy. +
B1	founder +	sb who establishes an organisation, a school, etc ● Paul Allen and Bill Gates are the founders of the company Microsoft. ➣ found (v) +
B1	social networking site +	a website where you can socialise with people ● Facebook is the most popular social networking site online. +
B1	publish +	prepare and print a book, magazine, etc in order to sell it ● His first book was published in 1998. ➣ publisher (n), publication (n) +
B1	include +	have sth or sb as one part of a whole ● Does the price of the room include breakfast? ➣ including (prep) +
B1	staff +	all the people who work in a place ● The hotel staff were very friendly. +
B1	computerise +	use a computer to store data, to control the way sth is done, etc ● Many card games have been computerised so you can play them on your PC. ➣ computer (n) +
B1	spread +	reach a larger number of people ● The use of computers has spread quickly over the last 25 years. Writing: an opinion essay pages 66–67 +
B1	can’t be bothered +	not interested enough to make the effort to do sth ● I want to go to the concert, but I can’t be bothered to buy a ticket! +
B1	get on in life +	be successful ● Hard work and a pleasant personality will help you to get on in life. +
B1	after all +	used when you are giving a reason or explaining sth ● Don’t apologise. After all, it wasn’t your fault. +
B1	what’s the point (in) +	used when you are not sure or convinced of the aim or purpose of sth ● What’s the point in getting angry? +
B1	set (myself) a target +	have an aim ● Kate set herself a target of learning Chinese in two years so she could go to China. +
B1	to my mind +	in my opinion ● It was a good idea, to my mind. +
B1	at the end of the day +	used to talk about what you think is the most important thing about a situation, after considering everything ● At the end of the day, it’s his money, not ours. +
B1	privileged +	with advantages because of position or wealth ● He comes from a privileged background, so life is easy for him. ➣ privilege (n) +
B1	upbringing +	the way your parents look after you and teach you to behave when you are growing up ● Freda had a very strict upbringing and she was never allowed to go out with her friends. ➣ bring up (phr v) +
B1	exclusive +	If sth is exclusive, it is so expensive that not many people can afford to use or buy it. ● She goes to an exclusive girls' school. ➣ exclusivity (n) +
B1	entire +	whole ● He lost his entire fortune at the casino and now has nothing. ➣ entirely (adv) +
B1	real estate +	the business of selling houses or land ● Jeff works in real estate, so he can find you a nice house. +
B1	remarkable +	unusual and surprising ● It’s a remarkable discovery! +
B1	turn of events +	the way a situation develops ● It was a surprising turn of events. +
B1	entrepreneur +	sb who starts a business in order to make money ● Mark Zuckerberg is the successful entrepreneur who started Facebook. +
B1	inherit +	receive money, property etc from sb after they have died ● Fred inherited his mother’s house when she died. ➣ inheritance (n) +
B1	apply (to) +	concern; be about sb or sth ● The new law only applies to students over the age of sixteen. +
B1	let’s face it +	let's be honest ● Let’s face it, you’re terrible at singing, so you’ll never win the talent contest. +
B1	the way I see it +	in my opinion ● The way I see it, he was right. +
B1	counterargument +	an opposing argument ● If you disagree with her, you need to come up with some good counterarguments. +
B1	issue +	an important topic or problem that people talk about ● You should discuss these issues with your teacher. +
B1	make reference to sth +	mention ● This song makes reference to the famous singer Bob Marley. +
B1	survey +	a series of questions you ask to get people’s opinions on a particular subject ● I answered ten questions in a survey about careers. ➣ survey (v) +
B1	attend +	go to an event ● I am attending classes to learn some first aid skills. ➣ attendance (n) +
B1	miss out (on sth) +	not do or have sth you would enjoy that other people do or have ● Do you think you are missing out on fun because you have to study every night? +
B1	aim for the top +	want to be the best ● Larry is aiming for the top and wants to be CEO of the company one day. +
B1	live up to one’s expectation +	be as good as sb hopes ● I thought the film would be funny, but it didn’t live up to my expectations; it was silly. +
B1	persistent +	when you continue trying ● Katy is persistent in her efforts to become famous as she keeps uploading videos of herself singing on YouTube. ➣ persist (v), persistence (n) Business CEO corporation do business entrepreneur fortune founder go bankrupt go into partnership Head of Department industry loss pay rise profit promote staff Video: Crossing Antarctica page 68 +
B1	crossing +	a journey across land or sea ● The famous explorers completed their crossing of the desert in one month. ➣ cross (v) +
B1	passage +	a journey by ship ● The passage on the ship from England to America took a week. +
B1	prior to +	before ● Prior to becoming an actor, he worked at a fast food restaurant. +
B1	severe +	very bad and very extreme ● The severe weather forced the climbers to return to base. ➣ severity (n) +
B1	demanding +	needing a lot of time, attention or effort ● Running in a marathon must be very demanding and tiring. ➣ demand (v, n) +
B1	enable +	make it possible for sb to do sth ● Being fit enabled her to walk for hours across the mountains. +
B1	tough +	difficult ● Would you ever go on a tough journey across snow and ice? +
B1	undergo +	If you undergo sth, it happens to you. ● She underwent a cataract operation to restore her sight. +
B1	continent +	one of the seven main areas of land on Earth, eg Africa, Asia, etc ● Greece is situated in the south of the continent of Europe. +
B1	journal +	a diary ● Every day my grandma writes in her journal, and one day she says she will let me read it. +
B1	misfortune +	bad luck ● John had the misfortune to be born blind, but he became an athlete and has won many medals. +
B1	tyre +	rubber part of a wheel ● Her dad made her a swing out of an old tyre which he hung from a tree. +
B1	expedition +	a long, carefully organised journey to a dangerous or unfamiliar place ● They made preparations for their expedition to Antarctica. +
B1	terracotta +	hard, reddish-brown clay ● That’s a lovely terracotta flower pot. +
B1	figure +	a statue of a person ● The famous figure of a chariot driver can be seen in the Delphi museum. +
B1	estimate +	guess; make an approximate judgement ● He estimated that a thousand people had visited the museum that morning. ➣ estimate (n) +
B1	chariot +	a vehicle with two wheels pulled by a horse, and used in ancient times in battles and races ● The chariot races in films about ancient Rome are very exciting. Reading page 70 +
B1	hieroglyph +	a picture or symbol of an object, representing a word, syllable or sound, used in ancient Egyptian writing ● Some people can read ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Word Focus page 70 +
B1	fracture +	broken bone ● The doctor said the fracture in my arm isn’t very bad and will heal in a month. ➣ fracture (v) +
B1	Supreme Council of Antiquiti +	an organisation which is responsible for the protection of Egypt’s treasures ● The Supreme Council of Antiquities tries to look after Egypt's archaeological treasures. +
B1	CT scan +	a special way of taking pictures of the inside of the body ● A CT scan showed the surgeon where the problem was so he could operate. +
B1	malaria +	a serious disease caused by the bite of a mosquito ● If you travel to certain countries, you should take tablets so you don’t get malaria. +
B1	ultimately +	finally; in the end ● I can advise you, but ultimately, you must decide what you want to do. ➣ ultimate (adj) Reading pages 70–71 +
B1	BC +	before Christ, meaning the number of years before the birth of Jesus Christ ● Julius Caesar died in 44 BC. +
B1	rule +	control a country ● The pharaohs ruled ancient Egypt for centuries. ➣ rule, ruler (n) +
B1	luxurious +	very comfortable and expensive ● Many rich people have luxurious homes and go on luxurious holidays. ➣ luxury (n) +
B1	eventual +	happening at the end of a process or period of time ● Amy and Tim were the eventual winners of the competition. ➣ eventually (adv) +
B1	remain +	stay in the same situation or place ● I asked him what was wrong but he remained silent. +
B1	identity +	a person's name and who they are ● The identity of bodies found by archaeologists remains a mystery. ➣ identify (v) +
B1	analysis +	a scientific examination of sth in order to understand it better ● An analysis of the bone structure showed them that the mummy was a teenage girl. ➣ analyse (v) +
B1	mummy +	a preserved dead body ● In the film The Mummy, a mummy of a dead bad guy comes to life and scares everybody! ➣ mummify (v) +
B1	shed light (on sth) +	make sth easier to understand by providing new information ● The researcher found old letters which shed light on Queen Victoria’s life. +
B1	chest +	the top front part of your body between your neck and your stomach ● His heart beat loudly in his chest. +
B1	hunter +	sb who chases and kills wild animals ● The hunters chased and killed the red deer. ➣ hunt (v, n) +
B1	skull +	the bones of a person's or animal's head ● He hit his head in the crash and broke the front of his skull. +
B1	disprove +	show that sth is not true ● The DNA analysis disproved the idea that he was related to the king. ✎ Opp: prove +
B1	direction +	management; control ● The new library is under the direction of the university because it owns the building. +
B1	build +	body shape and size ● Swimmers usually have a muscular build. +
B1	the roof of your mouth +	the hard upper part of the inside of your mouth ● The roof of your mouth is a bit red. Have you got a cold? +
B1	miraculously +	very unexpectedly; luckily ● The archaeologist discovered a 4,000-year-old mummy that was in miraculously good condition. ➣ miracle (n), miraculous (adj) +
B1	bring sth to light +	discover sth or make it known ● This information has just been brought to light. +
B1	depiction +	showing sb or sth in a picture ● There were depictions of hunting scenes on the walls of the cave. ➣ depict (v) +
B1	suffering +	sadness and pain ● Charles Dickens wrote about the suffering of the poor in many of his books. ➣ suffer (v) +
B1	seek (to do sth) +	try to do sth ● Archaeologists seek to uncover the facts about the past. +
B1	honour +	show publicly that you respect and admire sb ● The artist was honoured by having a street named after him. ➣ honour (n) +
B1	come to light +	be revealed ● These new facts came to light in an old forgotten book in the library. +
B1	disease-free +	with no diseases ● After weeks of treatment, she was better and disease-free. +
B1	virus +	a very small living thing that causes illnesses ● He caught a virus at school and has got a very high fever. +
B1	wreck +	a ship that has sunk ● The wreck of the Victory was discovered in 2008. +
B1	decipher +	work out the meaning of sth ● After JeanFrancois Champollion deciphered hieroglyphs, our knowledge of ancient Egypt increased. Medical vocabulary CT scan disease-free fracture malaria suffering virus Parts of the body chest skull the roof of one's mouth Vocabulary page 72 +
B1	battle +	a fight between armies ● The battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC. ➣ battle (v) +
B1	pass a law +	officially accept a law by voting for it ● In 2010, the government passed a law which says you cannot smoke inside public buildings. +
B1	human rights +	basic rights that people should have like freedom and justice ● Laws exist in order to protect our human rights. +
B1	stained +	with a dirty mark that won’t come off ● Your teeth are stained and they are very yellow. ➣ stain (v, n) +
B1	liberate +	free ● In 1821, the Greeks liberated their country and gained their freedom. ➣ liberation, liberty (n) +
B1	D-Day +	in World War II, the day the Allies landed in France to begin the spread of their armies through Europe ● Many soldiers died on the beaches of Normandy on D-Day. +
B1	monument +	an old building which is an important part of a country’s history ● The Colosseum in Rome is a famous monument. +
B1	revolution +	a time when there is a violent change of a political system ● The French Revolution started in 1789. ➣ revolt (v), revolutionary (adj) +
B1	concept +	an idea of how sth is ● The concept that people should have equal rights is one we all believe in. +
B1	plot +	a secret plan to do sth wrong ● A plot to kill Che Guevara succeeded in 1967. ➣ plot (v) +
B1	blow up +	destroy sth with an explosion ● The building was blown up by a bomb and was completely destroyed. +
B1	Houses of Parliament +	the building where the British parliament meets ● We saw the Houses of Parliament when we visited London but we didn’t see any politicians. +
B1	hang +	kill sb by dropping them with a rope around their neck ● Criminals are no longer hanged in the UK because the death sentence has been abolished. ➣ hanging (n) +
B1	objective +	considering only facts and not letting your feelings change your opinion ● I can’t be objective about her because I’m her friend. ➣ objectivity (n) ✎ Opp: subjective +
B1	subjective +	based on personal feelings ● His book about his grandparents was subjective and only described them as he remembered them. ➣ subjectivity (n) ✎ Opp: objective +
B1	historical +	part of history ● Pericles is one of the most important historical figures. ➣ history (n), historic (adj) ❖ ιστορικός +
B1	historian +	sb who studies history ● A famous historian is going to present a TV documentary about ancient Rome. ➣ history (n), historic, historical (adj) +
B1	fictional +	imaginary and from a book or story ● My favourite fictional character is Asterix the Gaul. ➣ fiction (n) ✎ Opp: factual +
B1	authentic +	genuine ● This is an authentic painting by Rembrandt. ➣ authenticity (n) +
B1	artificial +	not natural but man-made ● She has artificial flowers in her house because real ones make her sneeze. +
B1	take (on) +	sb's opinion about sth ● The two historians have different takes on what happened. +
B1	times gone by +	the past ● The book Zorba the Greek talks about times gone by on the island of Crete. +
B1	anything but +	definitely not ● The restaurant was anything but cheap. +
B1	academic +	sb who teaches at a university ● His father is an academic at the University of Athens, where he teaches history. ➣ academic (adj) +
B1	proceed +	do sth after doing sth else ● This book starts with a map of the Balkans today and then proceeds to explain how this map has changed over the ages. +
B1	age +	a particular period of history ● Humans have been involved in warfare throughout the ages from ancient times to this day. +
B1	sarcastic +	saying the opposite of what you mean in order to insult or show sb that you are annoyed ● 'Oh, I see you’re studying hard,' said Mum in a sarcastic tone, as I sat on the sofa watching cartoons. ➣ sarcasm (n) +
B1	ironic +	using words that are the opposite of what you really mean ● He often makes ironic remarks about people when he wants to be funny. ➣ irony (n) +
B1	critic +	sb whose job is to judge the good and bad qualities of art, music, films etc ● Critics gave the film Troy very bad reviews. ➣ criticise (v), critical (adj) +
B1	claim +	say sth is true ● He claims to have visited all the monuments in Europe, but I doubt whether it’s true. ➣ claim (n) +
B1	at times +	sometimes ● This informative book is wellwritten but at times too detailed. +
B1	thirst for knowledge +	a strong desire for knowledge ● Her thirst for knowledge about the past drove her to become an archaeologist. ➣ thirsty (adj) Control and war battle liberate revolution rule Grammar page 73 +
B1	wonder +	sth that makes you feel surprise and admiration ● The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. ➣ wonderful (adj) +
B1	muddy +	covered with soft wet earth ● Take those muddy shoes off before you come inside! ➣ mud (n) +
B1	antiquities +	objects and buildings from ancient times which have survived to the present day ● Museums all over the world are full of antiquities. +
B1	excavation +	dig carefully to find ancient objects, bones etc ● The excavation of Knossos was led by the archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. ➣ excavate (v) +
B1	retire +	stop working because you have reached a certain age ● Grandpa retired at 65 and he now relaxes at home ➣ retirement (n) +
B1	inscription +	words that are cut in sth such as stone or metal ● The inscription on the statue was in German. ➣ inscribe (v) Speaking page 75 +
B1	effective +	Sth that is effective works well. ● Swimming is an effective way of keeping fit. +
B1	absolutely +	completely ● Are you absolutely sure? +
B1	totally +	completely ● The professor pointed out that ancient Greek statues were totally different to Egyptian ones. ➣ total (adj) +
B1	respectfully +	in a way that shows you want to be polite to sb ● He respectfully refused to answer the question. ➣ respect (v, n), respectful (adj) Grammar page 76 +
B1	guided tour +	If sb takes you on a guided tour, they show you around a place and tell you about it. ● We had a guided tour of the city and learnt a lot about it. +
B1	rescuer +	a person who saves sb from a dangerous situation ● She thanked her rescuers for saving her life. ➣ rescue (v, n) +
B1	catacomb +	an underground place where dead people are buried ● Did you see any mummies in the catacombs in Rome? +
B1	uncover +	find ● The secret of where Atlantis might be has never been uncovered. Archaeology antiquities artefact BC burial bury catacomb decipher dig up excavation find hieroglyph inscription mummy pot uncover Use your English page 77 +
B1	set off +	start a journey ● They set off in the morning and arrived at midday. +
B1	set up +	make a machine or piece of equipment ready for use ● Have you set up your new laptop yet? +
B1	take over +	begin to have control of or responsibility for sth ● The small company was bought and taken over by a larger one. ➣ takeover (n) +
B1	dig up +	excavate; remove sth from the ground that was buried ● Many interesting things were dug up during the excavation. +
B1	put off +	discourage ● He was put off becoming a soldier because it was so dangerous. +
B1	die out +	become extinct or disappear ● Neanderthals died out thousands of years ago. +
B1	extinct +	An extinct species of animal or plant does not exist any more. ● Dinosaurs used to walk the Earth but they are now extinct. ➣ extinction (n) +
B1	remove +	take sth away from somewhere or off sth ● They have removed the painting from the museum. +
B1	bury +	put sb who has died in a grave ● Her elderly aunt passed away and was buried yesterday. ➣ burial (n) +
B1	human race +	mankind ● The human race might become extinct if the temperature on Earth rises too much. +
B1	comet +	bright object with a tail that travels around the sun ● We looked at the comet through the telescope. +
B1	quit +	give up, leave (your job) ● Katy quit her job because she has found a better one. ✎ Syn: resign +
B1	pot +	a round container that you put things in ● These pots were used for storing food in. +
B1	theorise +	think about sth and suggest an explanation for it ● The detective theorised that the victim knew his killer ➣ theory (n), theoretical (adj) +
B1	repetition +	doing or saying the same thing many times ● The repetition of the same lyrics again and again in this song makes it a bit annoying. ➣ repeat (v), repetitive (adj) +
B1	conclusive +	showing that sth is true; ending any doubt ● We were all convinced by the conclusive evidence that the vase did, in fact, date back to 1,200 BC. ➣ conclude (v), conclusion (n) ✎ Opp: inconclusive +
B1	burial +	the ceremony of putting body in a grave ● The burial site of Tutankhamun was discovered in the twentieth century. ➣ bury (v) +
B1	within +	inside ● I never saw the people that lived in the house, but I often heard strange noises from within. +
B1	sufficient +	enough; as much or as many as you need or want ● Do you have sufficient information for your article? ✎ Opp: insufficient +
B1	find +	an important, valuable or interesting thing that is found ● The statue was a very important archaeological find. ➣ find (v) Phrasal verbs blow up die out dig up put off set off set up take over Writing: an email pages 78–79 +
B1	utterly +	completely ● Dad looked utterly ridiculous in the Easter Bunny costume. ➣ utter (adj) +
B1	entirely +	completely ● The accident was entirely your fault! +
B1	sack +	fire; dismiss sb from their job ● Fred was sacked because he was caught stealing. ✎ Also: get the sack +
B1	exceptional +	excellent ● The meal was exceptional and I will recommend the restaurant to my friends. ➣ exception (n) +
B1	quite +	very; completely ● That’s quite impossible! +
B1	slightly +	a little ● He was slightly disappointed that he didn’t have more time to see all of the museum. ➣ slight (adj) +
B1	pretty +	quite ● We were pretty tired after the long walk, so we had a nap in the hotel. +
B1	time capsule +	a container with objects from a particular time so that people in the future will know what life was like then ● We wrote letters about our lives and put them in a time capsule to be opened in fifty years from now. +
B1	yard +	an area next to a building, usually with a wall or fence around it ● The students were playing in the school yard. +
B1	contents +	what is inside sth ● The police officer asked him about the contents of the box. ➣ contain (v) +
B1	contain +	have sth inside ● Oranges contain a lot of vitamin C. ➣ contents (pl n) +
B1	survivor +	sb who is still alive after an event or situation that could have killed them ● It was a terrible accident. There were no survivors. ➣ survive (v), survival (n) Video: Giza Pyramids page 80 +
B1	surrounding +	near or around a place ● Delphi and the surrounding area is very mountainous. ➣ surround (v) +
B1	consist (of) +	be formed from two or more things ● This book consists of ten chapters and twenty illustrations. +
B1	limestone +	a type of white or grey stone used in building ● They used huge blocks of limestone to build the wall. +
B1	maintain +	keep in good condition ● Unless you maintain old buildings, they start to have problems. ➣ maintenance (n) +
B1	priceless +	extremely valuable ● The Mona Lisa is priceless and it’s impossible to say how much it would be worth. ➣ price (n) ✎ Opp: worthless +
B1	timeless +	remaining beautiful and not becoming oldfashioned ● The Pyramids of Giza have a timeless quality as if they had existed forever. ➣ time (n) +
B1	artifact +	an object that is historically interesting ● There are many interesting artifacts at the new Acropolis Museum. ✎ Also: artefact +
B1	guardian +	sb who defends and protects sth ● In the past, monks were the guardians of books which were kept in large libraries. ➣ guard (v) +
B1	compete +	try to get people to buy your products and not sb else’s ● The small shops in the town centre compete for business. ➣ competition (n), competitive (adj) +
B1	official +	sb who has a position of authority in an organisation ● The museum official told the children not to touch anything. ➣ official (adj) +
B1	threat +	sth which can damage sth else ● Pollution is a threat to many old monuments as it destroys the stone. ➣ threaten (v) +
B1	concern +	worry ● There is a lot of concern about damage to the Parthenon and archaeologists are trying to restore it. ➣ concerned (adj) +
B1	merchant +	sb who buys and sells things ● Street merchants often sell goods like bags, belts and sunglasses. +
B1	housing +	houses, flats, etc that people live in ● It’s not easy to find cheap housing in this area. ➣ house (n, v) +
B1	construction +	process of building ● The construction of the Parthenon was organised by Perikles. ➣ construct (v) +
B1	wise +	based on good judgement ● That was a wise decision. ➣ wisdom (n) +
B1	safeguard +	protect ● The Egyptian mummy must be safeguarded from damage, so it is kept in a dark room. ➣ safeguard (n) +
B1	generation +	all the people that were born at about the same time ● The younger generation don’t seem to be interested in the country’s history. +
B1	task +	a piece of work that must be done ● I had the task of sending out the invitations. +
B1	wildfire +	a fire that starts and spreads very quickly and cannot be controlled ● The wildfire burnt thousands of trees. +
B1	tornado +	an extremely violent storm consisting of air that spins and causes destruction ● The tornado destroyed all the houses in the street. Word Focus page 84 +
B1	classify +	divide people or things into groups according to type ● Earthquakes are classified according to strength and type. ➣ classification (n) +
B1	derail +	make a train come off the tracks ● Bad weather derailed the train and three people were killed. ➣ derailment (n) +
B1	molten +	Molten lava or rock is in a liquid form because it is so hot. ● Molten rock flowed down the volcano. ➣ melt (v) +
B1	pyroclastic +	hot gas, lava and rock that comes out of a volcano and flows down its side at great speed ● The pyroclastic flow was so fast that it killed more than 25 people. +
B1	fragment +	a small piece that has broken off sth ● There were fragments of glass on the floor. +
B1	rapidly +	quickly ● Computer technology is changing rapidly. ➣ rapid (adj) Reading pages 84-85 +
B1	freaky +	very unusual ● The snowy weather in the middle of summer was freaky. ➣ freak (n) +
B1	force of nature +	a natural power like a storm ● Humans may think they control things, but they cannot control the forces of nature. +
B1	hurricane +	a storm with very strong fast winds ● The hurricane called Katrina destroyed many parts of the city of New Orleans. +
B1	blizzard +	a snow storm ● There was a blizzard and the heavy snow prevented people from leaving their homes. +
B1	flash flood +	a flood that happens very suddenly, and continues for only a short time ● A flash flood drowned many animals and caused a lot of damage. +
B1	record +	If an instrument records the size, temperature, etc of sth, it measures it and keeps the information. ● Details about the weather first started to be recorded about 150 years ago. ➣ record (n) +
B1	sweep away +	force sth to move in a particular direction ● Cars and trucks were swept away by the tsunami. +
B1	tear +	remove sth by pulling it quickly and violently ● The tornado tore the roof off their house. ➣ tear (n) +
B1	rip +	remove sth quickly and violently ● Trees were ripped from the ground by the strong wind. ➣ rip (n) +
B1	suck (up) +	draw in with great force ● Tornados can suck up cars and even houses as they rip through a neighbourhood. +
B1	take sb/sth along for the ri +	force sb or sth to come with you unwillingly ● When the river overflowed, it took the ducks along for the ride. +
B1	cover +	shelter ● We ran for cover when it started to rain as we didn’t have umbrellas. ➣ cover (v) +
B1	explode +	blow up ● The bomb exploded and destroyed the building. ➣ explosion (n), explosive (adj) +
B1	mid-air +	in the air ● A tornado can pick up cars and it looks like they are flying in mid-air. +
B1	flaming +	covered in flames (flames= burning gas that you see coming from a fire) ● The firemen couldn’t reach the flaming building. ➣ flame (n) +
B1	twister +	a violent storm with a very strong wind that blows in a circle ● The twister destroyed their house. +
B1	intense +	extreme ● The intense heat made it hard for the firefighters to get close enough to the fire to put it out. ➣ intensity (n) +
B1	spin +	turn around in circles very quickly ● Tornados spin very fast and also move across land very fast. +
B1	whirl +	the shape of sth that is spinnning ● The fire whirl went spinning through a field and burnt the crops. ➣ whirl (v) +
B1	storey +	floor; one level in a building ● My dad’s office is in a four-storey building. +
B1	hailstorm +	a storm in which frozen rain drops fall as balls of ice ● Hailstorms often ruin fruit crops because the ice damages the trees. +
B1	chunk +	a large piece ● Chunks of ice are falling off glaciers as the temperature of our planet rises. +
B1	deadly +	which can kill ● The deadly hurricane killed thousands of people. ➣ die (v), death (n), dead (adj) +
B1	hail +	frozen raindrops which fall as balls of ice ● Hail fell on his car and broke the windscreen. ➣ hail (v) +
B1	raindrop +	a single drop of rain ● We realised we were going to get wet when raindrops started to fall from the sky. +
B1	speck +	a tiny spot; a very small amount of sth ● Earth seems like a tiny speck in the universe. +
B1	bounce +	If an object bounces, it immediately moves away from a surface after hitting it. ● It was raining so hard the water was bouncing off the road. ➣ bounce (n) +
B1	erupt +	If a volcano erupts, it sends fire, smoke and rocks into the sky. ● People had to leave their homes when the volcano erupted. ➣ eruption (n) +
B1	glowing +	producing a soft light because it is so hot ● The glowing molten rock moved slowly down the mountain. ➣ glow (v, n) +
B1	path +	the direction that sb or sth moves in ● The tornado destroyed everything in its path. +
B1	typically +	most usually ● People from Mediterranean countries typically have dark eyes and dark hair. ➣ typical (adj) +
B1	knock down +	make sth fall over ● The strong wind knocked down all the trees in its path. +
B1	victim +	sb who is hurt or killed ● The victims of the train accident were taken to hospital. +
B1	breathe in +	take air into your lungs through your mouth or nose ● Now breathe in and try to hold your breath for ten seconds. ✎ Opp: breathe out +
B1	ash +	soft grey powder that remains after sth has burnt ● Black ash covered the sun when the volcano erupted. +
B1	destructive +	causing damage ● Australia suffers from hundreds of destructive wildfires ever year. ➣ destroy (v), destruction (n) +
B1	stream +	a continuous flow of liquid or gas ● A stream of smoke rose from the burning building. +
B1	accompany +	happen at the same time as sth else ● The heavy rain was accompanied by a strong wind. +
B1	thunder +	the loud noise heard during a storm after a flash of lightning ● The children covered their ears because they were afraid of the thunder. +
B1	lightning +	a flash of light in a storm ● You always see lightning before you hear thunder as light travels faster than sound. Dangerous weather blizzard flash flood hailstorm hurricane lightning thunder tornado Vocabulary page 86 +
B1	famine +	a period when there is no food and people die of hunger ● The charity sent food to help those affected by famine. +
B1	landslide +	when rocks and earth fall down off the side of a mountain ● The rain caused a landslide and rocks blocked the road for weeks. +
B1	tidal wave +	a very large wave often caused by an earthquake at sea; a tsunami ● A tidal wave can be many metres high and is destructive. +
B1	peak +	the top of a mountain ● You cannot see the peak of the mountain as it is always covered by clouds. +
B1	Richter scale +	a system used for measuring how powerful an earthquake is ● The earthquake measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and didn’t cause any damage to buildings. +
B1	intensity +	power, strength ● The intensity of the storm caused a lot of damage. ➣ intense (adj), intensely (adv) +
B1	fault line +	a large crack in the rocks that form the Earth's surface ● The enormous fault line in California is called the San Andreas Fault. +
B1	magnitude +	large size or extent of sth ● They were shocked by the magnitude of the wave that swept over the wall. +
B1	width +	the distance from one side of sth to the other side ● The tornado was the width of a street and the height of a tall building. ➣ widen (v), wide (adj) +
B1	aftershock +	small earthquake after a large one ● There were many aftershocks after the big earthquake. +
B1	casualty +	sb who is hurt or killed in an accident or war ● There was a powerful earthquake and there were thousands of casualties. +
B1	crust +	the outer layer of the Earth ● The rock under the earth’s crust is molten because of the intense heat. +
B1	play havoc +	create a very confusing and possibly dangerous situation ● The storm played havoc and hundreds of trees were blown over. +
B1	ranger +	sb who looks after forests ● Many people volunteer to be forest rangers in the summer to help prevent fires. +
B1	wreck +	destroy ● Natural disasters can wreck people’s lives by leaving them homeless. +
B1	be on guard +	be ready to protect sb or sth ● Firefighters are always on guard so they can reach a fire quickly. +
B1	plate +	one of the large sheets of rock that form the surface of the Earth ● Earthquakes take place where two plates meet. +
B1	the authorities +	the people in charge of a particular country or area ● The authorities told residents that they had to leave the area. +
B1	issue +	give (e.g. an order or warning) ● Governments issue warnings in times of danger in order to save lives. +
B1	evacuate +	send sb away from a dangerous place ● Many children were evacuated from London to the countryside during the Second World War. ➣ evacuation (n) Grammar page 87 +
B1	inhabitant +	sb who lives in a particular place ● This island two thousand inhabitants. ➣ inhabit (v) +
B1	global warming +	an increase in world temperatures caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ● Global warming is causing the ice at the poles to melt. Listening page 88 +
B1	mammoth +	an animal like an elephant with hair, now extinct ● Mammoths were large animals that existed a long time ago. +
B1	preserve +	save sth from being destroyed ● The body of the animal was preserved in the ice. ➣ preservation (n) +
B1	tusk +	one of the two long pointed teeth that come out of the mouth of some animals ● It is illegal to kill elephants for their tusks, but hunters still do it. +
B1	carcass +	the body of dead animal ● There was a carcass of a rabbit on the road. It must have been run over. Speaking page 89 +
B1	captivity +	when an animal is kept in a cage and is not free in the wild ● Some endangered species are raised in captivity so they don’t become extinct. ➣ capture (v), captive (n, adj) +
B1	interference +	getting involved in a situation where you are not wanted ● Human interference has led to the extinction of many animals. ➣ interfere (v) +
B1	in the wild +	in natural surroundings ● There are only a few tigers still alive in the wild. +
B1	Pacific Ring of Fire +	area surrounding the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen ● San Francisco is on the Pacific Ring of Fire and they often have earthquakes there. +
B1	strike +	When sth bad strikes, it happens suddenly and causes a person or place to suffer. ● The earthquake struck at 3.17 am. +
B1	relief +	the good feeling you have when you stop worrying, hurting, etc ● It was a relief to hear that they were safe! ➣ relieve (v) Use your English page 91 +
B1	be in deep water +	biː ɪn diːp ˈwɔːtə/ +
B1	a ray of sunshine +	sb who is happy and makes others feel happy ● Betty is a ray of sunshine and always cheers us up. +
B1	as quick as lightning +	very fast ● His reaction was as quick as lightning. +
B1	have (my) head in the clouds +	be unrealistic ● She is not very sensible or practical. She has her head in the clouds. +
B1	be down to earth +	be practical and sensible ● If you want sensible advice, ask Kate. She's very down to earth. +
B1	throw caution to the wind +	do sth without worrying about the risk or negative results ● I threw caution to the wind and jumped into the river. +
B1	go down a storm +	be a big success ● The film went down a storm in Hollywood. +
B1	supervolcano +	a huge volcano that erupts at least 1,000 cubic kilometres of material (a large volcano erupts about one cubic kilometre) ● I watched a documentary about the supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park. +
B1	blast +	an explosion ● The noise of the blast when the volcano erupted was terrifying. ➣ blast (v) +
B1	devastating +	damaging sth badly ● The devastating fire flattened the whole forest. ➣ devastate (v), devastation (n) +
B1	catastrophic +	very bad indeed ● The tsunami had catastrophic effects and destroyed all the coastal towns. ➣ catastrophe (n) +
B1	differ (from) +	be different (from) ● Supervolcanoes differ from volcanoes as they are much more catastrophic. ➣ difference (n), different (adj) +
B1	cone +	a shape that is round at one end, has sloping sides and has a point at the other end ● The clown's hat was cone-shaped and white. +
B1	burst +	move or come from somewhere suddenly ● She burst into the room. +
B1	magma +	hot liquid rock found below the surface of the earth ● Volcanoes erupt when magma rises to the Earth’s surface. +
B1	massive +	enormous ● The massive earthquake caused a tsunami which killed thousands of people. ✎ Opp: tiny +
B1	the clock is ticking +	there isn’t much time left ● We must find a solution to global warming because the clock is ticking and temperatures are rising. Writing: a story (2) pages 92–93 +
B1	make out +	be able to see, hear or understand sth or sb ● He spoke so quietly that I couldn’t make out what he was saying. +
B1	dock +	If a ship docks, it sails into a dock so that it can unload. ● The ferry docked at 6 am and we drove off the boat half an hour later. ➣ dock (n) +
B1	go ashore +	go on land from the sea ● We went ashore every time the cruise ship reached an island. +
B1	stroll +	walk slowly in a relaxed way ● After dinner they strolled around the town before returning to the hotel. ➣ stroll (n) +
B1	steam +	vapour from hot water ● Don’t burn your hands on the steam coming from that hot saucepan. +
B1	pour +	If a liquid or smoke pours out of a place, it comes out in very large amounts. ● There was a fire and smoke was pouring out of the kitchen window. +
B1	crack +	a narrow gap or a line on the surface of sth that is damaged ● There were many cracks in the road after the earthquake. ➣ crack (v) +
B1	glance (at) +	look at sb or sth quickly ● I saw a red car go by when I glanced at the street. ➣ glance (n) +
B1	twist +	turn around ● He twisted in his seat to see who was behind him. ➣ twist (n) +
B1	catch a glimpse +	see sb or sth for a moment only ● We caught a glimpse of the dolphins in the sea, but they soon swam away. +
B1	set +	When the sun sets, it moves down in the sky and disappears. ● In the past when the sun set, people stayed indoors because they were afraid to go out in the dark. ✎ Opp: rise +
B1	cliff +	a high area of land next to the sea ● The white cliffs on the south coast of England are a spectacular sight. +
B1	catch sb’s eye +	attract sb’s attention and make them look at sth ● This article on blizzards caught my eye when I was looking through the magazine. +
B1	gaze +	look at sth or sb for a long time ● She gazed at him in surprise. ➣ gaze (n) +
B1	glare (at) +	look at sb angrily ● She glared at him when he turned up for their date an hour late. +
B1	notice +	see or pay attention to sb or sth ● I didn’t notice the sign on the wall. +
B1	stare +	look at sth or sb for a long time without moving your eyes because you are surprised, angry or frightened ● What’s the matter? Why are you staring at me? ➣ stare (n) +
B1	creep +	move quietly, carefully and slowly ● He crept down the stairs to the kitchen so nobody would hear him. +
B1	limp +	walk with difficulty because one leg hurts ● Ever since he hurt his ankle, he’s been limping. ➣ limp (n), lame (adj) +
B1	march +	walk with regular steps, like a soldier ● The students marched in the parade on 28 October. ➣ march (n) +
B1	skip +	move with little jumps, like a happy child ● The children skipped along the street on their way home from school. ➣ skip (n) +
B1	wander +	walk around slowly, with no special plan ● The lost boy was found wandering the streets. Video: Tornado Chase page 94 +
B1	barometric pressure +	force of the air around the earth ● The barometric pressure is high today so the weather will be fine. +
B1	data +	information collected for analysis ● We don't have enough data to make a prediction. +
B1	forecast +	predict ● The weatherman forecast rain for today, but so far it is dry. ➣ forecast (n) +
B1	humidity +	the amount of water in the air ● The humidity in the tropics is very high in the rainy season. ➣ humid (adj) +
B1	meteorologist +	sb who studies weather ● The meteorologist studied the weather patterns and predicted that the next few days would be stormy. ➣ meteorology (n) +
B1	mission +	an important job that sb is given to do or work that sb feels they must do ● Her mission in life was to help people in need. +
B1	velocity +	speed ● The highest wind velocity recorded in this area was 200 km per hour. +
B1	plain +	a large area of flat land ● The crops on the plain died because there had been no rain for months. +
B1	probe +	a device used to send back information from inside sth ● The probe that the scientists sent into the cloud recorded useful data. ➣ probe (v) +
B1	attempt +	try ● They attempted to drive near the tornado, but it was so dangerous they had to leave. ➣ attempt (n) +
B1	functional +	working correctly ● He dropped the compass but it didn’t break and is still functional. ➣ function (v, n) +
B1	oncoming +	moving towards you ● When you drive in bad weather, turn on your lights so you can see oncoming traffic. +
B1	visual +	which can be seen ● Do you have a visual recording of the storm on your camcorder? ➣ vision (n) +
B1	faith +	a feeling of trust or confidence in sb or sth ● She had faith the hurricane wouldn’t destroy their house. ➣ faithful (adj) +
B1	the next time around +	the next time sth happens ● We didn’t get a photo of the lightning but we hope to the next time around. +
B1	first-hand +	in person ● He experienced the tornado first-hand and took some unbelievable photos of it. +
B1	blog +	a web page with information about a subject, in which the latest information is at the top of the page ● If you want to read some of his new book, visit his blog. ➣ blogger (n) +
B1	e-book +	a book which you read downloaded on your computer ● You can read e-books on your tablet. +
B1	app +	abbreviation for ‘application’: a program on a computer or mobile phone designed to do a particular job ● I’ve just downloaded this app on my phone – it’s cool! +
B1	get hold of +	find; buy ● I want to get hold of her new book, but it isn’t in the shops yet. +
B1	pre-schooler +	a child who hasn’t started school yet; a child under five ● Pre-schoolers often go to nursery school for a few hours a day. +
B1	logic +	a way of thinking about sth that seems correct and reasonable ● Maths is a subject based on logic. ➣ logical (adj) +
B1	rhyme +	a short piece of writing where the lines end with the same sounds ● I bought this book with children’s rhymes for my little sister. +
B1	issue +	a magazine or newspaper printed for a particular day, week or month ● I just got the April issue of National Geographic. ➣ issue (v) +
B1	feature +	a piece of writing about a subject in a magazine ● There's a feature about careers for young people in this magazine. +
B1	section +	one of the parts of a book, document, etc ● He buys a paper every day and only reads the sports section. +
B1	zone +	an area that is different from the other areas around it ● You can’t park here – it’s a ‘no parking’ zone. +
B1	pullout +	A pullout is part of a magazine that is designed to be removed and read, seen or used separately. ● There’s a pullout poster of the Olympiacos team in this sports magazine. +
B1	collectable +	worth collecting ● These collectable Pokemon cards from the 90s might be valuable today. ➣ collect (v), collection, collector (n) +
B1	trading card +	one of a set of picture cards that children collect and exchange with each other ● He collects original Japanese Yu-Gi-Oh trading cards. +
B1	contest +	a game or competition in which people try to win sth ● Who won the singing contest? ➣ contestant (n) +
B1	packed (with) +	containing a lot of things ● National Geographic magazines are packed with articles on the environment. +
B1	social studies +	the study of people in society ● We are learning how governments work in social studies. +
B1	specialist +	sb who knows a lot about a subject ● This archaeology magazine is written by specialists. ➣ specialise (v) +
B1	term-time +	one of the three periods of the year that students go to school ● I have to study at the weekends during term-time. +
B1	makeover +	changes that make sb or sth look better ● We had a home makeover and completely redecorated our house. +
B1	universally +	by everyone ● National Geographic is universally recognised as a leading publication. ➣ universe (n), universal (adj) +
B1	photojournalism +	when news stories are presented with photos ● Photojournalism gives us a visual idea of the news which makes it more real for some people. +
B1	readership +	the number of people who read sth ● Kathimerini is a Greek newspaper with a large readership. +
B1	distant +	far away ● TV programmes can now be broadcast to distant places all over the world. ➣ distance (n) +
B1	supplement +	a separate part of a newspaper or magazine ● There is a fashion supplement with this newspaper every Sunday. ➣ supplement (v) +
B1	stunning +	extremely beautiful ● The stunning photos of the Pyramids really impressed them. ➣ stun (v) +
B1	destination +	the place where you are going ● On today’s holiday programme, our destination is Brazil. Newspapers and magazines column feature headline issue newsagent's photojournalism piece press pass pullout readership review subscription supplement tabloid newspaper Vocabulary page 98 +
B1	headline +	the title of a news story ● The headline yesterday was ‘Thousands Dead in Tsunami’. +
B1	presenter +	sb who presents the news on TV ● The news presenter announced that a large earthquake had hit Chile. ➣ present (v) +
B1	cameraman +	sb who operates a TV camera ● John is a cameraman at a local TV station. +
B1	sound engineer +	sb who controls the sound for a TV programme ● The sound engineer didn’t do a good job and we couldn’t hear the presenter speak. +
B1	correspondent +	a journalist who reports from a specific place or on a specific subject ● ‘And now the latest news from our correspondent in Germany,’ said the presenter. ➣ correspond (v) +
B1	newsagent’s +	a shop that sells newspapers and magazines ● Can you get me the Sunday newspaper at the newsagent’s, please? +
B1	booth +	a small enclosed place where sb can do something privately, such as use the telephone ● There’s phone booth in the reception area of the hotel. +
B1	turn down +	reduce the intensity of sound coming from a TV, radio, etc ● Turn down the TV for a moment while I answer the phone. +
B1	volume +	the amount of sound coming from a television, radio etc ● The TV is much too loud! Can you turn the volume down, please? +
B1	review +	an article that gives an opinion about a new film, book, play, performance ● There’s a review in this magazine for a good film. ➣ review (v), reviewer (n) +
B1	drive sb mad +	make sb annoyed, excited or crazy ● It drives Μum mad when I play music at full volume. +
B1	news flash +	a very short news programme that interrupts another programme when something very important has happened ● A news flash announced that a hurricane had struck New Orleans. +
B1	strike +	hit ● She was arrested for striking a police officer on the head with her bag. ➣ strike (n) +
B1	statistic +	a set of numbers which represent facts or measurements ● Statistics show that children read more nowadays than they did in the past. ➣ statistical (adj) +
B1	measurement +	the length, width, height etc of sth ● I have taken measurements of all the bedrooms so I can order new carpets. ➣ measure (v) +
B1	figure +	a number ● The figures for the number of people who watched the show are on the channel’s web site. +
B1	out of business +	no longer doing business, usually because of financial problems ● Many companies have closed and are out of business. +
B1	adaptation +	film or TV programme based on a book or a play ● What do you think of the film adaptations of The Lord of the Rings trilogy? ➣ adapt (v) +
B1	columnist +	sb who writes articles regularly for a newspaper or magazine ● He’s a columnist for a sports magazine and writes about football. +
B1	editor +	sb who is in charge of a newspaper or magazine ● The editor liked the journalist’s work and offered her a job at the newspaper. ➣ edit (v) +
B1	piece +	an article ● I read an interesting piece about Egyptian mummies in National Geographic. +
B1	publisher +	a person or company that arranges the writing, production and sale of books, magazines, newspapers, etc ● Patakis is the publisher of many Greek school books. ➣ publish (v) +
B1	varied +	including many different things; not staying the same ● I try to keep my diet as varied as possible. ➣ vary (v), variety (n) +
B1	turn to +	start doing sth new or different ● He was a teacher before he turned to acting. +
B1	self-employed +	working for yourself instead of for an employer ● He is a self-employed sports photographer, so he chooses which games he wants to photograph. +
B1	commit +	do (sth bad) ● He went to prison for committing murder. +
B1	reaction +	what you say or do because of sth that happens ● What was Fred’s reaction to the news? ➣ react (v) +
B1	loveable +	friendly and attractive ● Your cute little puppy is so loveable. ➣ love (v, n) +
B1	manuscript +	a book or piece of writing before it is printed ● The original manuscripts of old books are very valuable. +
B1	come out +	be published ● The book Twilight came out in October 2005. +
B1	bestseller +	a product, especially a book, which many people buy ● Her first book quickly became a bestseller. +
B1	delight +	a feeling of great pleasure ● To the delight of her little son, a new Toy Story film was made. ✎ NB to the delight of = προς μεγάλη χαρά του/της Media jobs cameraman columnist correspondent editor presenter publisher sound engineer Grammar page 99 +
B1	column +	a regular newspaper or magazine article on a particular subject or by a particular journalist ● Dad always reads the journalist's column in the newspaper. +
B1	subscription +	the money you pay once every six months, once a year, etc to get a newspaper, magazine, satellite TV, etc ● She has a yearly subscription for satellite TV. ➣ subscribe (v), subscriber (n) +
B1	nature preserve +	an area where animals and plants are protected ● There are many nature preserves in North America where wildlife is protected. ✎ NB: nature preserve = American English; nature reserve = British English. +
B1	feature +	include sth as a special or important part ● Her photo features on the cover of her new CD. +
B1	broadcast +	send out a radio or TV programme ● The news is broadcast every evening at 9 pm. ➣ broadcast, broadcaster (n) Speaking page 101 +
B1	gossip +	talk about other people’s lives ● She reads all the gossip about famous stars in celebrity magazines. ➣ gossip (v) Grammar page 102 +
B1	accurate +	correct ● This article isn’t accurate; it says John Lennon died in 1970, but he actually died in 1980. ➣ accuracy (n) ✎ Opp: inaccurate +
B1	tabloid newspaper +	a newspaper with small pages, a lot of pictures and short, simple news stories ● The Sun is the most well-known tabloid newspaper in the UK. +
B1	sensational +	intended to excite or shock people ● The sensational story of the death of Michael Jackson was in all the papers. ➣ sensation (n) Use your English page 103 +
B1	bring out +	publish ● When is J. K. Rowling going to bring out a new book? +
B1	bring round +	convince sb your opinion is correct ● Her arguments were convincing and she brought me round to her point of view. +
B1	pick out +	choose ● She picked out a new dress for the party. +
B1	pick up +	collect sb or sth and take them somewhere ● What time shall I pick you up at the station? +
B1	ring back +	phone sb who has phoned you earlier ● John can’t come to the phone at the moment, so he’ll have to ring you back. +
B1	ring in +	phone a TV channel or radio station ● He rang in, answered the quiz question and won a trip to Paris. +
B1	tune in +	watch or listen to a particular programme on radio or television ● I tune in every evening to the weather forecast on TV. +
B1	tune out +	stop watching or listening to a particular radio or TV programme ● Grandpa tuned out when he heard the hip hop music come on the radio. +
B1	convince +	make sb believe sth ● I couldn’t convince him that it was the right thing to do. +
B1	aspect +	one of the parts or qualities of an idea, situation, problem, etc ● We should look at the problem from every aspect. +
B1	half way through +	in the middle ● They didn’t like the film, so they left the cinema half way through. +
B1	red-carpet event +	a special occasion ● The Oscars ceremony is a very popular red-carpet event. +
B1	footage +	a film or part of a film of sth ● Footage of the Second World War can be seen in documentaries about those times. Phrasal verbs bring out bring round come out pick out pick up ring back ring in tune in tune out turn down turn to Writing: a review pages 104-105 +
B1	stop at nothing +	be ready to do anything in order to get what you want ● She’ll stop at nothing to find her missing son. +
B1	in the public eye +	seen or heard a lot on television, in magazines, in the news, etc ● Famous people like to be in the public eye so they remain popular. +
B1	press pass +	a document that allows sb who works in media to go somewhere ● The reporter went backstage with his press pass and managed to ask the band a few questions. +
B1	arrest +	If the police arrest sb, they take them to a police station because they think the person has done sth illegal ● How many hooligans were arrested after the football game? ➣ arrest (n) +
B1	post +	put information or pictures on a website ● I’ve just posted the photos on Facebook. ➣ post (n) +
B1	set +	If a film, play, novel, etc is set in a particular place or time, the action takes place there or then. ● The film is set in France. +
B1	complicated +	If sth is complicated, it is difficult to understand because it has many different parts. ● I don’t understand. The rules of this game are so complicated! ➣ complicate (v), complication (n) +
B1	on reflection +	after careful thought ● At first, I said no but on reflection, I realised it was a good idea. +
B1	intriguing +	very interesting because of being unusual or unexpected ● Hm, that’s an intriguing question! +
B1	highly +	very; to a large degree or at a high level ● Dolphins are highly intelligent creatures. +
B1	promising +	If sb or sth is promising, they show signs that they are going to be successful or good in the future. ● He’s a promising young actor. ➣ promise (v, n) Video: History of Film page 106 +
B1	present +	give sth to sb at a formal occasion ● The actor was presented with an award at the film festival. ➣ presentation (n) +
B1	annually +	once a year ● Payment will be made annually. ➣ annual (adj) +
B1	motion picture +	a film made for the cinema ● She got her first role in a motion picture in 2004. +
B1	talkie +	a film that has sound and not just pictures ● The first talkies were made in the 1920s. +
B1	succession +	a number of things of the same kind following one after the other ● The actor had a succession of hit films and became a household name. ➣ succeed (v), successive (adj) +
B1	bill +	a piece of paper that shows how much money you must pay for sth ● I always pay the phone bill οn time. +
B1	fee +	the money you pay to do sth; the money you pay to a doctor, lawyer, etc ● You pay a fee of about £145 a year for a TV licence in the UK. +
B1	lighting +	lights that light a room, a building or a street ● The lighting in the TV studio was very bright. ➣ light (v, n) +
B1	simulation +	producing conditions which are similar to real ones ● He enjoys simulation games, especially ones where you drive cars. ➣ simulate (v) +
B1	animation +	making films and computer games that show pictures, models etc that seem to be really moving ● Nowadays they use computer animation to make films. ➣ animate (v), animator (n) +
B1	aware +	If you are aware of sth, you notice it or you know it exists. ● Are you aware of the fact that films can cost millions of dollars to make? ➣ awareness (n) ✎ Opp: unaware +
B1	medium +	a means; a way of doing sth ● TV must be the most popular visual medium of entertainment nowadays. ✎ NB: Plural: media +
B1	sophisticated +	very well designed and very advanced ● Animation is far more sophisticated now than it was when it first started. ➣ sophistication (n) +
B1	projector +	a machine which projects pictures onto a screen ● Film projectors are used in cinemas to show films on the big screen. ➣ project (v) +
B1	be based on +	If sth is based on sth else, it uses it or is developed from it. ● The film is based on a true story. +
B1	complex +	complicated; not simple ● Complex computer programmes are use to make CGI animation in films. ➣ complexity (n) +
B1	worldwide +	all over the world ● Hollywood actors are well known worldwide as their films are seen everywhere. +
B1	beyond +	outside the limits of a subject, activity, etc ● What he did was beyond our imagination. +
B1	make a living +	work and earn money ● Jessica makes a living as a teacher. +
B1	fog bank +	a thick cloud of fog, especially at sea ● The ship sailed through a fog bank. +
B1	cable +	a strong thick metal rope used on ships, for supporting bridges, etc ● The bridge isn’t safe – the cables need to be replaced. Reading page 110 +
B1	dead-end +	A dead-end job has low wages and no chance of progress ● He said working at the supermarket was a dead-end job. +
B1	exhausting +	very tiring ● Being a working mother is exhausting because you have to go to work as well as look after your family and home. ➣ exhaust (v), exhaustion (n) +
B1	manual +	using your hands or your physical strength rather than your mind ● Farming is hard manual work which needs a lot of energy. +
B1	rewarding +	making you feel satisfied because you are doing sth useful or important ● It is very rewarding for teachers when their students pass their exams. ➣ reward (v, n) +
B1	stressful +	making you feel worried and nervous ● Her new job is very stressful. ➣ stress (n) Word Focus page 110 +
B1	arrest +	make sb notice sth and pay attention to it ● The sunset arrested his attention as it was so beautiful. ➣ arresting (adj) +
B1	framing +	where the photographer sets the borders of a photo graph ● Framing the photo correctly means keeping people’s heads in the picture! ➣ frame (v, n) +
B1	border +	a band along the edge of sth like a picture ● On my mobile phone, I can choose different borders for my photos. Reading pages 110–111 +
B1	combine +	join or mix things together ● She combined her love of music and performing when she joined an orchestra. ➣ combination (n) +
B1	passion +	a very strong liking for sth like an activity, hobby, etc ● He’s always had a passion for football. ➣ passionate (adj) +
B1	assignment +	a piece of work that sb is given as part of their job ● The journalist travelled to Paris because his assignment was to report on the Louvre. ➣ assign (v) +
B1	subject +	the thing or person in a picture, a photograph etc ● Animals are always a popular subject for photographers. +
B1	note +	say; point out ● He noted that my photography skills were improving. +
B1	demand +	the need or desire that people have for sth ● There is a high demand for maths teachers in the UK. +
B1	get in touch +	contact ● Carlos visited his hometown to get in touch with his childhood. +
B1	roots +	your relation to a place because you or your family used to live there ● Her roots are in Hong Kong where she grew up. +
B1	amateur +	sb who does sth as a hobby not a job ● He started taking photographs as an amateur, but now he works for National Geographic. ✎ Opp: professional +
B1	obsessed +	thinking about sb or sth all the time, and unable to think about anything else ● George is obsessed with computers and won’t turn his off. +
B1	agent +	sb who represents sb else and helps them find work ● Actors have agents who help them get roles in films. +
B1	not look back +	stop thinking about sth that happened in the past ● He sold the house, moved to Canada and hasn’t looked back since. +
B1	fond (of) +	If you are fond of sb or sth, you like them very much ● He’s fond of music which is why he became a music teacher. ➣ fondness (n) +
B1	shoot +	take a photo ● The photographer shot a picture of the shark with a special underwater camera. ➣ shot (n) +
B1	sunrise +	start of the day when the sun rises in the sky ● The farmer got up at sunrise every day to care for his fields and animals. ✎ Opp: sunset +
B1	glare +	bright light ● I put on my sunglasses to protect my eyes from the glare of the sun. +
B1	field +	an area of activity that sb is involved in as part of their work ● Her field is archaeology and at the moment she is doing research in Greece. +
B1	given +	because of or considering sth ● She looks good, given her age. +
B1	caption +	words printed under a cartoon or photo ● The caption under the cartoon was very funny. +
B1	be drawn into sth +	become involved or start doing sth although you may not want to at first ● Ι don’t want to be drawn into their problems. +
B1	fortune +	luck ● We were hungry and it was very late, but we had the good fortune to find a restaurant in the village. ➣ fortunate (adj) +
B1	get into +	begin to be involved in sth ● How did you first get into acting? +
B1	material gain +	profit in the form of money and possessions ● A well-paid job is essential for somebody interested in material gain. +
B1	craft +	a profession for which you need a special skill ● As a film director, he is very proud of his craft and wants all his work to be perfect. +
B1	amateur +	doing sth for pleasure and not as a job ● He’s just an amateur painter – he doesn’t get paid for his work. ➣ amateur (n) +
B1	representative +	sb who speaks or acts for another person ● The boss couldn’t attend the meeting so he chose a representative to go for him. ➣ represent (v), representation (n) +
B1	be taken with +	really like sb or sth ● She was taken with the idea of being an author, so she decided to do a course in creative writing. Adjectives for jobs dead-end exhausting high-risk manual rewarding stressful Vocabulary page 112 +
B1	strike +	a period of time when workers deliberately stop working because of a disagreement about pay, working conditions, etc ● The transport strike lasted two days and caused chaos on the roads. ➣ strike (v), striker (n) +
B1	unemployed +	without a job ● I have been unemployed for two months and am looking for a job. ➣ unemployment (n) ✎ Opp: employed +
B1	vacancy +	a job that is available for sb to start doing ● There aren’t any vacancies and I can’t find a job. ➣ vacant (adj) +
B1	bonus +	money added to sb's salary ● There has been a scandal about the bonuses that were given to bank CEOs during difficult times. +
B1	perk +	sth you get from your work in addition to your wages, such as the use of a car, life insurance, etc ● Many companies provide their employees with a company car as a perk. +
B1	pension +	money you receive after you retire ● He receives a pension of 500 euros every month. ➣ pensioner (n) +
B1	fire +	remove sb from their job because they have done sth wrong ● He was fired for stealing company money. +
B1	high-risk +	having a larger level of danger than usual ● Working as a firefighter is a high-risk job. +
B1	reference +	a letter with information about you written by sb who knows you well, intended for a possible employer ● My old boss gave me a good reference, so I found another job easily. ➣ refer (v) +
B1	candidate +	sb who is being considered for a job ● There are three candidates for this job, but only one will get it. +
B1	position +	a job ● The position of chef at the local restaurant is being advertised in this magazine. +
B1	be made redundant +	lose your job because your employer no longer needs you ● She was made redundant when the factory closed. +
B1	diploma +	a document showing that sb has completed a course of study or passed an examination ● He has a diploma in computing, so he wants to find work in IT. +
B1	social work +	work to improve bad social conditions and help people who are poor or have problems ● Social work is badly paid but very rewarding. +
B1	glamour +	the attractive quality of being connected with wealth and success ● There is glamour in being a film star, but it takes a lot of hard work too. ➣ glamorous (adj) +
B1	mine +	a place underground where workers dig for diamonds, coal etc ● There was an accident at the mine, but fortunately nobody was trapped underground. ➣ mine (v), miner (n) +
B1	employer +	a person or company that pays sb to do work for them ● They’re good employers – we like working for them. ➣ employ (v), employment (n), employee (n) +
B1	union +	an organisation that protects workers' rights ● The union took the company to court because it fired three workers without a reason. +
B1	indefinitely +	for an unknown length of time ● The company has closed indefinitely and we don’t know if it will open again. ➣ indefinite (adj) +
B1	poor +	bad ● Mr Davies has been in poor health for years. +
B1	support +	provide enough money to pay for the things sb needs ● Tom has two jobs in order to support his family. ➣ support (n) +
B1	countless +	numerous ● Countless numbers of people leave their countries to find work elsewhere. ➣ count (v) +
B1	come by +	manage to get sth that is difficult to get ● I came by this rare book in a charity shop! +
B1	spot +	see ● I spotted my friend on the Metro on the way to work this morning, but he didn’t see me. +
B1	agency +	a business that provides a service for other people or companies ● Liz works in a travel agency. ➣ agent (n) +
B1	hit it off (with sb) +	get on very well with sb ● He is happy because he hit it off with his new colleagues. +
B1	gladly +	If you do sth gladly, you are happy to do it. ● I’d gladly help you. ➣ glad (adj) +
B1	wages +	money you earn that is paid according to the number of hours, days or weeks that you work ● She gets her wages every Friday. +
B1	salary +	money that you receive from your employer every month ● His salary is paid into his bank account once a month. +
B1	volunteer +	sb who works willingly and without payment ● Many people were volunteers for the Olympic Games. ➣ volunteer (v), voluntary (adj) +
B1	work force +	all the people who work in an industry or company ● Over fifty per cent of the work force in this company are women. Grammar page 113 +
B1	hire +	give sb a job ● Jo, our secretary, was hired four years ago. +
B1	abroad +	in or to another country ● I’ve never been abroad. +
B1	qualification +	If you have a qualification, you have passed an exam to show you have skill or knowledge in a subject ● What qualifications do you need for this job? ➣ qualify (v), qualified (adj) +
B1	director +	a person who controls a company ● The director asked everyone to work harder. ➣ direct (v) Listening page 114 +
B1	out of choice +	because you want to ● I live in a flat out of choice. I've never wanted to live in a house. +
B1	suit +	be right or good for sb ● City life doesn’t really suit me. ➣ suitable (adj) Grammar page 116 +
B1	details +	personal information ● I need your contact details: your address, phone number and email. +
B1	give sb your word +	promise sb that you will do sth ● You have to help her. You gave her your word. +
B1	make an effort +	try ● If you want to learn another language, you will have to make an effort and study regularly. +
B1	on time +	not late ● Make sure you arrive on time for the interview. +
B1	accountant +	a person whose job is to check the money another person or company receives and pays ● He asked the accountant how much the company had spent that month. Interviews candidate details position reference vacancy Use your English page 117 +
B1	shift +	If workers work shifts, they work for a period of time during the day or night and are then replaced by other workers ● She’s a nurse and is doing the night shift this week. +
B1	part-time +	for only part of the day or week in which people work ● She’s still at college, so she only works part-time. ➣ part-time (adj) +
B1	lay off +	stop employing sb because there is no work for them ● He was laid off last month and hasn’t found another job yet. +
B1	launch +	make a new product available to the public ● The designer has just launched her summer fashion collection. ➣ launch (n) +
B1	withdraw +	stop offering a product for sale ● The toy has been withdrawn from the market. +
B1	take on +	employ ● The company hasn’t taken on any new employees this year. +
B1	get the sack +	tell sb that they can no longer work for you ● He was always late for work, so he got the sack. +
B1	desperately +	very much ● We desperately need to get new computers as these keep crashing. ➣ desperation (n), desperate (adj) +
B1	meet a deadline +	have sth finished on time ● In order to meet a deadline, we often work longer hours in the office. +
B1	properly +	well or correctly ● I can’t see properly without my glasses. ➣ proper (adj) +
B1	staffing +	providing the workers for a business or an organisation ● The staffing problems at many schools mean that there are not enough teachers for some subjects. ➣ staff (n) +
B1	at all costs +	whatever it takes ● We must get another actor at all costs or the film won’t be made. +
B1	be in debt +	owe money ● Stop using your credit card because you are already in debt and owe the bank money. +
B1	redundancy +	becoming unemployed because your job no longer exists ● The factory closed and there were hundreds of redundancies. ➣ redundant (adj) +
B1	take sb by surprise +	surpise sb ● When we got higher salaries, it took us by surprise. +
B1	out of work +	unemployed ● The supermarket closed and now we are all out of work. +
B1	on behalf of +	instead of sb; as sb's representative ● On behalf of John, who can’t be here tonight, I thank you for this award. +
B1	promotion +	a move to a more important job in a company ● She used to be a teacher but got a promotion and is now the principal. ➣ promote (v) Things that make you want to work bonus glamour perk promotion salary wages +
B1	reduction +	a decrease in sth ● A reduction in the price of the meals at the canteen made the staff happy. ➣ reduce (v) ✎ Opp: increase +
B1	recommendation +	a suggestion or advice about the best thing to do, buy, etc ● Based on his experience, he made some recommendations for improving our work. ➣ recommend (v) +
B1	board +	get on ● We board the bus every morning at eight and get off when we get to school. +
B1	supervision +	being in charge of an activity or person and making sure things are done correctly ● The children are naughty and need supervision. ➣ supervise (v), supervisor (n) +
B1	on duty +	working ● I wasn’t on duty at 4.30. +
B1	day-to-day +	daily ● The day-to-day costs of running this car are too high for me. +
B1	running +	organising or being in charge of a business ● The running of the shop is the manager's responsibility. ➣ run (v) +
B1	slip +	move smoothly over sth by accident and fall or almost fall ● Careful you don’t slip – the floor’s wet. ➣ slippery (adj) +
B1	outsider +	sb who isn’t from a particular place ● He felt like an outsider at his new school as nobody would talk to him. Video: Wildlife Reporter page 120 +
B1	flame +	the hot burning gas that you see when sth is on fire ● Don’t put your hand near the candle flame. You’ll burn yourself. +
B1	majority +	more than half of a group of people or things ● The majority of students passed the exam, but a few didn't. ✎ Opp: minority +
B1	occupation +	a job ● 'What's your occupation?' 'I'm a teacher.' +
B1	significant +	important ● Scientists have made significant progress in fighting many diseases. ➣ significance (n) ✎ Opp: insignificant +
B1	skilled +	having the training and experience necessary to do sth well ● The furniture was made by skilled craftsmen and is very good. ➣ skill (n) ✎ Opp: unskilled +
B1	capable +	having the ability necessary to do sth ● You need to be a capable climber to reach the summit of this mountain. ➣ capability (n) ✎ Opp: incapable +
B1	potential +	the possibility that something will develop in a certain way ● Katy has the potential to become a wonderful painter. ➣ potential (adj) +
B1	trail +	a path through the countryside ● The trail led to the lake. Reading page 122 +
B1	lagoon +	a lake of sea water separated from the sea by rocks, sand or coral ● There was loads of sea life in the calm lagoon. +
B1	peninsula +	a piece of land that is mostly surrounded by water but is joined to a larger area of land ● The Scandinavian peninsula is the largest in Europe. Word Focus page 122 +
B1	parliament +	a group of elected people in a country who make or change laws ● Parliament passed a law banning smoking last year. +
B1	elect +	choose sb for a position by voting for them ● A new mayor was elected in the recent local elections. ➣ election (n) +
B1	Northern Lights +	the coloured lights often seen in the night sky in places near the Arctic Circle ● When they visited Sweden in spring, they saw the Northern Lights in the sky. +
B1	glacier +	a large mass of ice formed by snow on mountains that moves very slowly down a valley ● We stepped carefully onto the glacier as the ice was dangerous. +
B1	mass +	a large amount ● A mass of ice fell off the glacier into the sea. Reading pages 122–123 +
B1	never mind +	used to tell sb not to worry about sth ● Never mind the desert, we will soon see the Pyramids. +
B1	chilly +	unpleasantly cold ● As the evening had got chilly, she put on her scarf to keep warm. ➣ chill (n) +
B1	westerly +	in or towards the west ● They were travelling in a westerly direction. ➣ west (n, adj) +
B1	northerly +	in or towards the north ● The northerly winds caused the temperature to drop rapidly. ➣ north (n), northern (adj) +
B1	wilds +	the areas of a country that are far from cities and towns, where few people live ● He spent two years travelling in the wilds of Africa. ➣ wild (adj) +
B1	follow in sb’s footsteps +	do the same job, have the same lifestyle, etc as sb else, especially sb in your family ● Following in her father’s footsteps, she became a doctor. +
B1	migrate +	If people migrate, they go to live in another area to find a better life. ● The Vikings migrated to northern England in search of new places to settle. ➣ migration (n) +
B1	cruelly +	in a way that causes pain and suffering ● The dog had been cruelly treated. ➣ cruel (adj), cruelty (n) +
B1	overhead compartment +	a small cupboard above a seat in a plane where people can put their things ● Put your bag in the overhead compartment. +
B1	buckle up +	fasten your seat belt ● Ready? Now buckle up and let’s go. +
B1	herd +	make people move somewhere as a group ● We were all herded onto the bus. ➣ herd (n) +
B1	establish +	create; set up ● The first democracy was established in Greece. +
B1	financial crisis +	a time when a country’s economy is not healthy ● A lot of people left the country during the financial crisis. +
B1	stylish +	fashionable and attractive ● The stylish hotel had beautiful rooms and a marvellous reception area. ➣ style (n) +
B1	deservedly +	If sth happens to you deservedly, it is right because you have earned it, you are good enough, etc. ● Deservedly, she won first prize. ➣ deserve (v) +
B1	thanks to +	because of ● We’re late, thanks to you! +
B1	hustle and bustle +	noise and activity ● I hate the hustle and bustle of the city centre. +
B1	lava field +	a wide area covered with cold lava ● The lava field was formed in 1783, when the volcano erupted. +
B1	emerge +	come out of sth or out from behind sth ● The sun emerged from behind the clouds. +
B1	vision +	a picture in your imagination ● I had visions of myself in 20 years’ time, living in a huge house. +
B1	light up +	fill with light ● The Northern Lights lit up the sky with beautiful colours. +
B1	spiritual +	seeming to involve gods or magic ● She felt there was something spiritual about that place; it was special. ➣ spirit (n) +
B1	shortly +	soon ● They arrived shortly after six. +
B1	en route +	on the way; while travelling from or to a place ● Our car broke down en route to London. +
B1	lawn +	an area of ground covered in short grass in a garden, park, etc ● The children were playing on the lawn. +
B1	well into the small hours +	until the early hours of the morning between midnight and the time when the sun rises ● He worked well into the small hours. +
B1	hot spring +	a place in the ground from which hot water comes up ● In many places, people bathe in hot springs for their health. +
B1	convert (into) +	change into ● Solar energy is converted into electricity in many countries. +
B1	fossil fuel +	a fuel like coal or oil ● If fossil fuels run out, we will have to find other sources of energy. +
B1	port of call +	one of several places you visit ● Our first port of call on the trip was Thessaloniki. +
B1	steaming hot +	very hot ● It was so cold that I was really looking forward to a steaming hot cup of coffee. ➣ steam (n) +
B1	contemplate +	think about sth for a long time, usually in a serious or quiet way ● He was contemplating moving to Canada. +
B1	submerge +	go or put sth under the surface of water ● These birds often submerge their heads in water to look for food. +
B1	cure +	make sb well again ● The hot springs are said to cure some skin diseases. ➣ cure (v, n) +
B1	justifiably +	used to show that there is a good reason for sth ● She was justifiably proud of her son. ➣ justifiable (adj), justify (v) +
B1	retain +	continue to have sth ● He’s trying to retain control of the company. +
B1	reputation +	what people think or say about sb or sth ● The company has a good reputation. +
B1	equal +	lead to or result in sth ● ‘More money equals greater happiness,’ he said. ➣ equal (adj) +
B1	inhabit +	live in a particular place ● Dinosaurs used to inhabit the Earth. ➣ inhabitant (n) Geographical features glacier hot spring lagoon lava field peninsula range Vocabulary page 124 +
B1	worthwhile +	worth the time, effort or money spent on sth ● Of course, the Parthenon is a worthwhile sight to see when you're in Athens! ➣ (be) worth (v) +
B1	off the beaten track +	A place that is off the beaten track is not well known and relatively few people visit it. ● They visited a lovely village off the beaten track. +
B1	picturesque +	beautiful to look at ● The picturesque islands in the Mediterranean are great places to take photos. +
B1	scenery +	the natural features of a part of a country, such as mountains, forests, etc ● The scenery of Meteora with its high rocks is breathtaking. +
B1	delightful +	lovely ● We visited the delightful island of Corsica in the summer. ➣ delight (v, n) +
B1	interlocking +	which join ● Their interlocking fingers showed they were a couple. ➣ interlock (v) +
B1	row +	a straight line of people or things ● There were rows of stones along the coast making a long wall. +
B1	column +	a tall, solid, usually stone post which is used to support a roof or a decoration in a building ● The columns in the temple were very tall. +
B1	stretch (from … to …) +	cover a large area of land ● The Gobi Desert stretches from southern Mongolia to northern China. +
B1	base +	the lowest part of sth ● The lamp has a round metal base. +
B1	formation +	the way sth is naturally made ● This is a photo of some amazing rock formations. ➣ form (v, n) +
B1	range +	a line of hills or mountains ● The Andes are a very high mountain range in South America. +
B1	stepping stone +	Stepping stones are a row of flat stones that you walk on to cross a stream. ● She used the stepping stones to cross the river. +
B1	warrior +	a fighter; a soldier ● In Greek mythology, Ajax was a great warrior who fought many battles. +
B1	origin +	where sth begins or comes from ● The origin of the word ‘fortune’ is Latin. ➣ originate (v) +
B1	caravan +	a vehicle pulled by a car that you can stay in ● She prefers staying in a caravan to a tent in case the weather is rainy. +
B1	cuisine +	a style of cooking ● Cretan cuisine is well known for being tasty and good for you. +
B1	currency +	the money used in a country ● The currency used in Australia is the Australian dollar. +
B1	itinerary +	list of the places you will visit on holiday ● The guide gave us the itinerary and we saw that on the first day we would visit Plaka. +
B1	resort +	a place where many people go on holiday ● Mykonos is a very popular resort for young people. +
B1	voyage +	a sea journey ● The voyage from Patras to Ancona in Italy took a whole day. +
B1	travel agent +	a company or person that plans holidays and journeys for people ● Our travel agent says this is the best hotel in the area. ➣ travel agency (n) Grammar page 125 +
B1	sleep in +	let yourself sleep later than usual in the morning ● Most teenagers like to sleep in at the weekend. +
B1	excursion +	a short trip taken for pleasure ● The students really enjoyed their excursion to Nafplio. +
B1	flight attendant +	sb who serves food and drinks to passengers on a plane and looks after them ● Flight attendants are usually very kind with passengers who are scared of flying. +
B1	boarding pass +	a document which allows you to get on a plane ● I had to show my boarding pass in order to get on the plane. +
B1	check in +	arrive at a hotel and collect your key ● You can’t check in at the hotel before midday. ➣ check-in (n) +
B1	package holiday +	an organised holiday that includes the cost of travel, hotel etc ● The cost of our package holiday included the flights, hotel room and meals. Listening page 126 +
B1	deck +	the outside top level of a ship that you can walk or sit on ● We stood on the deck and gazed at the sea. +
B1	trekking +	walking long distances for pleasure ● Trekking in high mountains can be dangerous. ➣ trek (v, n) +
B1	refreshments +	food and drink that is provided at an event like a meeting ● We stopped at a café for some refreshments. Speaking page 127 +
B1	camping site +	an enclosed place where you can camp ● They put up their tent as soon as they arrived at the camping site. +
B1	first-aid kit +	a box with things you need in case sb is hurt ● There are some bandages in the first-aid kit. +
B1	torch +	a small light powered by batteries ● He turned on his torch in the dark cave in order to see. +
B1	tinned food +	food in cans ● Tinned food is useful on a camping holiday as it doesn’t need to be kept in a fridge. Grammar page 128 +
B1	respect +	show you understand that sth is important and make sure you do not do anything against it ● You should respect other people’s wishes. ➣ respect (n) +
B1	track +	a narrow road or path ● They drove up the muddy track until they got to the farmhouse. +
B1	accommodation +	a place where you stay ● The accommodation was a horrible room without a bathroom, so we weren’t happy. ➣ accommodate (v) Use your English page 129 +
B1	depart +	leave ● The train departs at nine and arrives in London two hours later. ➣ departure (n) +
B1	bumpy +	a bumpy journey is uncomfortable because the car or plane moves up and down because of bad road or weather conditions ● It’s a bumpy road because it is full of holes. ➣ bump (v, n) +
B1	get away +	escape ● The actor rushed to his car to get away from the fans at the airport. +
B1	drop off +	take sb somewhere by car and leave them there ● Can you drop me off at the station? +
B1	set out +	start a journey ● Let’s set out early so we don’t get stuck in traffic. +
B1	get on +	board a plane, train, etc ● They got on the plane last. ✎ Opp: get off +
B1	put up +	assemble or build sth ● We put up the tent and got inside. +
B1	get around +	move from place to place ● The tourists get around the island on scooters. +
B1	see off +	wave goodbye to sb leaving from an airport, station, etc ● Her parents saw her off at the station when she left for Thessaloniki. +
B1	vehicle +	sth you drive such as a car, van or truck, etc ● You’ll need a vehicle like a four-wheel drive to drive over this rough area. +
B1	assemble +	put together; put up ● Please help me assemble this toy as the instructions don’t make sense. ➣ assembly (n) +
B1	on (my) way +	travelling to a particular place ● We're on our way to London and we'll be there soon. +
B1	run into trouble +	have problems ● She ran into trouble on holiday when she lost her passport. +
B1	off the coast (of) +	in the sea near a particular piece of land that is also near the sea ● Chalki is a small island off the coast of Rhodes. Phrasal verbs buckle up check in drop off get around get away get on light up put up see off set out sleep in Writing: an article (2) pages 130–131 +
B1	non-stop +	continuous ● The whole holiday was a non-stop party. +
B1	fun-packed +	full of enjoyable activities ● The children like going on a fun-packed holiday where they are always doing something. +
B1	idyllic +	extremely, beautiful, pleasant and peaceful ● The idyllic beach was the perfect place to relax. +
B1	breathtaking +	very exciting or impressive ● The view from our room was breathtaking! +
B1	botanical garden +	a large pubic garden where plants, trees and flowers are grown for scientific study ● The university has a botanical garden, which is open to the public. +
B1	paragliding +	a sport in which you jump from a plane or high place wearing special equipment and are carried along by the wind ● Go paragliding? No way! I’m too scared! ➣ paraglider (n) +
B1	holidaymaker +	a tourist ● In the summer, the islands fill with holidaymakers. +
B1	let-down +	a disappointment ● The resort was a let-down. In fact, it was terrible. ➣ let down (phr v) +
B1	overpriced +	more expensive than sth is worth ● Some of the cafés in the centre are overpriced and you’ll pay a lot for a small coffee. ➣ overprice (v) +
B1	come in for a shock +	get an unexpected shock ● The tourists came in for a shock when the local shops closed at two o’clock. Video: The Exciting Streets of Barcelona page 132 +
B1	dynamic +	full of activity or energy ● With its lively and dynamic town centre, Streatham is a great place to visit. +
B1	unique +	very special, unusual or good ● Don’t miss this unique opportunity to meet your favourite star! +
B1	stimulating +	exciting; full of new ideas ● We listened to a stimulating talk about the future of tourism. ➣ stimulate (v) +
B1	moving +	causing strong feelings of sadness or sympathy ● The film about the Titanic disaster was very moving. ➣ move (v) +
B1	astonishing +	very surprising ● We've won a holiday! Isn't that astonishing? ➣ astonish (v), astonishment (n) +
B1	impromptu +	unplanned ● The teenagers started an impromptu performance of their favourite song in the high street. +
B1	dais +	a platform ● He stood on a dais to make his speech. +
B1	spectacle +	a strange sight ● The Northern Lights are a must-see spectacle. ➣ spectacular (adj) +
B1	bystander +	sb who happens to be somewhere and sees sth ● A number of bystanders clapped when the street performer finished singing. +
B1	onlooker +	sb who watches sth without being involved in it ● The onlookers were surprised when the statue moved and they realised it was a real person. +
B1	avenue +	a wide road in a town or city, often with trees along it ● The avenue with its trees and wide pavements was a popular place to walk in the evening. +
B1	contemporary +	modern ● Street dancing is a popular form of contemporary dance. +
B1	convincing +	making you believe that sth is true ● With all that white make-up on your face, you are a convincing ghost! ➣ convince (v) +
B1	port +	a harbour ● The ferry docked at the port and the passengers got off. +
B1	passer-by +	sb who walks past a place by chance ● A passer-by helped the old woman when she fell over at the market yesterday. +
B1	stall +	a table with goods at a market ● The stalls were full of fresh fruit and vegetables for people to buy. +
B1	pedestrian +	a person who is walking in the street ● Were any pedestrians injured in the accident? +
B1	be lined with sth +	If sth is lined with sth else, it has rows of that thing along its sides. ● The walls were lined with books. +
B1	on the spot +	immediately ● She managed to film the street performers on the spot. ➣ on-the-spot (adj) +
B1	apply +	put sth such as paint or cream on a surface ● Apply the paint with a soft brush. ➣ application (n) +
B1	exposed +	not covered ● Wear a hat and cover all exposed skin with sun cream. ➣ expose (v) +
B1	break into +	force entry into a place and steal things ● Our house was broken into and my laptop was stolen. Reading page 136 +
B1	judge +	sb who decides a punishment in court ● The judge listened carefully to the arguments before making a decision. ➣ judge (v), judgement (v) +
B1	convict +	sb who is guilty of a crime and has been sent to prison ● The convicts in that prison were allowed one visitor per week. ➣ convict (v), conviction (n) +
B1	arsonist +	sb who sets fires intentionally ● The arsonist who set fire to the forest has been arrested. ➣ arson (n) +
B1	vandal +	sb who damages public property intentionally ● Vandals smashed shop windows in the high street last night. ➣ vandalise (v), vandalism (n) +
B1	guard +	sb who works in a prison and whose job it is to make sure prisoners don't escape ● The guard watched the prisoners carefully in the yard. ➣ guard (v) Word Focus page 136 +
B1	Alcatraz +	an island prison in San Francisco Bay ● They say nobody ever escaped from Alcatraz. +
B1	notorious +	famous for a bad reason ● Jack the Ripper was a notorious criminal who killed women in London over a hundred years ago. ➣ notoriety (n) +
B1	memorabilia +	objects relating to famous people or events that people collect ● Collectors are interested in memorabilia like old toys and comics from the last century. +
B1	paranormal +	impossible to explain by natural forces or by science ● Films about the paranormal really scare me! ➣ paranormal (adj) Reading pages 136–137 +
B1	jail +	a prison ● The robbers were sent to jail for ten years. ➣ jail (v), jailer (n) +
B1	time +	a particular period of time ● Marie Curie was the most famous woman scientist of her time. +
B1	serve as sth +	be useful as sth ● The old court now serves as a museum. +
B1	court house +	a building where the court is ● The police brought the man into the court house for the trial. +
B1	court session +	a period of time when a trial is in progress ● You have to be silent during a court session. +
B1	hold +	take place; organise sth ● The trial of the notorious robber was held in the city court house. +
B1	insurance company +	company that you buy insurance from which will pay you if sth is stolen or broken ● When her house was broken into, her insurance company paid her the cost of the stolen items. +
B1	house +	If a building houses sth, it is kept there. ● This museum houses a collection of contemporary art. +
B1	witness +	see sth happen, especially an accident or crime ● She witnessed the robbery and had to appear in court. ➣ witness (n) +
B1	flicker +	go on and off quickly ● The lights flickered on and off in the storm and scared us all. ➣ flicker (n) +
B1	weapon +	an object like a knife or gun used to hurt or kill ● The weapon used to kill the victim was a large kitchen knife. +
B1	match +	small wooden stick used to light a fire, a cigarette, etc ● Have you got any matches so I can light a campfire? +
B1	admission +	entry ● Admission to this museum is five euros. ➣ admit (v) +
B1	pensioner +	sb who has retired and receives an amount of money regularly from the government or a company ● Next month Fred will retire after 35 years of work and become a pensioner. ➣ pension (n) +
B1	entry +	the act of going into a place ● You can’t go in there. The sign says ‘No entry’. ➣ enter (v) +
B1	under (strict) supervision +	watched closely ● The convicts are always under strict supervision. +
B1	troublemaker +	sb who deliberately causes problems ● Troublemakers often make a lot of noise in the city centre at night. +
B1	spare +	If sth is spare, you do not need it or are not using it ● I’ve got a spare ticket – you can have it. ➣ spare (v) +
B1	cell +	a small room in a prison where prisoners are kept ● The cells in the prison are locked so the prisoners cannot escape. +
B1	entrance +	a door, gate, etc, through which you can enter a building or place ● Wait for me at the museum entrance. ➣ enter (v) +
B1	suit every pocket +	be suitable for people who have different amounts of money to spend ● We have prices to suit every pocket. +
B1	caving +	the sport of going into underground caves ● Have you ever been caving? ➣ cave (n) +
B1	grand +	stylish and impressive ● The palace is a very grand building. +
B1	date back +	If sth dates back to a particular time in the past, it has existed since that time. ● That building dates back to 1922. +
B1	grounds +	the land around a large building ● There is a yard in the grounds of this prison. +
B1	swordfight +	a battle using swords ● There was a great swordfight in the film about Samurai warriors. +
B1	numerous +	many ● There are numerous burglaries in this area every year. +
B1	sighting +	an occasion when sth (unusual) is seen ● Did you believe the report about the sighting of a ghost? ➣ sight (n) +
B1	guilty +	having done sth illegal ● He was found guilty and sent to prison for four years. ➣ guilt (n) ✎ Opp: innocent +
B1	innocent +	not having done anything wrong or illegal ● I didn’t steal the money! I’m innocent! ➣ innocence (n) ✎ Opp: guilty +
B1	vandalism +	the crime of deliberately damaging public property ● There was a lot of vandalism after the football game. ➣ vandalise (v), vandal (n) +
B1	spray-paint +	paint with spray in a can ● Vandals have spray-painted most of the buildings in the town centre. Vocabulary page 138 +
B1	prosecution +	lawyers who try to prove sb is guilty ● The prosecution had CCTV footage of the thief at the scene of the crime. ➣ prosecute (v) +
B1	defence +	lawyers who try to prove sb is innocent ● The defence said there was not enough proof to find him guilty. ➣ defend (v) +
B1	theft +	stealing ● Theft is a serious problem in many schools, so never take expensive things with you. ➣ thief (n) +
B1	sentence +	a period of time in prison as punishment ● The sentence she received for theft was four years in prison. ➣ sentence (v) +
B1	alibi +	proof that you were somewhere else when a crime was committed ● He had an alibi for the time of the murder. +
B1	verdict +	an official decision made in a court about whether sb is guilty of a crime ● The verdict was that the accused man was guilty of murder. +
B1	try +	judge a person in a court ● The bank robbers were tried in court and sentenced to ten years in prison. ➣ trial (n) +
B1	convict +	find sb guilty of a crime ● She was convicted of murder and sent to prison. ➣ convict, conviction (n) +
B1	burglar +	sb who goes into houses, shops etc and steals things ● Burglars stole our DVD player and all the money we had in the house. ➣ burgle (v), burglary (n) +
B1	pickpocket +	sb who steals from people’s pockets ● When he got to work, he realised a pickpocket had stolen his wallet from his coat. ➣ pickpocketing (n) +
B1	lawyer +	sb who represents people in court ● You will need a lawyer if you want to go to court over the car crash. ➣ law (n) +
B1	defendant +	sb accused of a crime who is being tried in court ● The defendant said he was innocent at the start of the trial. ➣ defend (v) +
B1	suffer the consequences +	face the result of sth you have done ● He broke the law. He should suffer the consequences. +
B1	serve a sentence +	be in prison for a length of time ● He is serving a sentence of six months for theft. +
B1	shoplifting +	stealing from shops ● There are security guards in many shops to stop people from shoplifting. ➣ shoplifter (n) +
B1	motive +	the reason sb does sth ● What was his motive for the murder? +
B1	patrol +	go around an area to check there is no trouble or danger ● The police patrol this area at night. ➣ patrol (n) +
B1	community service +	work that sb does to help other people as punishment for a crime ● The actor was told to do three months’ community service when he was found guilty of driving while drunk. +
B1	handcuffs +	two metal rings joined by a chain put around a prisoner’s wrists ● The police officer put handcuffs on the robber and took him to the station. ➣ handcuff (v) +
B1	trial +	a formal meeting in court to decide if sb is guilty of a crime ● Trials can last for days or even weeks. ➣ try (v) +
B1	eye-witness +	sb who sees a crime ● The eye-witness recognised the defendant as the man who had robbed the bank. +
B1	seal off +	stop people from entering an area or building ● Police have sealed off the area where there is a bomb. +
B1	suspect +	sb police think committed a crime ● The suspect in the case insisted that she was innocent. ➣ suspect (v), suspicion (n), suspicious (adj) +
B1	slip out of sth +	remove sth like an item of clothing quickly ● The burglar slipped out of his coat as the police officer tried to grab him. +
B1	defend +	be the lawyer of sb who is charged with a crime ● Who is going to defend Jones in court? ➣ defence (n) +
B1	prosecute +	say officially in a court that sb has done sth wrong ● He was prosecuted for theft. ➣ prosecution (n) +
B1	drink driving +	driving after having drunk too much alcohol ● Drink driving is the cause of more than thirty per cent of road accidents. Grammar page 139 +
B1	life sentence +	a punishment by which sb spends the rest of their life in prison ● He was given a life sentence for killing his wife. +
B1	break down +	be unable to control your feelings and start crying ● She broke down when they gave her the news. +
B1	jury +	a group of people in a court who decide if sb is guilty ● The jury found her guilty. +
B1	shame +	the unhappy feeling you have when you know that sth you have done is wrong or stupid ● I would die of shame if my friends ever found out about this. ➣ shame (v), ashamed (adj), shameful (adj) +
B1	lack +	not have any or enough of sth that you need ● She’s beautiful but she lacks talent. ➣ lack (n), lacking (adj) +
B1	the blues +	a slow sad style of music that comes from the southern US ● No one sang the blues like the singer Billie Holiday. +
B1	cashier +	sb you pay in a shop ● We paid the cashier who then put our shopping in a bag. +
B1	cash drawer +	the place where money is kept in a shop ● The thief opened the cash drawer and took all the money from it. +
B1	tie sb/sth up +	bind sb or sth with rope ● The burglar tied up the couple and then stole all their things. +
B1	counter +	the flat surface where you are served in a shop, bank, etc ● I handed the butcher the money for the meat over the counter. +
B1	show up +	appear; arrive ● The police showed up during the robbery and arrested the criminals. +
B1	work out a deal +	make an agreement or arrangement, eg in business, that helps both sides ● Their lawyer managed to work out a deal, so they only paid £2,000. +
B1	fine +	money paid as punishment ● The judge ordered the defendant to pay a fine of five thousand euros. ➣ fine (v) +
B1	forged +	If sth is forged, it is copied illegally to make people think it is real. ● He was arrested at the airport for trying to leave the country with a forged passport. ➣ forgery (n) Listening page 140 +
B1	break the law +	commit a crime ● When he broke the law, he was tried and sent to prison. +
B1	disabled +	having an illness, injury or condition that makes it difficult to do things other people do ● The court house had special entrances and other facilities for disabled people. ➣ disability (n) +
B1	CV +	a brief account of your professional details used in job applications ● He sent a CV to the police force hoping to get an interview. ✎ NB: CV = curriculum vitae +
B1	attitude problem +	when sb does not behave in a way that is acceptable to other people ● The owner of that shop has a serious attitude problem! +
B1	unfair +	not treating people in the same way or in the right way ➣ You’re being unfair. It’s not his fault. Grammar page 142 +
B1	goods +	things that belong to sb and that can be moved ● The stolen goods were returned to Mr Edwards. Use your English page 143 +
B1	against the law +	illegal ● It is against the law for people under 18 to drive. +
B1	under arrest +	When sb is under arrest, the police take them to a police station and keep them there because they believe that person has done sth illegal. ● ‘Stop! You’re under arrest!’ the police officer told the man. +
B1	police record +	When sb has a police record, they have committed crimes in the past. ● The man had a police record. +
B1	tackle +	try to deal with a difficult problem or situation ● How shall we tackle the problem? +
B1	plead guilty +	admit you have committed a crime in a court of law ● The defendant pleaded guilty to robbery. +
B1	solve a case +	find the correct explanation for sth that is being investigated ● Solving a case takes patience and hard work. +
B1	mend (my) ways +	improve the way you behave after behaving badly for a long time ● After his release from prison, the man was determined to mend his ways and obey the law. +
B1	litter +	rubbish in the street, etc ● Please don’t drop litter in the park. Put it in the bins provided. +
B1	Neighbourhood Watch scheme +	a system organised by a group of neighbours in which members of the group watch each other's houses in order to prevent crime ● Since they started a Neighbourhood Watch scheme here, there have been fewer burglaries. +
B1	glamorous +	attractive and exciting ● James Bond films make the life of a spy seem glamorous. ➣ glamour (n) +
B1	reality +	what is actually true, not what is imagined to be ● The reality of the situation is that unless the police patrol this area regularly, burglaries will continue to occur. ➣ real (adj) +
B1	interpret +	work out the meaning of sth ● The investigator interpreted the facts and found the guilty person. ➣ interpretation (n) +
B1	methodical +	doing things in a careful and logical way ● She doesn’t work fast, but she is very methodical. ➣ method (n) +
B1	rush +	do sth too quickly ● Don’t rush through the crime report in case you miss something. +
B1	sentence (to) +	punish sb and send them to prison ● The murderer was sentenced to life imprisonment. ➣ sentence (n) Writing: an essay - advantages and disadvantages pages 144–145 +
B1	put sb/sth at risk +	put sb in danger ● The lack of police patrols in the city puts the residents at risk. +
B1	cut costs +	reduce the amount of money that you spend ● Now that Jo has lost her job, we’ll need to cut costs. +
B1	alternative +	that you can do, use, etc instead of sth else ● We’ll have to find an alternative solution. +
B1	young offender +	jʌŋ əˈfendə/ +
B1	put off +	make sb dislike or not want to do sth ● I wanted to try the fish, but the smell put me off. +
B1	judge +	decide if sb is guilty or not in a court ● She was judged guilty. ➣ judge (n) +
B1	individually +	separately and not as a group ● Mr Fox spoke to each student individually. ➣ individual (n, adj) +
B1	let sb off +	not punish sb ● The troublemakers were let off with a warning, but were told to obey the law in future. +
B1	pros and cons +	advantages and disadvantages ● What are the pros and cons of giving criminals longer prison sentences? +
B1	the punishment fits the crim +	If a crime is serious, the sentence should be severe, but if the crime is not serious, the sentence should be less severe ● Ten years in prison is too long! The punishment should fit the crime. +
B1	offend +	commit a crime ● Some youngsters offend in order to show off to their friends. ➣ offence, offender (n) Crime and punishment break into break the law convict defend judge let sb off patrol plead guilty prosecute seal off sentence serve a sentence solve a case Video: Cambodia Animal Rescue page 146 +
B1	legally +	allowed by law ● If you have a driving licence, you can legally drive a car. ➣ legal (adj) ✎ Opp: illegally +
B1	trade +	buy and sell ● They trade in legal goods from China. ➣ trade (n) +
B1	mobile unit +	a group of people who work together and are not based in an office but drive from place to place ● Our mobile unit covers London and Kent. +
B1	poaching +	illegally catching or killing animals ● Poaching has led to many animals becoming endangered. ➣ poach (v), poacher (n) +
B1	grind +	crush into a powder ● She grinds fresh coffee beans every morning and the kitchen smells great. ➣ grinder (n) +
B1	endangered +	at risk ● Many endangered animals are protected by law so that they don’t become extinct. ➣ endanger (v) +
B1	gibbon +	a small animal like a monkey with long arms and no tail ● Gibbons eat fruit, leaves and insects. +
B1	have a hard time +	be in a difficult or unpleasant situation ● She had a hard time in her teens. +
B1	powder +	a dust-like substance ● Flour is a powder used in baking bread and cakes. +
B1	process +	prepare ● Coffee beans must be processed before they can be used to make coffee. ➣ process (n) +
B1	the wild +	a natural environment not controlled by people ● There are very few pandas left in the wild. +
B1	literature +	novels, plays and poetry ● He enjoys reading literature to relax in the evening. Word Focus page 148 +
B1	vintage clothing +	quality clothes from previous decades ● She likes vintage clothing from the sixties, especially mini skirts. +
B1	lasting +	strong enough to continue for a very long time ● These classic shoes have a lasting appeal. ➣ last (v) +
B1	Lycra® +	stretchy material ● Skinny jeans often contain Lycra® so they are more comfortable to wear. +
B1	stretchy +	able to become bigger when you pull it and return to its original shape when you stop ● She bought a small stretchy T-shirt to go with her jeans. ➣ stretch (v) +
B1	material +	cloth ● Wear clothes made from light material in summer so you don’t get hot. +
B1	fit +	be the right size ● This dress is too big and doesn’t fit well. ➣ fit (n) +
B1	tightly +	close to your body ● Her jeans fit so tightly that she can’t take them off now! ➣ tight (adj) +
B1	charity shop +	a shop in which a charity sells goods which are donated by the public ● I gave some clothes to the charity shop which raises money for cancer research. +
B1	charity +	an organisation which raises money to help people ● This charity supports children in need. ➣ charitable (adj) +
B1	used +	not new ● He can’t afford a new car, so he got a used one. ✎ Opp: new +
B1	donate +	give ● Please donate money to our charity so we can help abandoned animals. ➣ donor, donation (n) +
B1	perm +	a curly hairstyle which is set in order to last a few months ● She had a perm and now her straight hair is curly. ➣ perm (v) Reading pages 148–149 +
B1	era +	a period that is different from other periods because of particular characteristics, events, etc ● We are living in an era of change. +
B1	shellsuit +	trousers and a jacket that fit tightly at the wrists and at the bottom of the legs ● Shellsuits were really popular in the eighties. +
B1	shoulder pad +	a thick piece of material worn under clothes on your shoulders to make them look bigger ● Shoulder pads were in all coats and jackets in the eighties. +
B1	fashionable +	popular for a while ● Jane often buys new clothes because she likes to be fashionable. ➣ fashion (n) ✎ Opp: unfashionable +
B1	look +	appearance ● Short hair is a great new look for you. +
B1	spiky +	Spiky hair is stiff and stands up on top of your head. ● Paul put gel on his hair to make it spiky. ➣ spike (n) +
B1	cringe +	feel embarrassed ● He cringes when he sees photos of himself from twenty years ago. +
B1	eyeliner +	make-up that you put around your eyes to make them look bigger ● She always wears black eyeliner and pink lipstick. +
B1	leggings +	tight trousers which stretch to fit your body ● Leggings are comfortable to wear when you are jogging. +
B1	lace +	delicate material with a pattern of holes ● Grandma has a beautiful lace tablecloth. ➣ lacy (adj) +
B1	match +	be equal to ● No one can match Sandy – she’s the best hairdresser in town. +
B1	stuff +	used to refer to a material, or things when you do not know the name or the name is not important ● No way! I won’t eat this stuff! +
B1	baggy +	loose ● She wears baggy trousers because she says tight ones make her look fat. +
B1	tame +	unexciting ● Our parents' clothes look really tame compared to the cool things we wear. +
B1	get dressed up +	wear your best clothes ● I'm getting dressed up for the party. +
B1	make a fool of (myself) +	make yourself look stupid ● She made a fool of herself when she was the only person in fancy dress. +
B1	hairspray +	spray which makes your hair stay in style ● Use some hairspray on your hair to make it stay in place. +
B1	cross over +	change to sth else ● In the past, jeans were worn by workers, but they have crossed over into high street fashion. +
B1	mainstream +	generally accepted by most people ● You should wear mainstream clothing if you work in an office. +
B1	legwarmers +	socks without a foot that cover the leg from the ankle to the knee ● Dancers wear legwarmers to keep their muscles warm. +
B1	puff-skirt +	a skirt that is wide and full ● She wore a puff-skirt to the party. +
B1	high heels +	shoes which are not flat ● High heels are attractive but not always easy to walk in. +
B1	be on the short side +	be quite short ● She is on the short side, so she finds it difficult to find trousers which are the right length. +
B1	outfit +	a set of clothes ● Tracy wore a new outfit to the wedding. +
B1	it just goes to show +	that proves ● When people buy so many clothes, it just goes to show how important fashion is to them. +
B1	trend +	a fashion ● There was a trend in the fifties to wear leather jackets. ➣ trendy (adj) +
B1	recreate +	make again ● He tried to recreate the look of his favourite singer by copying his clothes and hair. +
B1	dinner jacket +	a formal jacket ● James Bond put on his dinner jacket and went to the casino. +
B1	striped +	with a pattern of lines ● The clown wore striped red and blue trousers. ➣ stripe (n) +
B1	rough +	dangerous ● Many parts of the city are rough neighbourhoods, so be careful at night. +
B1	roll up +	fold the sleeves or legs of sth upwards so that they are shorter ● He rolled up his sleeves and washed the dishes. +
B1	sleeve +	the part of a piece of clothing that covers your arm ● He wears short sleeves in the summer because it is so hot. +
B1	elegant +	stylish ● The actors wore elegant outfits for the Oscar ceremony. ➣ elegance (n) ✎ Opp: inelegant +
B1	casual +	not formal; everyday ● You can wear casual clothes because it isn’t a formal party. ➣ casually (adv) ✎ Opp: formal +
B1	high street +	the main street in a town, where most of the shops, businesses, etc are ● Have you been to that new restaurant on the high street? +
B1	ripped +	torn; with holes ● Mum doesn’t understand why I like ripped jeans and she keeps wanting to mend them! ➣ rip (v, n) +
B1	individual +	sb who has a quality that makes them unusual or different from others ● He dresses unusually to show he's an individual. ➣ individual (adj) +
B1	blindly +	without thinking ● Gemma copied her friends blindly, without thinking if tight jeans suited her or not. ➣ blind (adj) +
B1	laughable +	silly ● His attempt to play the piano was laughable. ➣ laugh (v, n) +
B1	second-hand +	not new; owned by sb else before you ● You can buy second-hand clothes here at cheap prices. +
B1	refund +	money back for sth you have bought ● The dress was torn, so I took it back and got a refund. ➣ refund (v) +
B1	receipt +	a piece of paper showing you have bought sth ● When you buy something, keep your receipt in case you want to return it. +
B1	aisle +	narrow corridor between shelves in a shop ● Fruit and vegetables are in the first aisle in the supermarket. +
B1	label +	a piece of paper/plastic attached to sth with information about price, material, etc ● The label says this skirt was made in Bangladesh. +
B1	catwalk +	a long thin platform where models walk to display clothes ● The models walked elegantly up and down the catwalk. +
B1	checked +	a pattern of squares, usually of two colours ● The checked pattern on the Scottish blanket was green and red. +
B1	platform +	a stage for sb to stand on when they are making a speech, etc ● He stood on the platform and spoke to the workers. +
B1	shopaholic +	sb who is addicted to shopping ● She’s a shopaholic, so she can’t go out without buying something. +
B1	shoplifter +	sb who steals from a shop ● The security guard caught the shoplifter putting a dress into her bag. ➣ shoplift (v), shoplifting (n) +
B1	try on +	see if a piece of clothing fits you or looks nice ● You should try those shoes on before you buy them. +
B1	exchange +	replace one thing with another ● You can exchange these items within ten days of buying them. ➣ exchange (n) +
B1	purchase +	sth you buy ● Her latest purchase is a new watch which cost 300 euros. ➣ purchase (v) +
B1	bargain +	sth for sale at a good price ● There were lots of bargains in the sales as everything was half price. +
B1	borrow +	use sth for a time and then give it back to the owner ● Can I borrow your scarf as I feel a bit cold? +
B1	tuxedo +	a man’s black or white jacket and trousers, worn at formal social events ● All musicians have to wear a tuxedo at the concert. +
B1	catalogue +	a book with a list and sometimes photographs of things that you can buy ● She looked through the catalogue and ordered a pair of shoes. +
B1	discount +	a reduction in the usual price of sth ● There is a ten per cent discount on these shoes. +
B1	fabric +	material ● This coat is made of thick, warm fabric. +
B1	high-heeled +	with high heels ● She wore high-heeled shoes on her date so she would look taller. +
B1	smart +	wearing nice clothes and having a tidy appearance ● He wore a smart suit on the day of the interview hoping to make a good impression. ➣ smartly (adj) +
B1	glorious +	lovely ● It was a glorious day and they sat outside and had a picnic. ➣ glory (n) +
B1	in full force +	in very large numbers ● The students were out in full force to support the school basketball team. +
B1	reasonably-priced +	not expensive ● This sofa is reasonably-priced at 300 euros. +
B1	one-of-a-kind +	unique ● This is a one-of-a-kind diamond ring, so it is extremely expensive. +
B1	gown +	a long formal dress ● The gowns that the stars wear to award ceremonies are usually very elegant. +
B1	flowery +	with a flower pattern ● Grandma wore a flowery dress for the summer garden party. ➣ flower (n) +
B1	print +	pattern ● The curtains had a beautiful Japanese print of flowers and butterflies on them. +
B1	out on the town +	going to restaurants, theatres etc for entertainment in the evening ● They were out on the town celebrating her eighteenth birthday. +
B1	ruin +	completely destroy sth ● The rain ruined our day at the beach. +
B1	polish +	rub sth so that it shines ● Mum polishes the furniture every week. ➣ polish (n) +
B1	department store +	a large shop divided into several different parts, each selling different things ● Harrods is a famous department store in London. +
B1	shorten +	make shorter ● She shortened her trousers because they were too long. ➣ short (adj) ✎ Opp: lengthen +
B1	mend +	repair; fix ● The heel of her shoe broke off, so she had it mended. Listening page 152 +
B1	equality +	the right of different groups of people to have the same rights, advantages, etc ● My greatgrandfather didn’t believe in equality between men and women. ➣ equal (adj) +
B1	sexist +	suggesting that one sex is less important, weaker or less intelligent than the other ● I really hate his sexist jokes! +
B1	womenswear +	clothes for women ● They sell womenswear and jewellery. Speaking page 153 +
B1	mood +	the way you feel at a particular time ● Fiona’s in a good mood today. Grammar page 154 +
B1	under no circumstances +	not for any reason ● Under no circumstances should you wear grey. +
B1	stylist +	sb who gives fashion advice ● The actor employed a personal stylist who would choose his outfits. ➣ style (v, n) +
B1	credit card +	a card from a bank which you can use to buy sth and pay for it later ● Can I pay by credit card? Use your English page 155 +
B1	do up +	fasten sth with a zip or buttons ● Do up your coat as it’s cold outside. +
B1	take up +	shorten clothes by folding up the bottom edge and stitching it ● He took up his jeans so they weren’t so long. +
B1	put on +	place clothes on your body and wear them ● Put on a scarf as it’s cold. +
B1	wear out +	use sth so much that it becomes useless ● These shoes have worn out and there are holes in them. +
B1	take off +	remove clothes from your body ● Please take off your shoes before you come indoors. +
B1	take in +	make clothes smaller and tighter ● He took in his trousers as they were too big. +
B1	dress up +	wear your best clothes ● Let’s dress up in our new outfits and go out on the town. +
B1	fasten +	do up ● This jacket fastens with three buttons. ➣ fastening (n) +
B1	zip +	a metal fastener ● The zip broke on his jeans, so now he can’t do them up. +
B1	fold +	bend paper, cloth etc by laying one part over another ● Fold your T-shirts and put them in that cupboard. +
B1	stitch +	sew ● Mum stitched a new set of buttons onto my shirt. ➣ stitch (n) +
B1	accessorise +	add accessories such as belts, scarves, bags, jewellery, etc to clothes ● When you accessorise with a scarf, you can make an old outfit look new. +
B1	photo shoot +	an occasion when a photographer takes photos of sb for a magazine, etc ● The photo shoot took six hours and the models were exhausted. +
B1	alternate +	If sth happens on alternate days/weeks/etc, it happens on one day/week/etc and not the next, and continues in this pattern. ● She goes shopping for clothes twice a month on alternate weekends. ➣ alternate (v) +
B1	grab +	take the opportunity to do sth immediately ● You should grab the opportunity to enter that competition! Phrasal verbs break down do up dress up put on roll up take in take off take up try on turn out wear out Writing: a review (2) pages 156–157 +
B1	inexperienced +	without experience ● The inexperienced fashion photographer asked the magazine editor for advice. ➣ experience (n) ✎ Opp: experienced +
B1	go (well) together +	match ● When your clothes go well together, you look nice. +
B1	interval +	a short period of time between two parts of a play, concert, film, etc ● The film was awful! We left before the interval. +
B1	break down +	stop working ● Oh no! My car’s broken down again! +
B1	noticeable +	easy to notice ● Your perm has made a noticeable difference to your looks. ➣ notice (v) +
B1	have an eye for sth +	be good at noticing a particular kind of thing ● He has an eye for what looks nice in a house and consequently his home is lovely. +
B1	the ins and outs of sth +	all the details ● She learned all the ins and outs of fashion when she worked as a model. +
B1	appeal (to) +	be attractive or interesting to sb ● We need a product that will appeal to young people. ➣ appeal (n) +
B1	turn out (to be) +	prove (to be) ● The new collection turned out to be a success. +
B1	impractical +	not workable ● High-heels are impractical as you can hardly walk in them. ➣ impracticability (n) ✎ Opp: practical +
B1	by no means +	not at all ● This dress is by no means the most expensive in the shop as others cost five hundred euros. +
B1	up to standard +	an acceptable level ● The photos weren’t up to standard, so they didn’t appear in the magazine. +
B1	accessory +	sth you wear, like earrings, scarves, etc ● You can buy numerous accessories in this shop from bags to scarves +
B1	evening wear +	clothes for formal evening events ● A black gown is always a good outfit for evening wear. +
B1	fashion victim +	sb who wears whatever is fashionable, even if it does not suit them ● He looks terrible in those clothes. He's a fashion victim. +
B1	footwear +	shoes, boots, etc ● The footwear in this shop is expensive but the boots last for ages. +
B1	swimwear +	bikinis, swimming costumes, etc ● The swimwear collection includes some pretty bikinis this year. +
B1	dull +	not interesting or exciting ● I hate this town. Life here is so dull. +
B1	trendy +	fashionable ● Her clothes are always trendy. ➣ trend (n) Video: The Art of Making Silk page 132 +
B1	silkworm +	a caterpillar which makes silk thread ● Monks brought silkworms to Greece from China and started the silk industry in Soufli. +
B1	mulberry tree +	a tree with large leaves and dark purple fruit that you can eat ● I planted a mulberry tree in the garden. +
B1	maturity +	fully grown ● When a tree reaches maturity, it bears fruit. ➣ mature (adj) +
B1	cocoon +	a silk cover that some insects make to protect themselves ● When caterpillars come out of their cocoons, they have turned into butterflies. +
B1	thread +	thin strands you can sew with ● I need some thread to sew these buttons on. +
B1	affect +	make sb or sth change in a particular way ● What he has to say will not affect my decision. +
B1	motorised +	powered by a motor ● Sewing machines used to be worked by hand but now they are motorised. ➣ motor (n) +
B1	mechanical +	that works with power from an engine ● The boy was playing with a mechanical toy. ➣ mechanism (n) +
B1	loom +	a machine on which thread is woven into cloth ● The old villager made a beautiful carpet on her loom. +
B1	textile +	fabric ● The textile industry produces beautiful cloth and material. +
B1	upholstery +	material used to cover chairs ● The upholstery on the sofa needs replacing as it has holes in it. +
B1	weave +	make cloth by crossing threads under and over each other ● Few people know how to weave by hand now. ➣ weaver (n) +
B1	made to order +	made according to what the customer asks for ● This carpet is one of a kind as it was made to order. +
B1	custom made +	made according to what the customer asks for ● Custom made rugs were popular with people who could afford them. +
B1	perfect +	improve until it is the best possible ● He worked for years to perfect his designs. ➣ perfection (n), perfect (adj) +
B1	refine +	improve a method, plan, etc by making small changes to it ● That's a good design, but if you can refine it, it will be prefect. +
B1	hand-woven +	woven by hand, not machines ● A hand-woven piece of material costs a lot because of the work involved in making it. +
B1	principle +	the basic idea that a system is based on ● The principle of weaving is simple and dates back thousands of years. +
B1	bobbin +	a small round object which thread is wound on ● The thread is on the bobbin which is placed on top of the sewing machine. +
B1	twist +	bend or turn sth ● Watch the thread doesn’t twist while you're sewing. +

B2 Sentences	Key	Eng
B2	emotion +	a feeling, e.g. happiness, fear, sadness ● I can’t describe my emotions when my dog died. ➣ emotional (adj) 1.2 facial expression (n) +
B2	goods +	things made to be sold ● This shop sells leather goods such as bags, shoes and boots. +
B2	service +	an organisation or system that provides sth to the public ● The bus service is good in our area. +
B2	globalisation +	making something such as business operate in a lot of different countries all over the world ● Globalisation has led to people all over the world working together, often using English to communicate. ➣ global (adj) Word Focus page 19 +
B2	source +	the place or thing from which sth originates ● Lack of money is a source of unhappiness for most people. +
B2	profit +	the amount of money you gain when you are paid more for sth than it cost ● The company made a huge profit selling clothes for teenagers. ➣ profitable (adj), profitably (adv), profit (v) ✎ Opp: loss +
B2	boundary +	an imaginary line that separates one area of land from another ● We planted a hedge at the boundary between our houses. +
B2	edge +	the place or line where sth stops ● Don’t walk near the edge of the cliff! You might fall! +
B2	tolerance +	willingness to accept the things people do or say even if you do not agree with them ● Tolerance is important if we want to live together peacefully. ➣ tolerant (adj), tolerate (v) ✎ Opp: intolerance +
B2	willingness +	not minding doing sth; not objecting to doing sth ● I appreciate your willingness to help, but I can do the work by myself. ➣ willing (adj), willingly (adv) +
B2	lyrics +	the words of a song ● The lyrics of this song are in German, so I can’t understand them. Reading page 18–19 +
B2	destroy +	ruin ● Online bullying destroyed her confidence and she no longer wanted to go out. ➣ destruction (n), destructive (adj) +
B2	employment +	having a paid job ● There are few employment opportunities for young people these days. ➣ employ (v), employer, employee (n) ✎ Opp: unemployment +
B2	manufacture +	make things in a factory ● Delta is a company that manufactures dairy products. ➣ manufacturer (n) +
B2	ship +	send things by sea ● It took two weeks to ship our things from Greece to the UK. ➣ ship, shipping (n) +
B2	unemployed +	not having a job even though you want one ● Unemployed workers can become depressed if they don’t find another job quickly. ➣ unemployment (n) +
B2	give up +	stop doing or having sth ● The work was difficult, but they didn’t give up and succeeded in the end. +
B2	barely +	used to say that sth is only just true or possible ● He spoke so softly that I could barely hear him. +
B2	survive +	stay alive ● All the passengers survived the coach crash. ➣ survival, survivor (n) +
B2	support +	provide sb with money or the things they need ● She works hard to support her family. ➣ support, supporter (n) +
B2	foreign +	from another country ● Foreign tourists always want to visit the Acropolis before they return to their own countries. ➣ foreigner (n) +
B2	company +	business ● Microsoft is one of the most profitable companies in the world. +
B2	connect +	join ● You can connect to the Internet at any Internet café. ➣ connection (n) +
B2	identity +	who sb is ● The cultural identity of many people is reflected in their music. ➣ identify (v), identification (n) +
B2	respect +	not doing things that other people dislike or regard as wrong ● You must show respect to other people and be polite to them. ➣ respect (v), respectful, respectable (adj) ✎ disrespect 2 8 9 +
B2	climate change +	changing global weather patterns ● Scientists predict that climate change will cause difficult weather conditions for the world in the future. +
B2	local +	from the place you are in ● We tried local disheslike moussaka when we visited Greece. ➣ locally (adv) +
B2	chain +	many shops, hotels etc of the same kind ● Zara is a chain, so you can find Zara shops in many places. +
B2	catch on +	become popular ● The new fashion quickly caught on and soon everyone was wearing the same style. +
B2	dairy product +	a food such as butter, cheese or yoghurt ● I love eating dairy products like cheese and yoghurt. +
B2	uniqueness +	being the only one of its kind ● The uniqueness of this object makes it valuable. It is the only one in existence. ➣ unique (adj), uniquely (adv) +
B2	lifestyle +	how sb lives ● Many people envy the lifestyle of the rich and famous. +
B2	similar +	almost the same ● We have similar interests, which is why we get on so well. ➣ similarity (n) ✎ Opp: dissimilar +
B2	potential +	the ability to be useful or successful in the future ● You have the potential to be a good musician, but you have to practise harder. ➣ potential (adj), potentially (adv) +
B2	concern +	If sth concerns you, it worries you. ● Climate change concerns me; it’s a very serious problem. ➣ concern (n), concerned (adj) +
B2	impact +	having a strong effect on sb or sth ● The economic crisis has had an impact on most people’s lives. +
B2	wealthy +	rich ● Jack is a wealthy man who gives a lot of his money to charity. ➣ wealth (n) +
B2	co-operation +	working with sb and helping them ● There’s a lot of work to do and I’d appreciate your co-operation. ➣ co-operate (v), co-operative (adj) +
B2	dietary +	relating to the kind of food you eat ● She doesn’t have any special dietary requirements; she eats most things. ➣ diet (n, v) +
B2	international +	involving different countries ● International travel became possible for people when the cost of air travel fell. +
B2	trade +	buy and sell ● Kotsovolos is a chain of shops that trade in electrical goods. ➣ trade (n), trader (n) +
B2	mayor +	a person who has been elected to represent a town or city ● The mayor of our town opened the new library. +
B2	event +	a planned, organised occasion such as a party or sports competition ● I love going to events like weddings or formal parties. +
B2	conditions +	the things in people’s lives that affect their comfort, safety or success ● The people lived in terrible conditions: their houses were dirty and they didn’t have clean drinking water. Business availability chain company do business employment export globalisation goods import manufacture outsourcing professional profit service trade unemployed Vocabulary page 20 +
B2	universal +	relating to everyone and everything ● Climate change is a universal problem that affects us all. ➣ universe (n), universally (adv) +
B2	knowledge +	information you have about sth ● Before the Internet, people has less knowledge of the world and other cultures. ➣ know (v), knowledgeable (adj) +
B2	society +	a group of people living in same place with a similar way of life ● Western society focuses too much on money and success. ➣ social (adj), socially (adv) +
B2	belief +	a feeling that sth is true ● It is my belief that the climate will change our lives this century. ➣ believe (v) ✎ Opp: disbelief +
B2	concept +	idea ● Dad says youngsters have no concept of what life was like before the Internet. +
B2	aspect +	part ● The best aspect of our visit was the deliciousfood. +
B2	occurrence +	sth that happens ● Floods didn’t use to be such a frequent occurrence. ➣ occur (v) +
B2	phenomenon +	a fact or event in nature or society, usually one not fully understood ● Weather is a natural phenomenon which humans cannot control. ➣ phenomenal (adj) ✎ NB: Plural = phenomena +
B2	expand +	become bigger ● The company has expanded and now has two new offices in the UK. ➣ expansion (n) +
B2	extend +	stretch ● The Roman Empire extended across much of Europe and parts of northern Africa. ➣ extent, extension (n), extensive (adj) +
B2	exchange +	change for sth else ● I exchanged email addresses with my new colleagues in our Paris office. ➣ exchange (n) +
B2	provide +	give ● Does this hotel provide free Wi-Fi or do I have to go to an Internet café? ➣ provision (n) +
B2	swap +	change one thing for another ● We swapped email addresses so we could keep in touch. +
B2	reindeer +	a deer with horns that lives in northern countries ● Rudolph is a famous reindeer with a red nose! +
B2	canal +	a long, man-made stretch of water for boats to travel on ● We travelled in a gondola along the canals of Venice. +
B2	spice +	powder or seeds from a plant with a strong taste or smell used in cooking ● Cumin is a strong spice which you can put in meatballs to make them tasty. ➣ spicy (adj) +
B2	highway +	a main road, one that usually connects towns or cities ● It takes only fifteen minutes to get to my house if you drive on the highway. +
B2	drive-through +	a restaurant where you buy your food from your car and then drive away with it ● We got burgers at the drive-through and didn’t even have to get out of the car. +
B2	windmill +	a tall building with sails that turn as the wind blows ● There are windmills on the island of Mykonos. +
B2	mummy +	a dead body that was preserved long ago by being rubbed with oils and wrapped in a cloth ● The archaeologist found a number of mummies in the pyramid. ➣ mummify (v) +
B2	cuisine +	a region’s characteristic style of cooking ● I love Italian cuisine, especially the dishes of Sicily. +
B2	dog sledding +	a sport where dogs pull a sled along the snow ● There are dog-sledding competitions in Canada every winter. +
B2	civilisation +	organised human society ● The civilisation of Ancient Greece had a great influence on the world. ➣ civilise (v), civilised (adj) +
B2	export +	selling goods to another country ● China’s exports include clothes an electrical goods. ➣ export (v) +
B2	homeland +	native country ● I live abroad, but one day I will return to my homeland. +
B2	influence +	affecting the way people think or act ● Powerful countries often want to have an influence on other countries and control them. ➣ influence (v), influential (adj) +
B2	network +	a large number of roads that cross and meet at many points ● Germany has an excellent transport network. +
B2	port +	a town by the sea with a harbour ● The ferry docked at the port of Piraeus. +
B2	roadway +	the part of a road used by vehicles ● You’ll need a jeep in the countryside because there isn’t a good roadway. +
B2	proper +	appropriate; correct ● There wasn’t any proper heating in the hotel and we were very cold. ➣ properly (adv) +
B2	efficient +	having or producing the best result ● The most efficient way get across Athens is to use the Metro. ➣ efficiency (n), efficiently (adv) ✎ Opp: inefficient +
B2	extensive +	very great ● The fire caused extensive damage and it cost a lot of money to repair the house. ➣ extend (v), extent (n) +
B2	import +	bringing goods from another country ● The import of goods such as clothes from Bangladesh is common in the UK. ➣ import (v) +
B2	trade route +	the way goods travel from one place to another ● One famous trade route was the Silk Road, which enabled trade between Asia and Europe. +
B2	land +	area of ground ● The Silk Road was an important trade route over land that connected Europe to Asia. +
B2	conduct +	organise or do sth ● The scientist conducted a number of experiments. 10 11 +
B2	caravan +	a group of people, animals and vehicles travelling together ● Caravans have been travelling across deserts for centuries. +
B2	domesticate +	tame an animal and keep it as a pet or on a farm ● Humans domesticated the dog thousands of years ago. ➣ domesticated (adj), domestic (adj) +
B2	transfer +	move sth from one place to another ● We transferred our bags to a taxi when we got off the ferry. ➣ transfer (n) +
B2	found +	start sth like a a city, business etc ● The Romans founded the city of Londinium, known today as London. ➣ founder (n) +
B2	textile +	cloth; material ● Polyester is a modern synthetic textile. +
B2	pottery +	plates, dishes etc made from clay and then baked ● We saw lots of ancient pottery in the museum, but my favourite was a beautiful dish. Traded products dairy product spice pottery textile Grammar page 21 +
B2	tribe +	a group of people of the same race, language and customs ● The cultures of the different Amazonian tribes are very interesting. ➣ tribal (adj) +
B2	elect +	If people elect sb, they choose a person to represent them by voting. ● The people of the village elected Mrs Browne as mayor. ➣ election (n) +
B2	conquer +	If one country or group of people conquers another, they take complete control of their land. ● The Romans conquered Britain in the first century AD. ➣ conqueror, conquest (n) +
B2	spill +	If you spill a liquid, it accidentally flows over the edge of its container. ● I spilt coffee all over the cream-coloured carpet. +
B2	contribute +	help to make sth happen ● The army contributed to the expansion of the Roman Empire. ➣ contribution (n) +
B2	form +	type ● Early forms of writing look like pictures rather than letters. ➣ form (v) +
B2	record +	an account of sth in writing, photographs etc so that you can refer to it later ● Records of births and deaths are kept at the local council. +
B2	establish +	create sth like a city, system or organisation ● Many cities established themselves along rivers where traders passed. +
B2	spring up +	suddenly start to exist ● A new block of flats has sprung up in our neighbourhood. +
B2	position +	place ● Can you find your position on the map? ➣ position (v) +
B2	waterway +	a river, canal, or other route for travel by water ● The Corinth Canal is a narrow waterway. +
B2	come up with +	think of ● The Arabs first came up with the concept of zero. +
B2	farming +	growing crops and raising animals ● Farming is difficult as working on the land is backbreaking work. ➣ farm, farmer (n) +
B2	handle +	cope with ● People from the north tend to handle the cold winter weather better than southerners. +
B2	regular +	happening at equal intervals ● She has regular, twice-yearly appointments at the dentist because she wants to have healthy teeth. ➣ regularly (adv) +
B2	flood +	a large amount of water that covers an area that is usually dry ● Every year there are floods after the first rains because so many trees are lost in forest fires. ➣ flood (v) +
B2	agriculture +	farming ● He is a farmer and has always worked in agriculture. ➣ agricultural (adj) +
B2	incredible +	unbelievable ● It is incredible that the Ancient Egyptians built the pyramids with simple tools ➣ incredibly (adv) +
B2	advancement +	progress ● He owes his rapid career advancement to hard work. ➣ advance (n, v) +
B2	archaeologist +	sb who studies the past by examining ruins and objects found in the ground ● British archaeologists found the ancient city of Pavlopetri in 1967. ➣ archaeology (n), archaeological (adj) +
B2	dig +	make a hole in the ground ● The archaeologist dug carefully and found a skeleton. +
B2	call back +	phone later ● I have to go now, but I’ll call you back. +
B2	call off +	cancel ● The visit to the museum was called off because there was a strike. +
B2	call up +	phone ● I called up Wendy, but she didn’t answer her phone. +
B2	call out +	say aloud ● Mr Jones called out all the pupils’ names. +
B2	call on +	ask sb to do sth ● The boss called on me to prepare the agenda for the monthly meeting. +
B2	call for +	require ● Dealing with climate change calls for action from governments worldwide +
B2	call in +	ask sb to come to a particular place to do sth for you ● She called in a plumber to fix the kitchen tap. +
B2	electrician +	sb who installs and mends electrical equipment ● An electrician fitted new lights for us. ➣ electricity (n), electric (adj) +
B2	require +	need ● This job requires good computing skills. ➣ requirement (n) +
B2	honesty +	being honest; telling the truth ● People trust him because of his honesty; he always tells the truth. ➣ honest (adj), honestly (adv) ✎ Opp: dishonesty +
B2	responsibility +	duty ● It is the responsibility of the crew to make sure that passengers wear their seat belts. ➣ responsible (adj) ✎ Opp: irresponsibility +
B2	cancel +	call off; decide that sth will not take place ● The concert was cancelled because the lead singer was sick. ➣ cancellation (n) +
B2	reputation +	the opinion people have of sb ● He has built a reputation as a hard-working employee. ➣ reputable (adj) +
B2	empire +	all the countries under the control of one ruler ● The Romans created an enormous empire thatstretched across much of Europe. ➣ emperor (n), imperial (adj) +
B2	impression +	Your impression of sb or sth is what you think they are like. ● His untidy clothes made a bad impression on the interviewer. ➣ impress (v), impressive (adj) +
B2	space +	place; area ● We saved space by buying a small sofa. ➣ spacious (adj) +
B2	ruin +	a building that has been partly destroyed ● The ruins of the temple of Poseidon at Sounion are very beautiful. ➣ ruin (v) +
B2	temple +	religious building where people worship ● The temple of Poseidon is at Sounion. +
B2	depiction +	representing sb or sth in painting, drawing or writing ● I thought the novelist’s depiction of the hero was excellent. ➣ depict (v) +
B2	Assyrian +	a person from the ancient kingdom of Mesopotamia, which stretched from Egypt to the Persian Gulf ● The culture of the Assyrian Empire produced great art. ➣ Assyria (n) +
B2	warrior +	a fighter; a soldier ● The warriors fought with swords. ➣ war (n) Synonyms call for = require extend = stretch call off = cancel farming = agriculture Listening page 22 +
B2	house +	If a building, place or container houses sth, it is kept there. ● Hundreds of famous paintings are housed in the Louvre. +
B2	date back (to) +	exist from a time in the past ● The Parthenon dates back to the 5th century BC. +
B2	major +	important ● Brussels is a major European city where many important decisions are made. +
B2	illuminate +	light up; decorate with lights ● The Parthenon isilluminated at night. ➣ illumination (n) Grammar page 24 +
B2	air force +	the part of a country’s military organisation that is concerned with fighting in the air ● He joined the air force and flew planes during the war. +
B2	oversleep +	sleep for longer than you intended to ● She overslept and missed the bus. Use your English page 25 +
B2	call round +	visit ● Let’s call round at Tina’s house and see if she wants to come out with us. 12 13 +
B2	stretch +	extend ● White cliffs stretch along the south coast of England. ➣ stretch (n) +
B2	medical condition +	a problem with your health ● Stephen Hawking suffers from a severe medical condition. +
B2	relief +	If you feel relief from pain, you no longer feel pain. ● Take some aspirin; it will give you relief from your headache. ➣ relieve (v) +
B2	professional +	doing a job to earn money ● Some professional football players make a lot of money. ➣ profession (n), professional (n) Writing: an opinion essay pages 26–27 +
B2	sum up +	briefly describe the main features of sth ● He summed up the main ideas at the end of the lesson. +
B2	grasp +	understand ● He just couldn’t grasp the rules of the game. +
B2	view +	opinion ● My view is that wealthy people should help the poor. +
B2	to my mind +	in my opinion ● To my mind, she is a great artist, but perhaps you disagree. +
B2	do business +	work or trade with ● Many Greek companies do business in the UK and you can buy Greek foodsin British supermarkets. +
B2	pleasure +	happiness, enjoyment or satisfaction ● He gets a lot of pleasure from his work. ➣ please (v), pleased (adj), pleasant (adj) +
B2	be worth the effort +	be a good idea to try sth ● It was worth the effort to climb to the top of the mountain because the view was amazing. +
B2	effectively +	in a way that gets the result you wanted ● They dealt with the problem effectively. ➣ effect (n), effective (adj) +
B2	recent +	happening a short time ago ● How was your recent visit to London? ➣ recently (adv) +
B2	cultural awareness +	knowing about and understanding a different culture ● Reading books by foreign writers has increased my cultural awareness. +
B2	key +	the way to achieve sth ● The key to enjoying your trip is to find out a bit about the place you are going to visit. +
B2	enrich +	improve the quality of sth ● Doing a course in pottery-making has enriched her life by giving her a new interest. ➣ enrichment (n) +
B2	conclude +	finish ● To conclude, I want to thank you all for coming. ➣ conclusion (n), conclusive (adj) +
B2	abroad +	in another country ● She moved abroad and had to learn the language of the country. Phrasal verbs all back call for call in call off call on call out call round call up come up with date back (to) spring up sum up Video: A Special Type of Neighbourhood page 28 +
B2	neighbourhood +	part of a town ● We live in a friendly neighbourhood and we know everyone there. ➣ neighbour (n) +
B2	immigrate +	come to live or work in a foreign country ● We immigrated from India to the USA ten years ago, so our six-year-old was born here. ➣ immigration, immigrant (n) +
B2	community member +	sb who is part of a social group in a particular area ● Community members met at the town hall to discuss rising crime in the area. +
B2	relative +	a family member ● Her oldest relative is her great-grandfather. +
B2	organisation +	an official group ● WWF is an organisation that tries to save animals. ➣ organise (v) +
B2	district +	area ● There are many homeless people in the poorer districts of the city. +
B2	mural +	a painting or other work of art on a wall ● Many murals are really good graffiti. +
B2	raise +	collect (money) ● Our school raised money for poor families. +
B2	reflect +	show what sth is like ● His books reflect life in the poorer districts of Chicago. ➣ reflection (n) +
B2	choir +	a group of people who sing together. ● Our choir sang at the school concert. +
B2	natural disaster +	an event like an earthquake, flood, storm or fire that causes destruction and injuries or death ● The earthquake in Japan was a terrible natural disaster. +
B2	nation +	an individual country ● Greece is a small European nation. ➣ national (n) +
B2	fairness +	being fair or just ● The teacher treated us with fairness and listened to all of our views. ➣ fair (adj) Word Focus page 32 +
B2	heir +	the person who takes sb’s place or title when that person dies ● Prince Charles is the heir to the British throne and will become king when his mother dies. +
B2	title +	a word like Mr or Mrs that is used before sb’s name ● In the box on this form where it says ‘’title’’, you should write Mrs, Miss or Ms. +
B2	barricade +	prevent people from coming into a place by blocking the entrance ● The armed robbers barricaded the door of the bank to keep the police out. ➣ barricade (n) +
B2	venom +	poison from a snake, insect or spider ● The venom of many snakes is fatal unless you have an antidote. ➣ venomous (adj) +
B2	quest +	a search ● Archaeologists are on a quest for knowledge about the past. +
B2	sacred +	holy; connected to God ● Some animals are considered to be sacred. +
B2	holy +	connected to God ● The old lady kissed the holy icon. ➣ holiness (n) Reading pages 32–33 +
B2	burial place +	where sb who has died is buried; a grave ● The Pyramids of Giza in Egypt are the burial places of pharaohs. +
B2	celebrity +	a famous person ● My favourite celebrity is George Clooney. ➣ celebrate (v), celebration (n), celebratory (adj) +
B2	household name +	well-known person ● Julius Caesar is a household name, being one of the most famous ancient Romans. +
B2	stage +	the place where actors perform in a theatre ● Our theatre seats were at the front, so we had a good view of the stage. +
B2	royal +	connected to a king or queen ● King Juan Carlos was the head of the Spanish royal family. ➣ royal, royalty (n) +
B2	inspiration +	sth that gives you a new idea ● Ancient Egypt has been the inspiration for many Hollywood movies. ➣ inspire (v), inspirational (adj) +
B2	monitor +	check the progress of sb or sth ● This machine monitors the changes in temperature during the day. +
B2	orbit +	move around a planet, moon or sun ● A new satellite has been launched and will orbit Earth for the next ten years. ➣ orbit (n) +
B2	asteroid +	a rock in space ● Some scientists believe an asteroid fell to Earth and ended the age of the dinosaurs. +
B2	silhouette +	a dark shape seen against a light background ● Behind the curtain, I could see a silhouette moving. +
B2	coin +	a piece of metal which is money ● I paid for my coffee with a two-euro coin. +
B2	persuasiveness +	the ability to influence sb’s ideas, opinions or actions ● With great persuasiveness she got her dad to let her go on holiday with her friends. ➣ persuade (v), persuasion (n), persuasive (adj), persuasively (adv) +
B2	pleasant +	friendly and polite ● Her son seemed a pleasant young man. ➣ please (v), pleased (adj), pleasure (n) +
B2	stringed instrument +	a musical instrument with strings, e.g. a violin ● He plays two stringed instruments, the guitar and the cello. +
B2	charm +	a quality which makes you like or feel attracted to sb or sth ● He has a lot of charm and everyone enjoys his company. ➣ charm (v), charming (adj) +
B2	looks +	appearance ● Some people try to improve their looks with expensive plastic surgery. +
B2	murder +	the crime of killing a person ● The murder of John Lennon shocked the world. ➣ murder (v), murderer (n) +
B2	decade +	a period of ten years ● The country’s economy has improved in the past decade. +
B2	forces +	army (a group of soldiers) ● Alexander the Great led his forces into battle against the Persians. 3 Star Quality 15 +
B2	defeat +	beat ● The Allies defeated the Germans in both world wars of the twentieth century. ➣ defeat (n) +
B2	mausoleum +	a building where the members of a rich family are buried ● The dead king was placed in the mausoleum with his ancestors. +
B2	commit suicide +	kill yourself ● It is said that Marilyn Monroe committed suicide. However, some people think she didn’t actually kill herself, but was murdered. +
B2	bury +	put sb who has died in a grave ● When she died, her family buried her next to her husband. ➣ burial (n) +
B2	location +	the place where sth is situated ● I would love to discover the location of the tomb of Alexander the Great. ➣ locate (v) +
B2	grave +	the place where a dead person is buried ● We placed flowers on the grave and said our goodbyes to Grandma. +
B2	remain +	continue to be sth ● The situation remains unchanged. +
B2	ancestor +	a member of your family who lived a long time ago ● Queen Victoria was the ancestor of Queen Elizabeth II. +
B2	site +	a place where something important happened ● The Pyramids are one of the most well-known archaeological sites in the world. +
B2	earthquake +	shaking of the ground ● The earthquake shook our flat and all my books fell off the shelf. +
B2	tidal wave +	a very large wave often caused by an earthquake at sea; a tsunami ● An earthquake and tidal wave hit Japan in 2011. +
B2	rising seas +	ocean levels which are going up ● Rising seas could lead to flooding in many coastal cities. +
B2	man-made +	caused by people ● Pollution is a man-made problem caused partly by the burning of fossil fuels. +
B2	excavation +	digging for antiquities ● In 1922, an excavation in Egypt revealed the tomb of the Pharoah Tutankhamun. ➣ excavate (v) +
B2	fail (to) +	be unsuccessful when you try to do sth ● They failed to come up with a better plan. ➣ failure (n) ✎ Opp: succeed (in) +
B2	tomb +	a large grave ● The tomb of Philip II was excavated by Manolis Andronikos. +
B2	put forward +	suggest for discussion ● The student put forward the idea that a field trip to the site would be interesting. +
B2	lecturer +	a teacher at a university ● Professor Stems is a university lecturer in biology. ➣ lecture (v, n) +
B2	antiquities +	objects from ancient times ● The museum has an amazing collection of Greek antiquities. ➣ antique (n, adj) +
B2	access +	the right or ability to enter a place ● The only access to the tomb is down this ladder and through that tunnel. ➣ access (v), accessible (adj) +
B2	mention +	talk about ● The lecturer mentioned that we should go to the library for more information. +
B2	in advance +	before something happens ● We booked tickets for the concert a month in advance. +
B2	convinced +	feeling certain that sth is true ● The archaeologist was convinced that there were more tombs in the area. ➣ convince (v), convincing (adj) +
B2	lie +	be located in a particular place ● Epidavros lies to the south of Corinth. +
B2	alongside +	next to ● You can park your car alongside ours. +
B2	victorious +	having won ● The victorious forces marched through the streets of the city they had taken. ➣ victory, victor (n) +
B2	enemy +	sb who is against you ● France and Germany were enemies during World War II. +
B2	(the) press +	newspapers and magazines ● She said she’d go to the press with her story unless they gave her money. People celebrity heir household name ancestor Archaeology burial place coin site excavation tomb 16 17 Vocabulary page 34 +
B2	accomplishment +	sth that is successful; sth that is achieved after a lot of work ● Winning an Oscar is an accomplishment for filmmakers. ➣ accomplish (v), accomplished (adj) +
B2	effort +	trying hard ● John made an effort to be nice even though he didn’t want to be at the social event. ➣ effortless (adj) +
B2	victory +	winning; success in a war ● The winning forces celebrated their victory with a parade. ➣ victor (n), victorious (adj) +
B2	chatter +	talk ● The teacher asked us to stop our chatter and pay attention. ➣ chatter (v) +
B2	gossip +	talk about other people’s lives ● There is lots of gossip about famous people on morning TV shows. ➣ gossip (v) +
B2	rumour +	sth a lot of people are talking about that may not be true ● I heard a rumour that he is leaving the team. +
B2	massive +	enormous; huge ● Elvis Presley was a massive star. ➣ mass (n), massively (adj) +
B2	hit +	success ● My favourite band is Depeche Mode; they’ve had loads of hits over the years. +
B2	figure +	sb who is important or famous in some way ● J.F. Kennedy was one of the most important political figures of his time. +
B2	influential +	having an influence on people ● The Dalai Lama is an influential figure who many people respect. ➣ influence (v, n) +
B2	marked +	noticeable ● You have shown a marked improvement in your school work. +
B2	notorious +	famous for a bad reason ● George Karagounis is notorious for falling over in every match. ➣ notoriety (n) +
B2	gifted +	naturally talented ● Manos Hatzidakis was a gifted composer who wrote many beautiful pieces of music. ➣ gift (n) +
B2	qualified +	having passed the necessary exams; having the necessary experience ● He is a qualified history teacher with a degree from Athens University. ➣ qualify (v), qualifications (pl n) ✎ Opp: unqualified +
B2	accomplished +	talented ● Thanassis Vegos was an accomplished actor and comedian. ➣ accomplish (v), accomplishment (n) +
B2	guarantee +	promise sth ● With Jose Mourinho as coach, I guarantee that the team will win the championship. ➣ guarantee (n) +
B2	sponsor +	support financially in order to get publicity ● Vodafone sponsors the football team Olympiakos. ➣ sponsor, sponsorship (n) +
B2	match-fixing +	arranging the result of a match before it takes place, usually to make money from betting ● People were shocked to learn about match-fixing in football. +
B2	disgrace +	a disrespectful or shameful action that brings strong disapproval ● The terrible behaviour of the football fans was a disgrace. ➣ disgrace (v), disgraceful (adj) ✎ Also: to be in disgrace +
B2	scandal +	a shocking event ● Why do so many politicians become involved in scandals and yet few of them go to prison? ➣ scandalise (v), scandalous (adj) +
B2	have stars in one’s eyes +	dream of being famous ● She’s got stars in her eyes and dreams of winning Greek Idol. +
B2	publicity +	attention from the public ● Many stars appear on talk shows to get publicity for their new films. +
B2	PR +	public relations; explaining to the public what an organisation does so that they will approve of it ● Ronald deals with the celebrity’s PR and talksto the press for him. +
B2	social networking +	socialising with people online ● Social networking is a way of keeping in touch with all your friends. +
B2	release +	make sth available for people to buy or see ● The band have just released their new CD. ➣ release (n) +
B2	supporter +	sb who likes a particular sports team or political party ● Thousands of Liverpool supporters watched the final. ➣ support (v, n) +
B2	fan +	a supporter; an admirer ● She’s a fan of Madam Lala and has all her CDs. +
B2	account +	a regular online service ● I don’t have a Facebook account because I don’t want to be like everyone else. +
B2	comment +	sth you say; a remark ● The prime minister made a comment about the debt crisis on his blog. ➣ comment (v) +
B2	privacy +	when you are alone and other people cannot see or hear you ● The problem with being famousisthat you rarely get any privacy. ➣ private (adj) +
B2	in the public eye +	receiving a lot of attention in newspapers, on TV, etc. ● As the President’s wife, she is constantly in the public eye. +
B2	reveal +	make people aware of sth ● The newspaper revealed the star’s secret. ➣ revelation (n) +
B2	highly +	very ● Dolphins are highly intelligent animals. +
B2	guard +	keep sb or sth safe from other people or danger ● The house was guarded by a large dog. ➣ guard (n) Adjectives to describe people accomplished gifted influential notorious qualified Grammar page 35 +
B2	review +	a report in the media giving an opinion of a book, film, etc ● The reviews for Joanne Harris’ new book are mixed, but the Guardian recommends it. ➣ review (v), reviewer (n) +
B2	contestant +	sb who takes part in a competition ● The contestant who won received 5,000 euros. ➣ contest (n) +
B2	go around +	circulate ● There’s a rumour going around that the famous couple is splitting up. +
B2	stadium +	a building for sports with a playing field surrounded by many seats ● We watched the athletics at the Olympic stadium. +
B2	start out +	begin ● He started out as a mechanic, but ended up as a Formula 1 driver. +
B2	land +	a country or region ● People say that America is the land of freedom. +
B2	aviator +	a pilot ● Amelia Earhart was the first woman aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic. ➣ aviation (n) +
B2	explorer +	sb who travels to new places to find out about them ● Dutch explorers were the first Europeans to discover Australia and they named it New Holland. ➣ explore (v), exploration (n) +
B2	amateur +	doing an activity for pleasure, not as a job ● He is an amateur photographer but hopes to become professional one day. ➣ amateur (n) +
B2	parachute +	a large piece of cloth which allows you to float to the ground from a plane ● He made his first parachute jump from a plane when he was twenty. ➣ parachute (v), parachutist (n) +
B2	cosmonaut +	an astronaut from the former Soviet Union ● Yuri Gagarin was the first cosmonaut to go into space. +
B2	spacecraft +	a vehicle designed to travel in space ● The Americans sent the first spacecraft to the moon in 1969. +
B2	launch +	send a spacecraft into the sky or into space ● Spacecraft need tons of fuel to be launched into space. ➣ launch (n) +
B2	mission +	an important job that involves travelling somewhere ● The astronaut’s mission was to repair part of the space station. More people agent aviator contestant cosmonaut enemy explorer fan lecturer warlord Listening page 36 +
B2	royalty +	kings, queens and their families ● The event was attended by royalty and politicians. ➣ royal (adj) +
B2	fixed +	not changing ● She has fixed ideas about how children should be brought up. +
B2	entertainment +	performances that give people pleasure ● That film was great entertainment. ➣ entertain (v), entertainer (n), entertaining (adj) +
B2	industry +	the companies and people involved in producing a particular type of thing or providing a particular service ● The tourist industry is important to the country’s economy. ➣ industrial (adj) 18 19 +
B2	meet expectations +	be as good as sb hopes ● The film met my expectations and I enjoyed it as much as I thought I would. +
B2	criticism +	disapproval; judgement ● The documentary about the Greek Revolution of 1821 received a lot of criticism. ➣ criticise (v), critic (n), critical (adj) +
B2	split up +	separate ● Many Hollywood couples split up; it seems the pressure of fame makes it hard to stay in a relationship. +
B2	in public +	If you do something in public, you do it where people can see you. ● Michael Jackson sometimes wore masks when he went out in public. +
B2	in private +	If you do something in private, you do it where people cannot see you. ● The star is much friendlier in private in the comfort of his own home. +
B2	under pressure +	feeling stressed ● On the opening night of the play, the actors felt under pressure to perform well. +
B2	at a price +	not for free ● You lose your privacy when you become famous, which is why they say fame comes at a price. +
B2	agent +	sb who represents sb else and helps them find work ● The first thing you must do is get an agent who will find acting work for you. ➣ agency (n) +
B2	on sb’s behalf +	instead of sb ● Martin can’t be here tonight, so on his behalf I want to thank you for this award. +
B2	press conference +	a meeting when an important person answers reporters’ questions ● The mayor held a press conference to announce the new plan. +
B2	to one’s astonishment +	to sb’s great surprise ● To our astonishment, Rihanna walked into the shop. +
B2	by all accounts +	according to a lot of people ● By all accounts, he is an unpleasant man, but I will decide when I meet him. +
B2	behind the scenes +	when nobody is looking ● The actors seemed to get on well together, but behind the scenes they fought all the time. +
B2	without a doubt +	for certain ● Without a doubt, Martin Scorsese is a gifted director. ✎ Also: doubtless +
B2	live up to +	be as good as sb hopes ● I expected a great film, but the last Harry Potter movie didn’t live up to my expectations. +
B2	resemble +	look like sb or sth ● Mandy resembles her mother. ➣ resemblance (n) Speaking page 37 +
B2	have in common +	have the same interests as sb; be like sb in a certain way ● I like spending time with her – we have a lot in common. Grammar page 38 +
B2	break in +	breɪk ɪn/ +
B2	regret +	feel sorry about sth you did or did not do ● I don’t regret what I said to him, so I’m not going to apologise. ➣ regret (n), regretful (adj) +
B2	remove +	take off (e.g. clothes, glasses) ● Please remove yourshoes before you enter. ➣ removal (n) +
B2	audition +	give a short performance so that sb can judge if you are good enough to act in a play, sing in a concert etc ● You will have to audition for the role. ➣ audition (n) +
B2	lamp post +	a tall pole that supports a light over a public area ● The street lights on the lamp posts light up after dark. Use your English page 39 +
B2	come in for +	receive ● People didn’t like his latest film and it came in for a lot of criticism. +
B2	look down on +	have a low opinion of ● Dad looks down on pop musicians, but I really admire them. +
B2	circulate +	go around ● News of the scandal circulated fast as soon as the press got hold of it. +
B2	trend +	the way sth is changing or developing ● There’s a trend towards more violent computer games. ➣ trendy (adj) Phrasal verbs come in for live up to look down on look forward to put forward split up start out turn out turn to Writing: a story pages 40–41 +
B2	shock +	emotional upset ● It was a shock to hear that the young actor had committed suicide. ➣ shock (v), shocking, shocked (adj) +
B2	rip +	tear ● She ripped the paper into tiny pieces. ➣ rip (n) +
B2	envelope +	a flat paper cover you put a letter in before you post it ● Don’t forget to write your address on the envelope. +
B2	shake like a leaf +	tremble from excitement or fear ● She was shaking like a leaf before she went on her first date. +
B2	smile from ear to ear +	smile very happily ● We smiled from ear to ear on hearing the good news. +
B2	leap +	jump ● My dog leapt into my arms and licked my face. ➣ leap (n) +
B2	couch +	a long seat for two or more people ● She fell asleep on the couch. ✎ Syn: sofa +
B2	stunned +	really shocked ● They were stunned when they realised they had won the lottery. ➣ stun (v) +
B2	warmly +	in a friendly way ● She smiled at us warmly. ➣ warm (adj), warmth (n) +
B2	desperately +	very much ● Ella desperately wanted a child. ➣ desperate (adj), despair (n) +
B2	look forward to +	be excited and happy about sth that is going to happen ● Paula is looking forward to going to university. +
B2	turn out +	end in a particular way ● The day started out well, but turned out badly when he failed the audition. +
B2	rude +	impolite ● The rude man shut the door in my face. ➣ rudeness (n), rudely (adv) +
B2	arrogant +	behaving in a proud, unpleasant way ● That arrogant man thinks he is the best actor in Hollywood. ➣ arrogance (n), arrogantly (adv) +
B2	bitterly +	in a way which shows anger or disappointment ● Dawn was bitterly disappointed when she didn’t get the role. ➣ bitterness (n), bitter (adj) +
B2	at last +	finally ● I waited for weeks but at last the letter arrived. +
B2	not long afterwards +	a little later ● She arrived at four and, not long afterwards, they called her in for the audition. +
B2	out of the blue +	unexpectedly ● We hadn’t heard from Jack for years and then, out of the blue, he sent an email. +
B2	to make matters worse +	tə meɪk ˈmætəz wɜːs/ +
B2	nervous +	worried ● He is always nervous before a date. ➣ nervousness (n), nervously (adv) +
B2	meanwhile +	while sth else is happening; in the time between two things happening ● Ian was in his room studying. Meanwhile, his mum was preparing dinner. +
B2	without warning +	unexpectedly ● It was a lovely day, but without warning it started to rain. +
B2	unexpectedly +	without warning ● They arrived unexpectedly. ➣ expect (v), unexpected (adj) +
B2	eventually +	at the end of a process or a long period of time ● Eventually, he agreed to come. Video: Confucianism in China page 42 +
B2	Confucianism +	Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius ● He is studying the teachings of Confucianism. +
B2	quote +	words from a book, speech, etc. that you repeat because they are interesting or useful ● The story begins with a quote from Shakespeare’s‘Macbeth’. ➣ quote (v) 20 21 +
B2	fool +	an idiot ● Only a fool would go out in the cold without a coat. ➣ foolish (adj) +
B2	warlord +	the leader of an unofficial military group ● The warlords fought each other for years. +
B2	respect (my) elders +	treat older people politely and admire them ● You should respect your elders; they have more experience than you. +
B2	dynasty +	a family of kings and queens who have controlled a country for many years ● The Shahi dynasty controlled India for centuries. +
B2	foundation +	basis ● Ancient Greek philosophy is at the foundation of modern European thought. +
B2	moral +	relating to ideas about what is right and wrong behaviour ● He is a very moral man who tries to do what is right. ➣ morals (pl n), morality (n) +
B2	retire +	stop working because you have reached a certain age ● In the UK, people will have to retire at the age of 67 instead of 65. ➣ retirement (n), retired (adj) +
B2	rule +	control a country or group of people ● King George III ruled for many years. ➣ ruler, rule (n) +
B2	restore +	bring back ● After the war, peace was restored. +
B2	justice +	fairness ● A fair society treats everyone with justice. ➣ just (adj) +
B2	prosperity +	when people have money and the things they need for a good life ● Prosperity can only return if we manufacture and sell more goods. ➣ prosper (v), prosperous (adj) +
B2	decline +	become weaker ● The Roman Empire declined and eventually fell to the barbarians. ➣ decline (n) +
B2	policy +	a way of doing sth that has been officially decided by a government ● The minister of education explained the new policy for secondary schools. +
B2	dutiful +	doing what is expected of you ● He is very proud of his dutiful son who looks after him in his old age. ➣ duty (n) +
B2	prosper +	be successful ● His business continues to prosper. ➣ prosperous (adj) Word Focus page 44 +
B2	slum +	a very poor area in a city, where people live in old dirty buildings ● Benji grew up in the slums of Cairo. +
B2	discrimination +	when you treat sb or a group of people differently, usually in a worse way, than others ● We need laws that will help stop discrimination against the elderly. ➣ discriminate (v) +
B2	mugged +	attacked and robbed in a public place ● Amy was mugged in front of her house. ➣ mug (v), mugger (n) +
B2	gritty +	difficult, unpleasant or unattractive ● The documentary shows the gritty side of life in this city. Reading pages 44–45 +
B2	favela +	a very poor area in Brazil, with small houses that are close together and in bad condition ● Erlen lives in a favela in Rio. +
B2	settlement +	a place where people have come to live ● The family lived in a small settlement in the forest. ➣ settle (v) +
B2	cramped +	not having enough room to move freely ● The house is really small, so we’re cramped. +
B2	resident +	sb who lives in a particular place ● The residents of the village got cut off by snow last winter. ➣ reside (v), residence (n) +
B2	middle-class +	connected with educated people who have good jobs and are neither very rich nor very poor ● He comes from a middle-class family. ➣ middle class (n) +
B2	urban +	in or of a town or city ● More parks in urban areas would make towns more pleasant to live in. +
B2	resources +	sth that a person, organisation or country has and can use ● We have to make the best use of the resources we’ve got. +
B2	disadvantaged person +	sb who does not have the things they need to succeed in life ● The organisation helps disadvantaged people find work. +
B2	fortunate +	lucky ● I was fortunate enough to find a job that I liked. ➣ fortune (n), fortunately (adv) ✎ Opp: unfortunate +
B2	insecure +	not safe or protected ● Living in this neighbourhood, we often feel insecure. ➣ insecurity (n) ✎ Opp: secure +
B2	depend on +	If sth depends on sth else, it is changed or decided by that thing. ● Your future depends on how well you do in this exam. +
B2	alley +	a narrow street with walls on both sides ● The alley behind the shops was dark and scary at night. +
B2	common sense +	when you are able to think and do the right thing and avoid mistakes ● It’s common sense to keep matches away from children. +
B2	plus side +	the good things about sth; the advantages of sth ● On the plus side, you can spend more time with your family now. +
B2	buzz +	a lot of activity, noise and excitement ● We could hear the buzz of the city from our hotel room. ➣ buzz (v) +
B2	universe +	the Earth and all the planets, stars and everything else in space ● It was an interesting documentary about how the universe began. +
B2	pedestrian +	a person walking in the street ● Were any pedestrians injured in the accident? +
B2	pastry shop +	a shop that sells different kinds of small cakes ● Everything in that pastry shop is delicious! +
B2	typical +	If sth is typical, it is a good example of a particular group or thing. ● This painting is typical of her work. +
B2	on the run +	in a hurry; while doing sth else. ● He’s busy, so he often eats on the run! +
B2	victim +	a person or thing that is hurt, killed or damaged by sb or sth ● Unfortunately, the victim died two hours after the attack. +
B2	local council +	a group of people who are chosen to make rules and decide things in a particular town or area ● The local council has decided to build a sports centre. +
B2	inhabitant +	sb who lives in a particular place ● This island has only three thousand inhabitants. ➣ inhabit (v) 4 City Living 22 23 Vocabulary page 46 +
B2	flatmate +	sb who shares a flat with you ● I share a flat with a flatmate, so we pay half the rent each. +
B2	landlord +	a man who rents a building, house, flat, etc to sb ● The landlord who owns our flat is not a very helpful man. +
B2	landlady +	a woman who rents a building, house, flat, etc to sb ● The landlady showed us round the flat and told us how much rent she charged. +
B2	lodger +	sb who pays rent to live in a room in sb’s house ● Mrs Smith has two lodgers who live upstairs. +
B2	occupant +	sb who lives in a building, house, flat, etc ● The occupants had to leave the building when the fire broke out. ➣ occupy (v) +
B2	squatter +	sb who lives in a building illegally ● When they got back from their long holiday in the United States, they found that squatters were living in their house. ➣ squat (v) +
B2	tenant +	sb sho pays rent for the house, flat, etc they live in ● The landlord told the tenant that the rent was going up. +
B2	rent +	money you pay to a landlord/landlady to live in a building, house, flat, etc ● The rent for this flat is 700 euros a month. ➣ rent (v) +
B2	commercial +	related to buying and selling things ● The major department stores are located in the commercial district of the town. ➣ commercialise, (v) commerce (n) +
B2	industrial +	relating to the mass production of goods ● He works at a factory in the industrial park just outside town. ➣ industry (n), industrialist (n) +
B2	inner-city +	near the centre of a large city, especially where the people are poor ● Inner-city areas are often dirty and have high crime rates. +
B2	outskirts +	the edge of town ● He gets a train to the centre of town as he lives on the outskirts in a quiet area. +
B2	residential +	where there are only houses and not factories or offices ● The residential area she lives in has many large houses. ➣ residence, resident (n) +
B2	suburb +	an area of a town or city where people live which is not in the town/city centre ● Kallithea is one of the largest suburbs of Athens. ➣ suburbia (n), suburban (adj) +
B2	majority +	the largest part of a group of people or things ● The majority of students agree with me. ✎ Opp: minority +
B2	avenue +	a wide road in a town or city, often with trees along it ● The avenue was wide and there were trees all along its length. +
B2	tree-lined +	with trees on both sides ● We drove along a tree-lined road. +
B2	pavement +	a path at the side of a road for people to walk on ● We walked along the pavement and then stopped at the kerb before we crossed the road. +
B2	parking meter +	a machine at the side of a road in which you put money if you want to park your car next to it ● She put some coins in the parking meter and went shopping for two hours. +
B2	approach +	come near sb or sth ● As you approach the city centre, you’ll see a park on your left. +
B2	junction +	a place where two or more roads meet ● There’s a stop sign at the next junction so start slowing down now. +
B2	traffic light +	a set of red, amber and green lights at junctions ● The traffic light is green so you can go. +
B2	street sign +	a sign at the side of a road with symbols that give drivers information ● That street sign means ‘No parking,’ so you can’t park here. +
B2	speed bump +	a part in a road which is built a little higher to make traffic go slowly ● There are speed bumps in the road outside this primary school, so drive slowly. +
B2	pedestrian area +	a shopping area in a town where vehicles cannot go ● The city centre is a pedestrian area, so you can’t drive there. +
B2	zebra crossing +	white stripes on road where people can cross ● It’s safer to cross the street at the zebra crossing. +
B2	speed camera +	a camera that takes photographs of cars that are travelling faster than the speed limit ● He was going over a hundred kilometres an hour and the speed camera got a photo of his licence plate. +
B2	speed limit +	the fastest speed you are allowed to drive ● If you drive faster than the speed limit and you are caught, you have to pay a fine. Grammar page 47 +
B2	roof +	the structure that covers or forms the top of a building ● Dad set up a new TV aerial on the roof. +
B2	move out +	leave the place you live in ● Her parents felt sad when she moved out to live in her own flat. +
B2	ladder +	a thing that you climb up when you want to reach a high place ● He climbed up the ladder and got in through the window. +
B2	estate agent +	a person whose job is to sell houses and land ● The estate agent showed us the house. +
B2	town hall +	a public building used for a town’s local government ● I got a copy of my birth certificate at the town hall. +
B2	collapse +	fall down suddenly ● The old house collapsed in the earthquake. Listening page 48 +
B2	dweller +	sb who lives in a particular place ● Few city dwellers have a garden. ➣ dwell (v) +
B2	citizen +	a legal inhabitant of a country ● After living in Canada for over ten years, James decided to become a citizen so that he could vote. ➣ citizenship (n) +
B2	constant +	continual ● The constant noise in this flat is awful, it’s even noisy at night! ➣ constantly (adv) +
B2	level +	amount ● There was a high level of anticipation in the stadium as the fans waited for the band to arrive. +
B2	rural +	in or of the countryside ● She lives on a farm in the heart of rural England. +
B2	regulate +	control ● She takes medicine to regulate her blood pressure. ➣ regulation (n) +
B2	on a regular basis +	often or at the same time each day, week, etc ● We meet on a regular basis. +
B2	town planner +	sb who studies the way towns work so that roads, houses, services etc can be provided effectively ● This pedestrian shopping area was designed by a town planner. ➣ town planning (n) +
B2	coast +	land next to the sea ● It’s often windy here on the coast as nothing protects us from the sea. ➣ coastal (adj) +
B2	inland +	far from the coast ● People prefer to spend their summer holidays on the coast rather than in inland areas. ➣ inland (n) +
B2	home town +	the town where you were born and grew up ● He has a Welsh accent because his home town is Cardiff. +
B2	mainly +	mostly; more than anything else ● The club is popular with local residents, mainly teenagers. +
B2	claim +	say sth is true ● Mum claims to be descended from royalty, but I don’t think she is. ➣ claim (n) +
B2	salary +	money that you are paid every month by the organisation or person you work for ● His salary has gone down and now he can’t pay the rent. +
B2	low +	below the usual or expected standard ● Students with low marks had to do the exam again. ✎ Opp: high +
B2	standard of living +	the type of life a person has according to the amount of money they have ● The family’s standard of living has dropped since both parents lost their jobs. +
B2	on the rise +	If sth is on the rise, it is increasing. ● Police say that crime is on the rise. +
B2	quality +	how good or bad sth is ● The quality of her work is amazing. +
B2	operate +	work ● The machine was not operating properly. ➣ operation, operator (n) +
B2	mood swing +	change in how you feel ● Shelly has mood swings, so one minute she’s happy and the next she’s furious. +
B2	mental health +	the condition of your mind ● Her son suffered from mental health problems. +
B2	health-care worker +	sb whose job is to look after sick people ● A health-care worker visits Grandma once a day to help her take her medicine. Speaking page 49 +
B2	I couldn’t agree more. +	used to show that you agree with sb completely ● ‘We should wait.’ ‘I couldn’t agree more.’ +
B2	entirely +	completely ● I entirely agree with you. +
B2	up to a point +	to some degree but not completely ● Yes, that’s true, but only up to a point. 24 25 +
B2	convinced +	completely sure that sth is true ● I was convinced that she was right. ➣ convince (v) Grammar page 50 +
B2	accommodation +	a place to stay or live ● Finding cheap accommodation in London won’t be easy. +
B2	laboratory +	a special room where scientists work ● Do they do tests on animals in these laboratories? +
B2	carton +	a cardboard container ● You can buy a carton of orange juice at a kiosk if you get thirsty. +
B2	loaf +	bread that has been baked in one piece ● Can I have a loaf of bread, please? +
B2	distinctive +	easily recognisable ● Santorini has very distinctive black sand on its beaches. +
B2	estimate +	try to judge the size, cost etc of sth, without calculating it exactly ● It is estimated that there are around 1,000 homeless people living on the streets of this city. ➣ estimate (n), estimation (n) +
B2	abandoned +	no longer used by the people who own it ● There are squatters living in that abandoned building. ➣ abandon (v) +
B2	crumbling +	with pieces falling off ● The building looked terrible because of the crumbling walls inside and out. ➣ crumble (v) +
B2	board up +	cover one or more windows or doors of a house with long flat pieces of wood ● They boarded up the door so no one could open it. +
B2	come to life +	become exciting, interesting or full of activity ● The party came to life again when they arrived. +
B2	canvas +	a material or place you can paint on ● The wall was a canvas for graffiti artists. +
B2	brighten up +	make sth more pleasant or enjoyable ● The pink curtains brightened up the room. +
B2	charm +	sth that makes people like a person or place ● The town still has its traditional charm. ➣ charm (v), charming (adj) Use your English page 51 +
B2	hang out +	spend time with others socially ● She hangs out with her friends at the local café. +
B2	move into +	start living in a place ● He has just moved into a larger flat so he has much more space for his stuff. +
B2	settle down +	start living a fixed and routine life ● ‘At last you are getting married and settling down,’ said Grandma. +
B2	ghost town +	a town that used to have people in it, but now has very few or none ● After the war, many places became ghost towns because the residents had been killed. +
B2	talk of the town +	sth or sb everyone is talking about ● John is the talk of the town in his new Mercedes; everybody is admiring it. +
B2	a night on the town +	a fun night out ● Janice had a night on the town with her friends to celebrate her birthday. +
B2	paint the town red +	go out and have a great time at night ● We always paint the town red at New Year. +
B2	town hall +	a public building used for a town’s local government ● I got a copy of my birth certificate at the town hall. +
B2	pushing and shoving +	when people push each other to get sth ● There was a lot of pushing and shoving on the first day of the sales. +
B2	anxiety +	a feeling of worry ● Try to control any anxiety you feel before exams. ➣ anxious (adj) +
B2	density +	how full sth is ● The population density of major cities is high. ➣ dense (adj) +
B2	peace and quiet +	calm ● She went on holiday to a remote island to get some peace and quiet. +
B2	thrive +	grow; do well ● Jack thrives on city life and loves the noise and crowds. ➣ thriving (adj) +
B2	life (in the) fast lane +	an exciting, busy way of life that successful people usually have ● As a successful businesswoman, she’s living life in the fast lane. +
B2	take advantage (of) +	make good use of sth ● You should take advantage of these special prices. +
B2	come across +	meet or find sb or sth by chance ● I’ve never come across such a horrible person before! +
B2	come to a halt +	stop ● The car came to a halt outside our front door. +
B2	cease +	stop ● Unless we start using sustainable energy, our way of life will cease to exist as we run out of power. +
B2	invest (in) +	put money, effort or time into sth to make a profit or gain an advantage ● This company invests in people and rewards hard-working employees. ➣ investment (n) +
B2	alternative energy +	a different source of energy from fossil fuel ● Solar power is an alternative energy which companies can invest in here. Phrasal verbs board up brighten up come across hang out move into move out settle down run out +
B2	essential +	completely necessary ● Experience is essential for this job. Video: Urban Art page 54 +
B2	dimension +	particular aspect ● Shrek gave film animation a whole new dimension because the humour appealed to adults. +
B2	admire +	respect and like sb or sth ● The painting she admires the most is Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. ➣ admirable (adj), admiration, admirer (n) +
B2	appreciate +	understand how good sb or sth is ● I appreciate all your help. I couldn’t have done everything by myself. ➣ appreciation (n), appreciative (adj) +
B2	setting +	the place where sth is or where sth happens ● That big room was the perfect setting for our show. +
B2	fundamentally +	used when you are talking about the most important thing about sb or sth ● Fundamentally, he is a nice person, but he doesn’t make friends easily. +
B2	exploration +	looking for and finding sth new ● One of the greatest achievements of space exploration was the moon landing of 1969. ➣ explore (v), explorer (n) +
B2	generation +	all the people who were born at about the same time ● The younger generation are not interested in politics. +
B2	innovative +	clever and new ● There are some innovative machines in this shop. ➣ innovate (v), innovation (n) +
B2	private +	for one person or group of people only and not for public use ● The hotel had its own private beach. +
B2	individual +	for only one person or thing ● All our students get the individual attention they need. +
B2	expansion +	when sth increases in size, amount, etc ● They are discussing the expansion of their business. ➣ expand (v) +
B2	solid +	hard, not in the form of a liquid or gas ● When water freezes, it becomes solid. +
B2	cement +	a powder that is mixed with sand and water to make concrete ● The workmen mixed the cement and then covered our yard with concrete. People and housing flatmate landlord landlady lodger occupant squatter tenant resident Writing: an article pages 52–53 +
B2	construction +	the process of building ● The construction of a new motorway can take years. ➣ construct (v) ✎ NB: under construction = being built +
B2	challenge +	sth that tests strength, skill or ability ● Your first job will be a challenge because it is difficult. ➣ challenge (v), challenging (adj) +
B2	function +	work; operate ● This cooker functions with gas. ➣ function (n) +
B2	electricity +	power that is carried by wires and is used to provide light and heat and to make machines work ● Turn off the TV to save electricity. ➣ electric (adj) +
B2	petrol +	fuel used to power vehicles ● My old car ran on petrol but my new one is electric. +
B2	fossil fuel +	a substance like coal or oil that was formed underground millions of years ago and is used to create energy ● We are dependent on fossil fuels to provide power for our modern lifestyles. +
B2	run out +	finish; have nothing left ● We have run out of cement, so let’s make some more. 26 27 +
B2	bucket +	a round container with handles for holding liquid ● Fill this bucket with water and wash the windows. +
B2	bold +	colourful; bright ● I don’t really like the bold colours in this painting; I prefer pastels. +
B2	uninhibited +	confident or relaxed enough to do what you want to ● He paints in an uninhibited way and does not worry about what people will think. ✎ Opp: inhibited +
B2	inventive +	very good at thinking of new and original ideas ● Whoever came up with the idea of the mobile phone must have been very inventive. ➣ invent (v), invention (n) ✎ Opp: uninventive +
B2	deal +	agreement ● You will need a record deal if you want to make a career out of music. ➣ deal (v) +
B2	sophisticated +	A sophisticated machine, system, etc is well design and often complicated. ● Computer programs are becoming more sophisticated all the time! +
B2	range of movement +	the way in which or how well sb can move a part of their body ● The operation gave his shoulder a greater range of movement. Reading page 58 +
B2	costly +	expensive ● NASA has stopped building space shuttles because it cannot pay for such a costly programme. ➣ cost (v, n) +
B2	irrelevant +	not relating to a particular situation and therefore not important ● Many people think a knowledge of Latin is irrelevant in our modern world. ➣ irrelevance (n) ✎ Opp: relevant +
B2	revolutionary +	bringing great change ● The Internet caused revolutionary changes in the way we communicate with each other. ➣ revolution (n), revolutionise (v) +
B2	spectacular +	impressive ● The take-off of the space shuttle was a spectacular sight. ➣ spectacle (n) +
B2	wasteful +	using too much ● Don’t be wasteful with water; turn the tap off while you brush your teeth. ➣ waste (v, n) Word Focus page 58 +
B2	beam +	send ● The torch beamed a light through the darkness. ➣ beam (n) +
B2	distort +	change the way sth looks so it becomes hard to recognise ● The old mirror distorted her reflection, so she looked strange. ➣ distortion (n), distorted (adj) +
B2	in earnest +	seriously; with energy and determination ● She started work on her report in earnest a week before it was due. +
B2	determination +	a quality that makes you continue and not give up ● John showed a lot of determination when he began training every day for the marathon. ➣ determined (adj) +
B2	emit +	send out ● The fire alarm emitted a very loud noise and everyone ran out of the building. ➣ emission (n) +
B2	pulse +	an amount of sound that is produced by sth for a short time ● The radar emitted a pulse which showed where the submarine was. ➣ pulse (v) Reading pages 58–59 +
B2	revolutionise +	change sth completely ● Smartphones have revolutionised mobile phone technology. ➣ revolution (n), revolutionary (adj) +
B2	thanks to +	because of ● Thanks to archaeologists we are always learning more about the ancient world. +
B2	point out +	draw attention to ● The teacher pointed out where we had made mistakes in our physics exam. +
B2	atmosphere +	layer of gas around a planet ● The Earth’s atmosphere protects us from harmful rays from the sun. ➣ atmospheric (adj) +
B2	precise +	exact ● This microscope is precise and allows you to see great detail. ➣ precision (n), precisely (adj) ✎ Opp: imprecise +
B2	in orbit +	circling the Earth ● There are many satellites in orbit around the Earth. +
B2	rocket scientist +	sb who designs rockets ● The rocket scientists wanted to design a more economical rocket. +
B2	astrophysicist +	sb who studies astrophysics (the structure of the stars and the forces that influence them) ● The astrophysicist made an exciting new discovery about a distant galaxy. +
B2	initial +	first ● Our initial idea was to see Star Wars, but the cinema was full. ➣ initially (adv) +
B2	name sb/sth after sb/sth +	give sb or sth the same name as another person or thing ● They have named many theatres after famous actors. +
B2	service +	If sb services a machine, they examine it and keep it working well. ● It’s important that someone services your car regularly. ➣ service (n) 5 28 29 +
B2	degrade +	decay; separate into smaller pieces ● A telescope that degrades in orbit will break into many pieces. ➣ degradation (n) +
B2	successor +	a machine or person that takes the place of another one ● The DVD recorder was the successor of the VCR. ➣ succeed (v) +
B2	sonar mapping +	creating a map using sound reflection ● Sonar mapping can be used to measure the depth of the sea. +
B2	extraordinary +	surprising, unusual or impressive ● What an extraordinary idea! +
B2	bat +	a mouse-like animal with wings ● The cave was full of bats hanging from the rock. +
B2	determine +	discover ● He determined his location by looking at the map. +
B2	bounce +	If light or sound bounces, it hits a surface and then moves quickly away from it. ● The bat could work out its location by bouncing sounds off the cave walls. ➣ bounce (n) +
B2	echo +	a sound that you hear again after a loud noise because it was made near sth such as a wall ● The echo of our voices in the empty room sounded strange. ➣ echo (v) +
B2	structure +	the way that sth is made ● The student was studying the structure of a bird’s brain. +
B2	loudspeaker +	a piece of equipment used to emit sound ● We found the music at the concert too loud because we were standing right next to a loudspeaker. +
B2	ping +	a short, high-pitched noise ● He pressed the bell at hotel reception and it made a loud ping. ➣ ping (v) +
B2	reflect +	send back an image, light or sound off a surface ● She looked at her face reflected in the mirror. ➣ reflection (n) +
B2	capture +	catch ● The robber was captured on the bank’s video system. +
B2	fit (with) +	equip (with) ● The tyres are fitted with chains so the car can drive on icy roads. +
B2	record +	write down; keep a record of sth ● The black box recorded every movement of the plane. ➣ record, recording (n) +
B2	depth +	how deep sth is ● The depth of the sea here is over 50 metres. ➣ deep (adj), deepen (v) +
B2	plain +	a flat area of land ● The plains in Thessaly are used for farming because the flat land is fertile. +
B2	geological feature +	a particular quality of the land ● The cliffs of Santorini are a well-known geological feature. +
B2	complicated +	not simple ● Our maths teacher set us two complicated problems which were too hard for me to solve. ➣ complicate (v), complication (n) +
B2	detect +	find ● The sonar equipment detected a large object on the ocean floor that turned out to be a ship. ➣ detection, detective (n) Space astrophysicist atmosphere in orbit rocket scientist universe Sound echo emit ping pulse record reflect sonar Vocabulary page 60 +
B2	proof +	sth that shows sth to be true ● This photo of you at the party is proof that you were there. ➣ prove (v) +
B2	valid +	reasonable and generally accepted ● Her ideas were different but they were perfectly valid. +
B2	excursion +	a short trip that a group of people take to visit a place for pleasure ● The excursion to Sounion would have been better if the coach hadn’t broken down. +
B2	lecture +	a talk on a particular subject that sb gives to students in a university ● The students didn’t understand a word of their first lecture on astrophysics. ➣ lecture (v), lecturer (n) +
B2	interactive +	An interactive computer program, game, etc allows you to communicate with it and reacts to your actions. ● I love playing interactive computer games with other people. ➣ interact (v), interaction (n) +
B2	wind turbine +	a building with parts that turn around in the wind, used to produce electricity ● We use a wind turbine to heat water. +
B2	originate +	come from ● The Olympic Games originated in Greece. ➣ origin (n), original (n, adj) +
B2	generate +	produce ● This power plant generates enough electricity for half the city. ➣ generator (n) +
B2	run out (of sth) +	have no more of sth ● We’ve run out of sugar. I’ll go and get some. +
B2	filthy +	very dirty ● Wash your hands! They’re filthy! ➣ filth (n) +
B2	answering machine +	a machine connected to a phone that voice messages can be left on ● He left a message on her answering machine. +
B2	cash machine +	a machine in or outside a bank from where you can get money with a plastic card ● I haven’t got any money on me, so I’ll stop at the cash machine to withdraw some. +
B2	sewing machine +	a machine you can sew clothes with ● Mum made me a new skirt on her sewing machine. +
B2	vending machine +	a machine you can buy snacks and drinks from with coins ● Put your coins in that slot in the vending machine and then choose the snack you want. +
B2	count +	add up and find the number ● Please count how many students are at the lecture. +
B2	measure +	find the size or quantity of sth using standard units ● Use a ruler to measure the length of the line. ➣ measurement (n) +
B2	release +	let sth such as a gas, liquid, etc spread into the area around it ● Oil from the ship was released into the sea. ➣ release (n) +
B2	tool +	an object used to make or repair things ● Dad can’t fix your bike without his tools. +
B2	lose +	not know where sth is ● I’ve lost my notes; I can’t find them anywhere. ➣ loss (n) +
B2	miss +	not go somewhere or do sth ● He missed the chance to go on the museum trip because he was ill. +
B2	price +	the money you pay to buy sth ● The price of petrol is increasing all the time. ➣ pricey (adj) +
B2	cost +	the money needed to buy, do or make sth ● The cost of building satellites must be astronomical. ➣ cost (v), costly (adj) +
B2	overwhelm +	If sth overwhelms sb, it is too much or too difficult to deal with. ● The instructions for her new computer overwhelmed her and she had no idea what to do. ➣ overwhelming (adj) +
B2	auditory +	relating to your ability to hear ● The scientist wrote an article about the auditory areas of the brain. +
B2	stimulant +	sth that makes the mind or body more active ● Coffee wakes you up as it contains the stimulant caffeine. ➣ stimulate (v), stimulation (n) +
B2	aggressive +	angry and ready to attack ● She doesn’t walk her new puppy in the park because there are some aggressive dogs there. ➣ aggression (n) +
B2	limitation +	a rule that does not allow sth to increase beyond a certain point ● There should be some limitations on the use of cars in the city. ➣ limit (v, n) +
B2	addict +	sb who can’t stop doing sth ● He is a video games addict and plays for hours every day. ➣ addiction (n), addicted, addictive (adj) +
B2	evident +	clear ● It was evident from her sad expression that she had heard some bad news. ➣ evidence (n), evidently (adv) Phrasal verbs hack into hook up to plug in point out run out set off set out shut down take on Easily confused words count – measure lose – miss price – cost Grammar page 61 +
B2	update +	add the most recent information to something ● You need to update your computer’s anti-virus program. ➣ update (n) +
B2	virus protection +	a program that protects your computer from harmful programs or removes them before they can damage your computer ● If you had updated your virus protection, you wouldn’t have lost all your work! +
B2	film projector +	a machine which projects pictures onto a screen ● Our school has a film projector which teachers use in class to show us documentaries. 30 31 +
B2	external modem +	a device that allows a computer to connect to the Internet ● This old computer connects to the Internet through that external modem over there. +
B2	recharge +	put power back in a battery ● Don’t forget to recharge your phone. ➣ rechargeable (adj) +
B2	digital camera +	a camera that produces digital images that can be stored on a computer ● He downloaded his holiday photos from his digital camera onto his laptop. +
B2	faulty +	not working properly; not made correctly ● The satellite is faulty, so the astronauts have to repair it. ➣ fault (n) +
B2	equation +	a statement in mathematics that shows that two amounts are equal ● I’ve got five equations for maths homework. +
B2	forbidden +	not allowed ● Eating and drinking on the Metro is forbidden, so please finish your sandwich before you get on the train. ➣ forbid (v) +
B2	check-out +	the place in a supermarket where you pay for the things you want to buy ● He realised at the check-out that he had left his wallet at home. Electrical equipment answering machine appliance device digital camera external modem film projector sewing machine Speaking page 63 +
B2	gadget +	a small, useful machine or tool ● It’s a cool gadget you can use to cut bread into different shapes. +
B2	device +	a machine or tool that does a particular job ● He invented a device which translates words into six other languages. +
B2	reliant (on) +	dependent on ● She lives alone, so she has become reliant on her dog for company. ➣ rely (v) +
B2	remote +	far away from where other people live ● They travelled to a remote island in the Indian Ocean. Use your English page 65 +
B2	hack into +	illegally enter a computer system ● If someone hacks into your computer, they can steal your personal information. +
B2	hook up to +	connect to a machine ● You can hook your PSP up to the TV and play on a larger screen. +
B2	plug in +	connect a machine to an electricity supply ● Plug in your laptop to charge the battery. ✎ Opp: unplug +
B2	set off +	cause an alarm to ring ● Don’t smoke in the hotel room; you’ll set off the alarm. +
B2	shut down +	turn a computer off ● Please shut down your computers before you leave the office. ✎ Opp: start up +
B2	electricity supply +	a source of power ● We had no electricity supply for three hours during the blackout. +
B2	idiot +	a stupid person; sb who does sth silly ● I was an idiot to leave the key in the door! ✎ Syn: fool +
B2	appliance +	a piece of equipment used in people’s homes ● Washing machines are time-saving appliances. +
B2	introverted +	quiet and not enjoying spending time with other people ● She’s always been shy and introverted. +
B2	stable +	unlikely to move, change or fall ● The patient’s condition is stable. ➣ stability (n) +
B2	divorce +	the end of a marriage by law ● Jenny’s parents are getting a divorce. ➣ divorce (v) +
B2	operating system +	a set of programs on a computer that controls the way it works ● Which operating system do you use on your tablet? +
B2	artificial intelligence +	the study of how to make computers copy human behaviour ● Is it true that artificial intelligence can be used to grade students’ essays? +
B2	adapt +	change the way you do things because you are in a new situation ● Jim is finding it hard to adapt to his new school. +
B2	interact +	If two people interact, they communicate with each othe, do things together, etc. ● Jon interacts well with the other children in his class. ➣ interactive (adj), interaction (n) +
B2	take on +	begin to have a certain appearance, quality, role, etc ● Mum’s voice took on a more serious tone. +
B2	screenplay +	the words that are written for a film and the instructions for the actors ● The director was in his room, reading the screenplay for his new film. Video: Bionic Mountaineer page 68 +
B2	prosthesis +	an artificial body part ● He had a prosthesis fitted after he lost a leg in the war. ➣ prosthetic (adj) +
B2	artificial +	man-made ● She has an artificial arm because she lost her real arm in an accident. +
B2	limb +	an arm or leg ● The athlete had strong limbs. +
B2	amputate +	remove a damaged body part in an operation ● The climber’s toes froze in the snow, so they had to be amputated. ➣ amputation, amputee (n) +
B2	amputee +	sb who has had a body part removed ● It is hard for amputees to learn to live without a limb. ➣ amputate (v) +
B2	attempt +	try to do sth difficult ● She attempted to break the world record. ➣ attempt (n) +
B2	suffer +	feel pain ● The climber suffered in the cold for hours before he was rescued. ➣ suffering (n) +
B2	wander +	walk in no particular direction ● We wandered around in the snowstorm with no idea where we were. +
B2	set out (to do sth) +	start doing or working on sth in order to get a particular result ● They set out to build a house in the country. +
B2	disoriented +	confused and lost ● They couldn’t see anything in the fog and felt disoriented. +
B2	expose +	put sb in a situation where they are not protected from sth dangerous ● The winter weather exposed the villagers to the difficulties of cold and snow. ➣ exposure (n) +
B2	the elements +	the weather, especially bad weather ● The mountaineers faced the elements and managed to survive wind and snow. +
B2	frostbite +	a condition where a body part becomes damaged because of cold ● The climber’s fingers got frostbite in the freezing weather. ➣ frostbitten (adj) +
B2	sensation +	a physical feeling ● I’ve got no sensation in my fingers because they are so cold. +
B2	deserve +	If you deserve sth, it is right that you should have it because of your behaviour or actions. ● She’s good. She deserves to win. +
B2	rely (on) +	need or depend on sb or sth ● She relies on her husband for money. Writing: an essay (1) pages 66–67 +
B2	column +	a regular newspaper or magazine article on a particular subject or by a particular journalist ● She writes a column on technology for a well-known newspaper. +
B2	entitle +	give a title to sth ● You should read this article entitled ‘Are we alone in the universe?’ ➣ title (n) +
B2	aspect +	one of the parts or qualities of a situation, problem, idea, etc ● We need to think about the problem from every aspect. +
B2	depend (on) +	rely on ● People who don’t buy a newspaper usually depend on the TV for news. +
B2	current affairs +	important political or other events that are happening now ● It is important to keep informed about current affairs so you know what is happening in the world. +
B2	what’s more +	in addition; used to add more information ● The pay is good. What’s more, I really like the job. +
B2	drawback +	disadvantage ● I like it here. The only drawback is the weather. +
B2	socialise +	spend time enjoying yourself with other people ● People usually socialise with those who are the same age as they are. ➣ sociable, social (adj) +
B2	thus +	because of this; as a result of this ● He had lost his phone. Thus, it was impossible for him to call the police. 32 33 +
B2	surgery +	an operation ● He had five surgeries on his leg. ➣ surgeon (n), surgical (adj) +
B2	PhD +	abbreviation for Doctor of Philosophy (a very high level university degree that involves doing research in a particular subject) ● She’s got a PhD in chemistry. +
B2	rock face +	a very steep surface of rock on the side of a mountain ● It’s amazing to see climbers go up high rock faces. +
B2	astounding +	astonishing ● The amputee’s ability to climb on prosthetic legs was truly astounding. ➣ astound (v) +
B2	implement +	to make sth such as a law, idea or system start to work or be used ● Everyone liked the plan, but it was never implemented. +
B2	stunt +	sth dangerous or difficult that sb does to entertain people ● It’s an excellent adventure film with exciting stunts. +
B2	defy +	happen or do sth in a way that is different from what has been decided, agreed, or what usually happens ● He was fired for defying the manager’s orders. +
B2	gravity +	the force that causes sth to fall to the ground ● Is there gravity in space? Reading page 70 +
B2	amusement park +	a fun fair ● Allou Fun Park is a great amusement park with lots of rides. Word Focus page 70 +
B2	sharp +	punctually; exactly on time ● Be at the station at 10 am sharp or you will miss the train. +
B2	punctual +	being on time ● You won’t have to wait for him. He’s always punctual. ➣ punctuality (n), punctually (adv) +
B2	shackled +	bound with chains to sth ● He feels shackled to his desk as he can’t even take a lunch break. ➣ shackle (v), shackles (pl n) +
B2	bound +	tied ● She felt bound by her promise to marry him but wished she could say she had changed her mind. ➣ bind (v) +
B2	chain +	a line of metal rings that are joined together ● The poor dog was tied to a tree with a heavy chain. +
B2	radical +	very new and different ● Her book explained her radical ideas, but I still don’t agree with them. ➣ radical (n), radically (adv) Reading pages 70–71 +
B2	animal shelter +	a place where lost and stray animals are cared for ● We adopted a stray cat from the animal shelter. +
B2	ride +	a large machine that people ride on for fun at a fair ● The best ride at the amusement park was the ghost train. +
B2	attraction +	sth that makes sb go to a place because it’s interesting ● The main attraction of the winter fair was the ice skating rink. ➣ attract (v), attractive (adj) +
B2	keep sb going +	keep sb amused ● There’s enough music on this CD to keep us going for hours. +
B2	jaw-dropping +	very surprising or shocking ● The jaw-dropping bungee jump he did from that bridge left me speechless. +
B2	awe +	respect and amazement ● We watched in awe as the stuntman rode his motorbike over ten cars. ➣ awesome (adj) +
B2	bumper car +	a small car that you drive at a funfair and deliberately try to hit other cars ● As soon as they got to the fair they went on the bumper cars. +
B2	rollercoaster +	a track with steep slopes and curves that people ride on at amusement parks ● Don’t eat before you go on the rollercoaster! +
B2	rafting +	travelling on a raft, especially as a sport ● They went rafting on the river. ➣ raft (n) +
B2	worthy +	deserving ● Animal lovers say WWF is a worthy organisation that deserves our support. ➣ worth (n) +
B2	charity +	an organisation that raises money to help those in need ● S.O.S. is a charity that raises money for children. ➣ charitable (adj) +
B2	concerned +	worried ● I’m concerned. I don’t know where my child is. ➣ concern (v, n) ✎ Opp: unconcerned +
B2	squander +	waste ● Dad says I squander too much time watching TV. +
B2	hunch (over) +	sit with rounded shoulders ● Don’t hunch over your books; sit up straight. +
B2	minority +	the smaller part of a group ● Only a small minority of the people interviewed agree with the new law. ✎ Opp: majority +
B2	a fair bit +	quite a lot; quite often ● I used to play this game a fair bit when it was new. 6 34 35 +
B2	volunteer work +	work sb offers to do without being paid for it ● Why don’t you do some volunteer work at the animal shelter? +
B2	indicate +	show ● The results of this survey indicate that teens prefer the cinema to the theatre. ➣ indication (n), indicative (adj) +
B2	range +	a group of different things of the same type ● There is a good range of rides at this amusement park, so it’s great for all the family. +
B2	youth +	young people ● There is a youth club for teenagers in our area. +
B2	restless +	easily bored ● Robert gets restless if he stays home all day. ➣ rest (v, n) +
B2	degree +	a qualification from a university ● Yiannis is studying for a biology degree at Athens University. +
B2	sample +	try ● He sampled many sports before he decided that tennis was his favourite. ➣ sample (n) +
B2	mature +	start to behave sensibly, like an adult ● Bob matured at summer camp this year and is now more confident. ➣ mature (adj) +
B2	engage (in) +	be involved in ● Teenage boys at this school engage in football and rugby. +
B2	lounge +	relax lazily ● We lounged around the house all day doing nothing. +
B2	worthwhile +	worth the time, effort or money spent on sth ● If you want to do something worthwhile with your free time, why not join a yoga class and get fit? +
B2	achievement +	sth that sb succeeds in doing ● Learning to drive gave Greg a great sense of achievement. ➣ achieve (v) +
B2	findings +	results ● The findings of the survey show that most teenagers prefer to go out than sit around at home. ➣ find (v) +
B2	reserve +	arrange for a hotel room, a table at a restaurant, etc to be kept for you to use at a particular time in the future ● I’d like to reserve a table for four, please. ➣ reservation (n) +
B2	settle down +	become calm and quiet ● Come on, settle down, you two! +
B2	bump into +	meet sb by chance ● I bumped into Jack this morning. +
B2	colleague +	sb you work with ● Sam and Jo have been friends and colleagues for twelve years. Amusement parks attraction bumper car ride rollercoaster Vocabulary page 72 +
B2	bowling alley +	ˈboʊlɪŋ ˈæli/ +
B2	board +	a flat piece of wood or card that you play board games on ● Here’s the board. Now let’s play chess. +
B2	circuit +	a piece of ground for motorbikes, cars, etc to race around ● They’re going to build a Formula One circuit here! +
B2	course +	a place where a sport like golf is played ● He plays golf at the course in Glyfada. +
B2	court +	a place where sports like tennis or basketball are played ● The tennis court was too wet to play on after the rain. +
B2	field +	a area of land, often used for sports like football or rugby ● The football field was muddy after the rain. +
B2	pitch +	a place where a sport like football or cricket is played ● The grass on the new football pitch is top quality. +
B2	ring +	a small area surrounded by ropes where people box ● The boxer entered the ring to cheers from the crowd. +
B2	rink +	a place where you go ice skating ● Let’s go ice-skating at the rink this weekend. +
B2	track +	a circular course around which runners, cars etc race ● The cars raced round the track. +
B2	host +	to provide the space and other things necessary for a special event ● Which country is going to host the next World Cup? ➣ host (n) +
B2	capable +	having the ability or qualities necessary for sth ● Don’t worry – she’s capable of looking after herself. ➣ capability (n) ✎ Opp: incapable +
B2	spectator +	sb who watches a sport ● The spectators cheered when the players walked onto the pitch. ➣  spectacle (n), spectacular (adj) +
B2	seat +	hold, provide seats for ● How many people does the basketball stadium seat? ➣ seat (n) +
B2	award +	give a prize ● They awarded Jean Dujardin an Oscar in 2012 for best performance by an actor in the film The Artist. ➣ award (n) +
B2	finish line +	the line where a race ends ● Whoever crosses the finish line first is the winner. +
B2	exhibit +	an object of interest in a museum ● Please do not touch the exhibits in the museum. ➣ exhibit (v), exhibition (n) +
B2	piece +	an object ● This golden mask is a priceless piece and the museum is very proud to display it. +
B2	stroll +	slow relaxed walk ● A stroll in the park is very relaxing. ➣ stroll (v) +
B2	wander +	a relaxed walk without destination or purpose ● As soon as I arrived in Paris, I went for a wander around the Latin Quarter. ➣ wander (v) +
B2	seashore +	the land at the edge of the sea ● They walked along the seashore and breathed in the fresh sea air. +
B2	deal +	give cards to players ● John dealt seven cards to each player. +
B2	shuffle +	mix up cards ● He shuffled the cards before the next game of poker. +
B2	grab +	have or take sth quickly because you are busy or in a hurry ● Let’s grab a sandwich before we go. +
B2	a bite to eat +	a snack; a meal ● We got a bite to eat at Yummies on the way home. +
B2	browse +	search for information on a computer or on the Internet ● We browsed the Internet for information on holidays in the Mediterranean. ➣ browser (n) +
B2	hiking +	walking in the countryside ● They went hiking in the mountains. ➣ hike (v, n) +
B2	path +	a narrow strip of ground you walk along ● They walked along the path through the forest admiring the trees. +
B2	compass +	a device used to find directions (north, south, east, west) ● To find north, use your compass. +
B2	gear +	equipment ● The gear I recommend for cycling is a helmet. +
B2	outing +	a short journey for pleasure or education ● Our school is going on an outing to the Acropolis Museum tomorrow. +
B2	portable +	that can be carried and moved to another place ● I have a portable television set which I sometimes watch in my bedroom. ➣ portability (n) +
B2	trekker +	sb who walks a long way as an adventure ● It took the trekkers eight hours to walk across the hills. ➣ trek (v, n) +
B2	geocaching +	an activity where you look for hidden objects ● We spend our weekends geocaching and have found two hidden containers already. ➣ geocache (n) +
B2	hide-and-seek +	a game in which one player shuts their eyes while the others hide, and then goes to look for them ● Kenny hid under the table in the game of hideand-seek. +
B2	adventure seeker +	a person who loves adventure ● This safari is for adventure seekers only! +
B2	container +	sth that you can put things in ● Put the biscuits in that container. ➣ contain (v) +
B2	coordinates +	a set of numbers which give the exact position of a point on a map ● He put the set of coordinates into the GPS which then showed him where to find the geocache. +
B2	load +	put a program into a computer ● You can load these songs onto your MP3 player in just a few minutes. Sport venues bowling alley course court field pitch ring rink track Grammar page 73 +
B2	feel up to +	have the strength, energy etc to do sth ● I don’t feel up to going out as I’m so tired. +
B2	flame +	bright burning gas that you see when sth is on fire ● The flames in the fire burned orange and blue. +
B2	maintain +	keep ● The police maintained order during the demonstration and there was no trouble. ➣ maintenance (n) 36 37 +
B2	Olympic Torch Relay +	an event during which the Olympic Flame is carried from Olympia, Greece, to the place where the Olympic Games are going to be held ● The 2004 Olympic Torch Relay was the first to start and end in Greece. +
B2	mirror +	a piece of glass which you can see your reflection in ● She is so vain that she looks at herself in the mirror all the time. ➣ mirror (v) +
B2	host city +	a country that provides the necessary space, equipment etc for a special event ● Athens was the host city for the 2004 Olympic Games. Listening page 74 +
B2	boiling +	very hot ● It’s boiling in here! Open the window. +
B2	proceed +	move in a particular direction ● Would passengers on flight 301 to Rome please proceed to Gate 32? +
B2	miss out (on sth) +	lose an opportunity to do or have sth ● Get your tickets now! Don’t miss out on all the fun! +
B2	discount +	a reduction in the price of sth ● There is a discount on clothes at this shop – they’re 30% cheaper this week. +
B2	annually +	once a year ● The festival is held annually in February. +
B2	catalogue +	a book with information in it ● I browsed the catalogue to see if there were any nice clothes in it that I could buy. +
B2	venue +	a place where an event takes place ● The Olympic Stadium is the perfect venue for track and field events. +
B2	troupe +	a group of singers, actors, dancers etc who work together ● The dance troupe will perform at the Badminton Theatre in March. Sport finish line host city spectator tournament Pastimes hide-and-seek hiking outing stroll trekker Speaking page 75 +
B2	theme park +	an amusement park with a theme, eg Disneyland ● They visited a Wild West theme park when they went to the USA. +
B2	aqua park +	an amusement park with water slides, swimming pools and rides with flowing water ● The kids had an amazing time at the aqua park. Grammar page 76 +
B2	tournament +	a set of games where you must win to carry on to the next game ● There is one more match in this tournament: the final! +
B2	kick-off +	the time when a football game starts ● The kick-off for the match between Arsenal and Barcelona is at nine. ➣ kick off (phr v) Use your English page 77 +
B2	get together +	meet ● She gets together with her friends every Saturday and they usually watch a DVD. ➣ get-together (n) +
B2	run into +	meet by chance ● I ran into Gerry at the shops, so we stopped for a coffee. +
B2	show up +	appear; arrive ● What time did Kim turn up at the party? +
B2	sit around +	spend a lot of time sitting and doing nothing very useful ● The weather was horrible so instead of going out we sat around and watched TV. +
B2	sit back +	get into a comfortable position and relax ● We sat back and enjoyed the film at the cinema. +
B2	sleep in +	let yourself sleep later than usual in the morning ● Teenagers often go to bed late, so they sleep in the next morning. +
B2	turn down +	reject; refuse ● They offered her a job, but she turned it down. +
B2	head out +	go out ● Let’s head out early so there isn’t much traffic. Writing: a report pages 78–79 +
B2	screen +	show a film ● The film will be screened at 7 pm and 10 pm at this cinema. ➣ screen (n) +
B2	waterfall +	water running over a cliff or mountain ● A beautiful waterfall flowed over the rock face into a lake below. +
B2	consult +	ask for expert advice ● We consulted a financial expert on how to invest our money. ➣ consultation, consultant (n) +
B2	terrain +	a particular type of land ● We drove across the rocky terrain in a jeep. +
B2	pay off +	have successful results ● Our preparations paid off and the party was a success. +
B2	effortless +	done well or successfully with little or no effort ● He’s amazing. He makes playing the violin seem effortless. ➣ effort (n) +
B2	vertical +	straight up ● The waterfall was a vertical mass of water falling into the river below. ➣ vertically (adv) +
B2	ultimate +	Sb’s ultimate aim is their most important aim. ● His ultimate goal is to climb Mount Everest. ➣ ultimately (adv) +
B2	objective +	aim ● The objective of this course is to teach you how to direct a short film. +
B2	consist of +	be formed from two or more things, parts or people ● The team consists of three girls and two boys. +
B2	lower +	move sth down ● They lowered the bucket into the well to collect water. ➣ low (adj) ✎ Opp: raise +
B2	peak +	the top of a mountain ● They started their climb on Friday and reached the peak on Sunday. +
B2	inspect +	examine sth carefully to make sure that it is safe, correct or working properly ● After the fire, the building was inspected for damage. +
B2	accomplish +	succeed in doing sth ● She accomplished everything she wanted to do. ➣ accomplishment (n) Teenagers mature radical restless teen youth Phrasal verbs feel up to get together head out pay off run into show up sit around sit back sleep in turn down +
B2	part-time +	working a few days or hours per week ● He works part-time at a restaurant, three days a week. ✎ Opp: full-time +
B2	screening +	the act of showing a film or television programme ● What are the screening times for ‘The Hole’ at the Odeon Cinema today? ➣ screen (v, n) +
B2	relevant +	relating to the subject being discussed ● In the film, the woman’s marriage wasn’t relevant to the main story, and it could have been left out. ➣ relevance (n) ✎ Opp: irrelevant +
B2	commitment +	kəˈmɪtmənt/ +
B2	supervisor +	sb who is in charge of an activity or person and makes sure that things are done correctly ● The department supervisor praised the employees for their hard work. ➣ supervision (n), supervise (v) +
B2	on display +	on show for the public to see ● A famous painting by Picasso is on display at the National Gallery. +
B2	entrance fee +	the money you pay to enter (an exhibition) ● The entrance fee for the museum was 10 euros. Verbs connected to leisure browse deal host load screen seat shuffle take part Video: Canyaking Adventure page 80 +
B2	canyon +	a long narrow valley with steep sides ● The most famous canyon must surely be the Grand Canyon in North America. +
B2	descent +	movement from a higher to lower level ● The descent from the mountain took the climbers four hours. ➣ descend (v) ✎ Opp: ascent +
B2	hybrid +	a combination of (usually) two things ● This car is a hybrid, so it runs on petrol and electricity. +
B2	steep +	rising or falling quickly ● We couldn’t ride our bikes because the road was so steep. ➣ steeply (adv) +
B2	trust +	a strong belief in the goodness of sb or sth ● ‘My guide dog has my complete trust,’ said the blind man. ➣ trust (v), trustworthy (adj) ✎ Opp: distrust, mistrust +
B2	occupy +	fill a space, area or amount of time ● Reading occupies most of her free time. +
B2	protest +	sth you do that shows publicly that you do not agree with sth ● They took part in street protests against the war. ➣ protest (v), protester (n) +
B2	financial +	relating to money ● They’re having serious financial problems. Reading page 84 +
B2	punish +	make sb suffer for sth wrong they have done ● The criminal was punished and sent to prison for two years. ➣ punishment (n) +
B2	arson +	the act of setting fire intentionally to a building, a forest, etc ● The police believe the fire was not an accident but arson. ➣ arsonist (n) +
B2	burglary +	breaking into a building a stealing from it ● All the money in the house was stolen during the burglary. ➣ burgle (v), burglar (n) +
B2	computer hacking +	illegally accessing a computer ● Computer hacking is a serious problem as personal information can be stolen from your computer. +
B2	illegal parking +	parking where you are not allowed to ● Illegal parking will be fined, so please park in the car park instead. +
B2	kidnapping +	taking sb somewhere by force in order to get money for returning them ● The kidnapping of the star’s child ended well and the child was returned to his parents. ➣ kidnap (v), kidnapper (n) +
B2	pickpocketing +	stealing from people’s pockets ● Pickpocketing is common in crowded places like buses. ➣ pickpocket (n) +
B2	robbery +	stealing from a bank or shop ● The robbery was carried out by two masked men. ➣ rob (v), robber (n) +
B2	vandalism +	the crime of deliberately damaging things ● There was a lot of vandalism after the match and many shops were damaged. ➣ vandalise (v), vandal (n) +
B2	offence +	a crime ● Burglary is a serious offence. ➣ offend (v), offender (n) +
B2	try +	judge a person in a court ● The kidnappers were caught and then tried in court. ➣ trial (n) Word Focus page 84 +
B2	juvenile +	concerning people under eighteen ● Many teenagers are getting caught up in juvenile crime. ➣ juvenile (n) +
B2	inadequate +	not (good) enough ● The system is often inadequate and cannot provide help for young lawbreakers. ➣ inadequacy (n), inadequately (adv) ✎ Opp: adequate +
B2	ineffective +	without achieving what sth is intended to achieve ● Sending teens to prison is an ineffective punishment as there they often become worse criminals. ➣ ineffectiveness (n), ineffectively (adv) ✎ Opp: effective +
B2	jury +	a group of people who listen to the facts of a trial in a court and decide if sb is guilty or not guilty ● The jury decided that the accused man was not guilty. +
B2	trial +	a formal meeting in court to decide if sb is guilty of a crime ● He attended the trial of the armed robber who had broken into his shop. ➣ try (v) +
B2	court +	a place where legal matters are decided by judge and jury ● In court the judge told everyone to remain silent. +
B2	refer +	direct sb somewhere for help ● The couple was referred to a marriage counsellor for advice. ➣ referral (n) +
B2	municipal +	belonging to a city or town ● There were many people walking in the municipal gardens. ➣ municipality (n) +
B2	guardian +	sb legally responsible for a person under eighteen ● When her parents died, her aunt became her guardian and looked after her until she turned 18. ➣ guard (v) 39 Reading pages 84–85 +
B2	rise +	when the number, amount or level of sth goes up ● There’s been a 15% rise in the price of oil. ➣ rise (v) ✎ Syn: increase +
B2	alternative +	sth you can choose to do, use, etc instead of sth else ● You’ve got two alternatives: pay in cash or by credit card. ➣ alternative (adj) +
B2	peer +	sb who is the same age as you ● He is a friendly boy and he is popular with his peers. ✎ Also: peer group; peer pressure +
B2	offender +	sb who commits a crime ● Offenders will be arrested and tried for their crimes. ➣ offend (v), offence (n) +
B2	hearing +	a meeting of a court to find out the facts about a case ● The court hearing is at nine tomorrow morning. ➣ hear (v) +
B2	courtroom +	a room where a judge or group of people decide if sb is guilty or not guilty ● The victim’s mother was not allowed in the courtroom. +
B2	defendant +	sb accused of a crime who is being tried in court ● The defendant pleaded not guilty to the offence. ➣ defend (v), defence (n) +
B2	on a voluntary basis +	If you do sth on a voluntary basis, you do it because you want to, not because you have to. ● She works here on a voluntary basis – she needs the experience. +
B2	criminal act +	a crime ● Shoplifting is a criminal act and you will be arrested if you are caught. +
B2	judge +	give an opinion about sb after thinking about all the information you know about them ● I can’t judge if she is guilty or not. ➣ judge (n), judgement (v) +
B2	sentence +	punish and send to prison ● The hooligans were sentenced to thirty hours of community service. ➣ sentence (n) +
B2	prosecution +	the lawyers who try to prove sb is guilty ● The prosecution had proof that the defendant was at the scene of the crime. ➣ prosecute (v) +
B2	defence +	the lawyers who try to prove sb is innocent ● The defence said that their client was not guilty because he had been abroad when the crime was committed. ➣ defend (v), defendant (n) +
B2	fine +	the money sb has to pay as punishment ● The defendant had to pay a fine for speeding. ➣ fine (v) +
B2	devote +	use most of your time, effort etc in order to do sth ● He devoted a month to his project on teenage crime. ➣ devotion (n) +
B2	case +	a crime which is being investigated ● The judge told the jury not to discuss the case outside the court. +
B2	victim +	sb who is hurt or killed ● The victim of the violent attack had to go to hospital. +
B2	long-lasting +	continuing for a long time ● Love is the key to a long-lasting relationship. +
B2	eligible +	qualified or able to do sth ● He will be eligible to vote when he turns eighteen. ➣ eligibility (n) ✎ Opp: ineligible +
B2	proceedings +	when sb uses a court of law to deal with a legal case ● The proceedings lasted all morning. +
B2	plead guilty +	admit you have committed a crime ● The armed robber pleaded guilty and was sent to prison. ✎ Opp: plead not guilty +
B2	theft +	stealing ● There has been a theft; somebody has stolen my wallet. ➣ thief (n) +
B2	gang +	a group of young people who spend time together and who are often involved in crime ● There was a gang of teenage boys on the street corner who looked as if they wanted a fight. +
B2	weapon +	an object like a knife or gun used to hurt or kill ● The gang used large sticks as weapons. +
B2	procedure +	a way of doing sth ● The judge explained the procedure of a trial to the jury. +
B2	community service +	unpaid work that sb does to help other people as punishment for a crime ● The man had to do community service cleaning the park. +
B2	fire department +	an organisation of people whose job is to stop fires ● Help! Call the fire department! +
B2	old people’s home +	a place where old people live and are cared for ● Sarah’s grandmother has been in an old people’s home for three years. +
B2	misdemeanour +	a bad action that is not very serious ● You won’t go to prison for a misdemeanour like parking illegally. 40 41 +
B2	jury duty +	legal requirement to be a jury member ● He was called up for jury duty and was away from work for a week. +
B2	subsequent +	following ● The first trial was for robbery and the subsequent one for arson. +
B2	attendance +	being present at an event ● Attendance at the meeting was higher than expected. ➣ attend (v) +
B2	anger management +	learning to recognise you are becoming angry and take action to calm down and deal with the situation positively ● The boxer had to attend anger management classes to control his temper outside the ring. +
B2	issue +	a subject or problem that people talk or argue about ● They talked about pollution and other environmental issues. +
B2	authority +	the power you have because of your official position ● You must respect the authority of the court and only speak when you are allowed to. +
B2	approval +	when you have a positive opinion of sb or sth ● The approval of his friends made him feel good. ➣ approve (v) +
B2	disapproval +	when you have a negative opinion of sb or sth ● My parents’ disapproval of my bad behaviour made me feel a bit guilty. ➣ disapprove (v) +
B2	count (for) +	be important ● My opinion doesn’t count for anything at the office! +
B2	conventional +	normal, typical ● A conventional roof does not have grass on it. ➣ convention (n) ✎ Opp: unconventional +
B2	judicial system +	system of laws and courts ● The judicial system is supposed to protect society from criminals. +
B2	consequence +	a result of sth ● The consequence of your crime is a prison sentence. ➣ consequently (adj) +
B2	clean record +	If you have a clean record, the police do not have a record of any crimes connected with you. ● He could not have a clean record, having spent a year in prison for theft. +
B2	gain +	get sth that you want or need ● You will gain useful experience from that job. +
B2	self-esteem +	confidence in yourself ● The approval of her friends and family increased her self-esteem. +
B2	reoffend +	commit a crime again ● Many people who are sent to prison reoffend when they are released and find themselves back in court. +
B2	deny +	say sth isn’t true ● Julie denied that she had stolen my earrings, but I’m sure I saw her wearing them. ➣ denial (n) +
B2	pass (a) sentence (on sb) +	officially decide how a criminal will be punished and say what the punishment will be ● The judge will pass sentence on Jones this afternoon. +
B2	punishment +	sth you do to sb because they have done sth wrong ● ‘I think tougher punishments will reduce crime,’ said the woman. +
B2	lawyer +	sb who represents people in court ● The man had a good lawyer who convinced the jury he was not guilty. ➣ law (n) +
B2	judge +	sb who decides a punishment in court ● The judge sentenced the defendant to five weeks’ community service. ➣ judge (v), judgement (n) +
B2	clerk +	an official in charge of the records of a court ● The judge asked the clerk to find the record of the case. +
B2	witness +	sb who sees a crime or event ● There were three witnesses and they were all asked to give details in court. ➣ witness (v) People in court clerk defendant defence judge jury lawyer prosecution victim witness Vocabulary page 86 +
B2	speeding +	driving faster than the law allows ● He was stopped by police for speeding along the motorway. ➣ speed (v, n) +
B2	commit +	do (sth bad) ● The crime that he committed was burglary. +
B2	harsh +	severe, cruel or unkind ● I think the punishment was harsh and unfair. +
B2	verdict +	a decision made in a court about whether sb is guilty of a crime ● The jury returned a verdict of not guilty and the man was free. +
B2	hostage +	sb kept as a prisoner by an enemy or a criminal so that others will do what they demand ● The armed robber held six people hostage in the bank. +
B2	statement +	sth that sb says or writes officially ● The witness made a statement to the police about what she had seen. ➣ state (v) +
B2	confess +	admit to sth bad ● The man confessed to killing his neighbour. ➣ confession (n) +
B2	the accused +	sb who has been charged with a crime ● The accused stood up in court and pleaded not guilty. ➣ accuse (v) +
B2	accuse +	say sb has done sth wrong ● The woman was accused of robbing a bank, but she denied any involvement in the crime. +
B2	dismiss +	If a judge dismisses a court case, he or she stops it from continuing. ● The judge dismissed the case because of lack of evidence. ➣ dismissal (n) +
B2	suspect +	sb police think committed a crime ● She was the main suspect because her fingerprints had been found on the weapon. ➣ suspect (v), suspicion (n), suspicious (adj) +
B2	undercover +	done secretly in order to catch criminals or find out information ● The police officers worked undercover and managed to find out what the criminals were planning. ➣ undercover (adj) +
B2	plain clothes +	ordinary clothes, not a police uniform ● The police officer was in plain clothes so the criminal didn’t notice him. +
B2	hardened criminal +	a criminal who is not likely to change and obey the law ● He is a hardened criminal and will always lead a life of crime. +
B2	hold up +	rob ● The men held up the shop and stole five hundred euros. +
B2	loaded +	with bullets ● Be careful because that is a loaded gun. ➣ load (v) +
B2	deadly +	able to kill ● Even a small knife can be a deadly weapon and can kill somebody. ➣ death (n), dead (adj) +
B2	suspect +	think that sth is true or likely to happen, but not be certain ● I began to suspect that he was lying. ➣ suspicion (n), suspicious (adj) +
B2	wheel +	the round object that you use to control a car, bus, etc. and make it move in a particular direction ● Keep your eyes on the road and your hands on the wheel! Crime and criminals arson burglary computer hacking criminal act culprit gang hardened criminal kidnapping offence offender pickpocketing speeding robbery theft vandalism Phrasal verbs do away with get away with give yourself up hold up own up put away see through Grammar page 87 +
B2	demolish +	completely destroy a building so that it falls down ● The old factory will be demolished next year. ➣ demoliton (n) +
B2	demonstrator +	sb who takes part in a public event organised to protest against or support sb or sth ● Several of the demonstrators were arrested. ➣ demonstrate (v), demonstration (n) +
B2	arrest +	If the police arrest sb, the person is taken to a police station because the police think they have committed a crime. ● He was arrested for looting during the riot. ➣ arrest (n) +
B2	spray +	force liquid out of a container and cover sb or sth with it ● I caught him spraying red paint on my car! ➣ spray (n) +
B2	water cannon +	a piece of equipment that sends out a large amount of water, used by the police to control large groups of people ● Police used water cannons to stop the demonstrators from entering the building. +
B2	object +	not like, agree with or approve of sth ● Many local people objected to the mayor’s plan. ➣ objection (n) +
B2	security camera +	a camera that records people to prevent and detect crime ● The shoplifter was caught on the security camera, so it was possible to identify her. 42 43 +
B2	officer +	a policeman or policewoman ● The hooligan was arrested by an officer for vandalising a streetsign. +
B2	question +	ask sb questions in order to get information about sth ● The suspect was questioned at the police station about where he was on the night of the murder. ➣ question (n) +
B2	innocent bystander +	sb who is at the scene of a crime or accident and may get hurt or killed although they are not directly involved in the event ● An innocent bystander was hit by a bullet as the two gangs shot at each other. (n) +
B2	hijack +	take control of a plane, ship, etc using violence ● The plane was hijacked by three men who said they had a bomb. ➣ hijacker (n) +
B2	ransom +	money paid to kidnappers ● The kidnappers demanded a ransom of one hundred thousand dollars. +
B2	raging +	very powerful ● The ship was caught in a raging storm. +
B2	investigate +	try to find out the truth about sth like a crime, accident, etc ● The case was investigated and evidence that the man was guilty was found. ➣ investigation, investigator (n) +
B2	uncover +	discover sth ● The police have uncovered evidence that the man was involved in the murder. +
B2	bank +	the land along the sides of a river ● He had a small house on the bank of the Hudson River. +
B2	victimless +	A victimless crime is one where no people are harmed. ● Twenty-five years in prison for a victimless crime is a bit too harsh, I think. +
B2	make a getaway +	escape from a crime scene ● The armed robbers made a getaway in a blue van. Listening page 88 +
B2	ecstatic +	extremely happy and excited ● He was ecstatic about winning the competition. +
B2	exhausted +	very tired ● The police officer was exhausted after running after the robbers. ➣ exhaust (v), exhaustion (n) +
B2	indifferent +	not at all interested in sth ● He was indifferent to the news because he wasn’t interested in current affairs. ➣ indifference (n) +
B2	sympathetic +	feeling sorry about sb’s problems ● The judge was sympathetic towards the victim who had been attacked. ➣ sympathise (v), sympathy (n) ✎ Opp: unsympathetic +
B2	bring to justice +	arrest sb and try them for a crime ● The criminals were caught and brought to justice. +
B2	confused +	unable to understand sth or think clearly ● Sorry, I’m a bit confused. What do I have to do? ➣ confuse (v), confusion (n) +
B2	culprit +	sb guilty of doing sth wrong ● The city centre was vandalised, but the culprits were never brought to justice. +
B2	adolescent +	a teenager ● Adolescents under eighteen must be accompanied in court by a parent or guardian. ➣ adolescence (n) +
B2	fit +	be suitable for or similar to sth ● He fitsthe description of the man seen leaving the building. +
B2	deter +	stop sb doing sth by making them realise it will have bad results ● Long prison sentences are supposed to deter people from committing crimes. ➣ deterrent (n) +
B2	crime-prevention +	stop crime from happening ● More police on the streets is an effective crime-prevention method. +
B2	verdict +	a decision in a court about whether sb is guilty or not ● The jury returned a verdict of ‘guilty’. +
B2	removal +	the act of taking sb or sth away from a place ● The students were helping with the removal of graffiti from the school walls. ➣ remove (v) Speaking page 89 +
B2	forensic scientist +	a person whose job it is to use scientific methods to solve crimes ● According to the forensic scientist, Smith’s DNA was found on the glass. ➣ forensic science (n) Grammar page 90 +
B2	burglar alarm +	a piece of equipment that makes a loud noise when sb tries to enter a building by force ● When the man broke the window, the burglar alarm went off. +
B2	vacate +	leave a building, room, seat, etc ● Hotel guests must vacate their rooms by 12 p.m. +
B2	the authorities +	people or organisations in charge of a particular country or area ● The vandals are wanted by the authorities. +
B2	deport +	make sb leave a country and return to the country they came from ● ‘All illegal immigrants will be deported,’ said the government minister. ➣ deportation (n) Use your English page 91 +
B2	do away with +	kill; get rid of ● The murderers did away with the witness and her body was never found. +
B2	get away with +	not get caught for doing sth wrong ● The bank robbers got away their crime and were never caught. +
B2	give yourself up +	surrender to the police ● He knew the police would catch him, so he gave himself up. +
B2	own up +	confess ● Tim owned up to eating all the biscuits. +
B2	put away +	put sb in prison ● The murderer was put away for life. +
B2	see through +	realise sb is lying ● There’s no point lying to Dad as he will see through your lies. +
B2	surrender +	stop fighting; stop avoiding the police because you know you cannot win ● After hiding for three days, the man surrendered to the police. +
B2	against the law +	illegal ● It is against the law for children to buy alcoholic drinks. +
B2	lethal +	causing death ● That enormous knife is a lethal weapon. +
B2	self-defence +	protecting yourself ● She hit the mugger in self-defence and managed to break his nose. +
B2	release +	let sb go free ● When are they going to release him from prison? ➣ release (n) Writing: a formal letter pages 92–93 +
B2	get tough +	become stricter ● The police are getting tough and arresting people who demonstrate. +
B2	consider +	think carefully about sth ● I’m considering buying a new car. ➣ consideration (n) +
B2	proposal +	an official suggestion or plan ● The manager’s proposal to shorten the coffee breaks was not accepted. ➣ propose (v) +
B2	gathering place +	a place where people often come together in a group ● The park has become a gathering place for people of all ages. +
B2	curfew +	a law which says that people must stay indoors after a particular time at ● Make sure you’re back before curfew! +
B2	recipient +	a person who receives sth ● Write the name of the recipient on the left-hand side of the envelope. ➣ receive (v) +
B2	incident +	sth that happens, especially sth bad or unusual ● Have you told the police about the incident? Video: Capoeira: The Fighting Dance page 94 +
B2	abolishment +	when a law or a system is officially ended ● The abolishment of smoking in public places aimed to improve public health. ➣ abolish (v) ✎ Syn: abolition +
B2	foster home +	a home where a child is raised by sb who is not their natural parent ● John grew up in a foster home and has never met his real parents. +
B2	mentor +	sb who gives help and advice over a period of time ● He’s a friend and mentor and he gives me a lot of advice and support. +
B2	martial art +	style of fighting like karate, kung fu and tae kwon do ● People who do martial arts have to be fit and strong. +
B2	raise +	look after a child or animal until it can take care of itself ● Her parents died when she was four and she was raised by her aunt. +
B2	adoptive parent +	sb who has legally adopted a child ● Lee was raised by his adoptive parents after losing his family in the war. +
B2	slavery +	the system of owning people and making them work for you for no money ● Slavery is a terrible thing. It takes away people’s freedom and dignity. ➣ enslave (v), slave (n) 44 45 +
B2	soul +	the part of a person that contains their thoughts, feelings and character ● Yoga is good for the body and soul. +
B2	homeless +	not having a home ● The homeless man slept in a shop doorway at night. +
B2	oppose +	disagree with sth such as a plan or idea and try to stop it ● Many local residents opposed the new law. ➣ opposed (adj), opposing (adj), opposition (n) +
B2	affair +	a situation or subject that is being considered ● You shouldn’t ask so many questions about other people’s affairs! Reading page 96 +
B2	power +	supply power to a vehicle or machine ● This car is powered by a special engine. ➣ power (n), powerful (adj) +
B2	tornado +	a violent windstorm which rotates very fast ● The spinning tornado destroyed all the houses along the street. +
B2	spin +	turn round quickly ● The dancer was spinning in circles. Word Focus page 96 +
B2	rotation +	going round in a circle ● Night and day are a result of Earth’s rotation. ➣ rotate (v) +
B2	gust +	a sudden strong movement of wind or rain ● Strong gusts of wind made it hard to walk along the seafront. Reading pages 96–97 +
B2	carve +	cut into ● Rivers carve rock over millions of years and create valleys. ➣ carving (n) +
B2	whip up +	create; cause ● The teacher whipped up enthusiasm for the excursion by telling the students they would see some interesting things. +
B2	tear +	go very fast ● The dog tore across the park after the ball. +
B2	airborne +	in the air ● When the plane was airborne, we could see the land below. +
B2	unevenly +	not regularly ● The food was heated unevenly in the microwave oven, so some of it was hot and some cold. ➣ uneven (adj) +
B2	breezy +	a little windy ● It was a breezy day–perfect for flying a kite. ➣ breeze (n) +
B2	hoist +	pull sth heavy up, eg sails ● They hoisted the sails when it got breezy and the yacht moved smoothly over the water. +
B2	pattern +	the regular way in which sth happens or is done ● Meteorologists study weather patterns in order to forecast future weather. +
B2	Equator +	an imaginary line around the middle of the Earth ● Greece lies north of the Equator in the northern hemisphere. ➣ equatorial (adj) +
B2	harness +	control and use the power of sth ● We can harness the wind to generate electricity. ➣ harness (n) +
B2	crop +	a kind of plant grown on a farm for eating ● This farm’s main crop is potatoes. +
B2	steel +	a strong metal often used in buildings and bridges ● These knives are made of steel. +
B2	storey +	a floor or level of a building ● I live on the third floor of a block of flats. +
B2	top (with) +	put on the top ● This building is topped with a roof garden. +
B2	blade +	a flat piece of metal or wood on a windmill ● The blades of the windmill turned slowly in the breeze. +
B2	generator +	a machine that produces electricity ● Hospitals have generators which can produce electricity if there is a blackout. ➣ generate (v) +
B2	account for +	be the reason for sth ● The high temperatures and heavy rain account for the thick vegetation in this area. +
B2	tube +	a hollow cylinder ● Please buy me a tube of toothpaste from the supermarket. +
B2	upright +	standing up ● After being ill in bed for so long, it was difficult for him to stand upright. +
B2	hurricane +	a strong storm ● Hurricanes can destroy large coastal areas if they reach the shore. +
B2	mass +	a large amount of sth ● A mass of dark clouds started to gather in the sky before the storm. 8 46 47 +
B2	moist +	slightly wet ● We could tell it was going to rain soon because of the moist air. ➣ moisture (n) +
B2	uproot +	pull a tree, plant, etc out of the ground ● The storm uprooted several large trees. +
B2	strike +	hit sb or sth ● She fell and struck her head on the table. +
B2	lightning +	a sudden bright light in the sky during a storm ● The tree was struck by lightning. Weather words tornado twister hurricane breezy thunderstorm gust Vocabulary page 98 +
B2	torrential +	very heavy (rain) ● The torrential rain caused the rivers to flood. ➣ torrent (n) +
B2	rainfall +	the amount of rain that falls on an area in a particular period of time ● The crops are dying in the fields because of the very low rainfall. +
B2	moisture +	small amounts of water in the air, a substance, etc ● There is always a lot of moisture in the air in the mornings. ➣ moist (adj) +
B2	coastal +	next to the sea ● We live in a coastal area near a fishing village. ➣ coast (n) +
B2	ecosystem +	all the plants and animals that live in the same place and their relationship ● The ecosystem of this lake has been destroyed by pollution. +
B2	evaporation +	when a liquid changes into a gas ● The simplest method of getting salt is through the evaporation of salt water. ➣ evaporate (v) +
B2	natural resource +	things like coal, oil, water, trees, etc that can be used by people ● Our way of life depends on natural resources like oil and natural gas. +
B2	draught +	a cold current of air ● Please close the door as there is a draught in the room. ➣ draughty (adj) +
B2	drought +	a long period of time without rain ● The crops all died because of the drought. +
B2	gradual +	happening slowly over a period of time ● The gradual increase in temperatures on Earth will change our climate. +
B2	emission +	the act of sending out light, heat, gas etc ● The emission of fumes from cars causes a lot of pollution. ➣ emit (v) +
B2	omission +	when you do not include or do not do sth ● The omission of the conclusion in your essay makes it incomplete. ➣ omit (v) +
B2	trap +	prevent sth from getting away ● Smoke was trapped in the room and we couldn’t open the window to let it out. ➣ trap (n) +
B2	carbon dioxide +	a kind of gas ● We breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. +
B2	methane +	a gas often used as fuel ● Natural gas consists mainly of methane. +
B2	greenhouse gas +	a gas that traps heat and causes the greenhouse effect ● Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas and its emissions are increasing. +
B2	fumes +	unpleasant smoke ● The fumes from the old car smelt horrible. +
B2	blanket +	a thick covering of sth ● When we woke up, there was a blanket of snow on the ground. +
B2	remains +	the body of a person or animal after it has died ● The remains of animals were excavated at the site. +
B2	oil +	the thick liquid found underground from which petrol is produced ● People drill for oil in the desert and under the sea. +
B2	natural gas +	gas found underground ● Natural gas is used to heat many houses. +
B2	coal +	black solid rock found underground and burnt as fuel ● They put more coal on the fire because they were freezing. +
B2	renewable +	that will never run out ● Wind power is renewable energy. ➣ renew (v) +
B2	usable +	that can be used ● Those batteries aren’t usable. They’re dead. ➣ use (v) +
B2	conserve +	use as little water, energy etc as possible so as not to waste it ● We need to conserve water because there is not enough of it. ➣ conservation, conservationist (n) +
B2	consume +	use up ● If we consume all the fossil fuels, we will have to find alternative sources of energy. ➣ consumption (n) +
B2	crude oil +	oil in its natural state ● Crude oil cannot be used for fuel. It has to be refined first. +
B2	raw +	uncooked ● Do you like raw fish or do you prefer it cooked? +
B2	deforestation +	destruction of the forests ● The deforestation of the Amazon will be a disaster for the whole world. +
B2	erosion +	the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind or water ● The erosion of the hillsides means that trees can’t grow there any more. ➣ erode (n) +
B2	current +	a continuous movement of water in the sea or a river ● A strong current swept the swimmer far from the shore. +
B2	delta +	an area of land near the sea where a river splits into many smaller rivers ● A lot of water birds live in the river delta. +
B2	downpour +	heavy rainfall ● We got completely soaked in the downpour. +
B2	habitat +	the natural place where an animal or plant lives ● This spider’s natural habitat is the desert. +
B2	soaking wet +	completely wet ● I didn’t have an umbrella, so I arrived home soaking wet. +
B2	grassy +	covered with grass ● They cycled down a grassy hillside. ➣ grass (n) +
B2	sweep +	force sb or sth to move in a particular direction ● The little boat was swept out to sea in the storm. +
B2	flow +	move continuously ● The river flowed out to sea. ➣ flow (n) +
B2	irrigation +	supply land or crops with water ● Proper irrigation is essential as crops need water to grow. ➣ irrigate (v) Phrasal verbs account for block out blow over breathe out freeze over turn into wear away whip up wipe out Environmental problems global warming drought fumes greenhouse gas deforestation erosion radiation Grammar page 99 +
B2	reactor +	a large machine used for producing nuclear energy ● The Chernobyl reactor exploded in 1986. +
B2	species +	a group of animals or plants that are the same and can produce young animals or plants together ● There are over 400 species of shark. ✎ Plural: species +
B2	recycled +	used again ● This book is made from recycled paper. ➣ recycling (n), recycle (v) +
B2	turn into +	become sth different or make sb or sth do this ● In six months, the little puppy turned into a big, scary dog. +
B2	reduce +	make sth smaller or less ● They reduced the price of the T-shirt from £20 to £15. ➣ reduction (n) +
B2	fancy +	expensive and fashionable ● Mia took us to a fancy restaurant on her birthday. +
B2	explosion +	a blast of energy (often from a bomb) ● There was a loud explosion when the gas heater blew up. ➣ explode (v), explosive (n, adj) +
B2	humid +	wet; damp ● The day was hot and humid and in the evening it rained heavily. ➣ humidity (n) +
B2	restricted +	If sth is restricted, it can only be used by people with special permission because it is secret or dangerous. ● This is a restricted area – you can’t enter. ➣ restrict (v), restriction (n) +
B2	billionaire +	sb who has a billion dollars, pounds or euros in money ● The richest people in the world are billionaires. ➣ billion (n) +
B2	shellfish +	an edible sea creature with a shell ● I love eating shellfish, especially prawns and mussels. +
B2	nasty +	painful, dangerous or serious ● He had a nasty cut on his foot. +
B2	rash +	red inflammation on the skin ● His skin was red and the doctor said it was an allergic rash. 48 49 Rubbish scrap recycled recycling bin household waste Listening page 100 +
B2	admit +	agree that you did sth bad or that sth bad is true ● The meteorologist admitted that they had not forecast the weather correctly. +
B2	complain +	say you are not happy about sth ● We complained that there was no heating in the hotel. ➣ complaint (n) +
B2	enquire +	ask ● We enquired at the station about train times. ➣ enquiry (n) +
B2	inform +	tell sb sth ● Our teacher informed us that she would be giving us a test. ➣ information (n) +
B2	predict +	say what will happen in the future ● Meteorologists predict that the weather will be fine this weekend. ➣ prediction (n), predictable (adj) +
B2	seek permission +	ask to do sth ● You will have to seek permission from the city council if you want to hold a concert in the square. +
B2	recycling bin +	riːˈsaɪklɪŋ bɪn/ +
B2	genetically modified food +	food that has had its DNA changed by genetic engineering ● Do you think genetically modified food might affect our health? +
B2	organic +	grown without chemicals ● Organic food is supposed to be good for your health. ➣ organically (adv) +
B2	stuff +	used to talk about a substance, material, group of objects, etc when you do not know what they are called or when the name is not important ● What’s that black stuff on your shirt? +
B2	photovoltaic panel +	a panel which makes electricity from the sun ● Photovoltaic panels on your roof can power your home. +
B2	discourage +	make sb lose confidence or enthusiasm about sth ● The terrible weather discouraged us from going to the beach for the day. ➣ discouragement (n) ✎ Opp: encourage +
B2	prohibit +	say that an action is illegal or not allowed ● Swimming is prohibited here. There are sharks in the water. +
B2	express doubt +	say you are not sure about sth ● He expressed doubt about the weather forecast for rain as the sun was shining in the sky. +
B2	criticise +	point out the negative things about sb or sth ● The boss criticised his employees for not writing thorough reports. ➣ criticism (n), critical (adj) +
B2	environmentally-friendly +	things that are environmentally friendly do not harm the environment ● Environmentally-friendly packaging which can be recycled is used in many supermarkets nowadays. Speaking page 101 +
B2	plot +	a small piece of land used for building or growing things on ● I made this salad with tomatoes from my own vegetable plot. Grammar page 102 +
B2	litter +	drop rubbish on the ground in a public place ● There was a sign on the beach that said ‘Please do not litter’. +
B2	endangered +	that may soon no longer exist ● The giant panda is an endangered species. +
B2	extinct +	no longer alive ● Dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million years ago. ➣ extinction (n) +
B2	household waste +	rubbish from sb’s house ● Household waste can be divided into regular rubbish and material for recycling. +
B2	acid rain +	polluted rain ● The pollution from the factory rose into the clouds and then created acid rain which destroyed the forests. +
B2	torrential +	very heavy (rain) ● The torrential rain caused the rivers to flood. ➣ torrent (n) Use your English page 103 +
B2	block out +	stop light from coming in ● She shaded her eyes to try to block out the bright sun. +
B2	blow over +	go away without serious effect ● The storm soon blew over and the sun came out again. +
B2	dump +	get rid of sth that you do not want ● They dumped their old car near the beach. +
B2	unpleasant +	not nice or enjoyable ● Seeing her was an unpleasant surprise. +
B2	exhaust fumes +	gases produced when an engine is working ● Exhaust fumes from cars are responsible for the pollution. Video: Global Warming page 106 +
B2	global warming +	the rise in the Earth’s temperature ● Global warming will cause the ice caps to melt and sea levels to rise. +
B2	greenhouse effect +	the gradual rise in the Earth’s temperature caused by high levels of gases in the atmosphere ● The greenhouse effect is making the ice caps melt and sea levels rise. +
B2	power plant +	a building or group of buildings where electricity is produced ● The blackout was due to a fire at the power plant. ✎ Syn: power station +
B2	breathe out +	let air out of your lungs ● When the danger passed, she breathed out in relief. ✎ Opp: breathe in +
B2	chemical reaction +	a chemical change produced when two or more substances are mixed ● A chemical reaction causes the liquid to change colour. +
B2	melt +	If heat melts sth, it becomes liquid. ● The child’s ice cream melted in the hot sun. +
B2	shrink +	become smaller ● If you wash that woollen pullover in hot water, it will shrink. +
B2	Industrial Revolution +	the period in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when many machines were invented and the first factories were built ● Trains became a common form of transport thanks to the Industrial Revolution. +
B2	decrease +	become or make sth smaller or less ● The price of oil decreased by 2% last year. ➣ decrease (n) ✎ Opp: increase +
B2	slight +	small; not important or serious ● I’m afraid we’ve got a slight problem. +
B2	floe +	an area of ice floating in the sea ● From their ship, they saw a group of penguins on a floe. +
B2	burst into flames +	suddenly start to burn with large flames ● The plane crashed and burst into flames. +
B2	freeze over +	when the surface of water turns to ice ● Last winter the pond in our garden froze over. +
B2	wear away +	become gradually smaller and smoother ● The cliffs have been worn away by the sea. +
B2	wipe out +	destroy completely ● Many species have been wiped out by hunters. +
B2	smooth +	without sudden movements or changes ● The plane made a smooth landing. +
B2	catch fire +	start to burn ● The wooden house caught fire when it was struck by lightning. +
B2	patch +	a small area ● There were patches of dry grass on the football pitch. +
B2	pessimistic +	believing bad things will happen ● He is pessimistic about the future of the planet and says people will destroy it. ➣ pessimism (n) ✎ Opp: optimistic +
B2	keen +	liking or interested in sth ● She is keen on geography and hopes to study it at university. +
B2	weaken +	lose strength ● Luckily the hurricane weakened before it reached the coast. ➣ weakness (n), weak (adj) ✎ Opp: strengthen +
B2	large-scale +	using or involving a lot of people, things, effort, etc ● After a large-scale investigation, 197 people were arrested. +
B2	meteorological +	to do with the weather ● Meteorological studies help us to understand weather patterns. ➣ meteorology, meteorologist (n) Useful verbs admit complain criticise discourage enquire inform predict prohibit Writing: an essay(2) pages 104–105 +
B2	destination +	the place where sb or sth is going ● After a twelvehour drive, we reached our destination. +
B2	stilts +	two long pieces of wood with places for your feet, which allow you to stand and walk high above the ground ● There were street performers on stilts doing tricks. +
B2	attach +	join or fasten one thing to another ● A photo was attached to the letter. Reading page 110 +
B2	qualification +	If you have a qualification, you have passed an exam to show you have a skill or knowledge in a subject. ● University qualifications are necessary these days if you want to find a good job. ➣ qualify (v) +
B2	lifeguard +	sb who works at a beach or swimming pool and helps swimmers who are in danger ● The lifeguard ran into the water to help the swimmer who was in difficulty. +
B2	salesperson +	sb who sells things ● She asked the salesperson to show her the range of make-up available. +
B2	creativity +	ability to make sth new and imaginative ● He is a creative artist and paints beautiful portraits. ➣ create (v), creation (n), creative (adj) +
B2	leadership skills +	qualities that make sb a good leader ● A good manager needs to have great leadership skills. +
B2	neat +	carefully done or arranged and looking nice ● Harry was wearing a neat blue suit. +
B2	physical fitness +	the condition of being strong and healthy ● You can improve your physical fitness by taking regular exercise. +
B2	reliability +	the quality that makes sb trusted or depended on ● John’s employer appreciates him for his honesty and reliability. ➣ rely (v), reliable (adj) ✎ Opp: unreliability Word Focus page 110 +
B2	workforce +	all the people who work for a company, organisation, etc ● Most of our workforce are women. +
B2	bounce ideas off sb +	tell sb your ideas in order to get their opinion ● Can I bounce a couple of ideas off you? +
B2	interaction +	when two or more people communicate, work together, spend time with each other, etc ● What I love about teaching is the interaction with my students. ➣ interact (v) +
B2	bearer of bad news +	sb who brings you bad news ● I hate to be the bearer of bad news, but I’m afraid you’ve failed your exam. +
B2	what makes sb tick +	wɒt meɪks ˈsʌmbədi tɪk/ +
B2	recruiter +	sb whose job is to find new people to join a company, organisation, etc ● As a recruiter, she interviews a lot of young people. ➣ recruit (v), recruitment (n) +
B2	candidate +	sb who is being considered for a job ● The first candidate performed well in the job interview. +
B2	position +	a job ● The position of head teacher at the local primary school has been filled. +
B2	full-time +	for all the working hours of the day or week ● Emma is looking for a full-time job. ➣ full time (adv) +
B2	staff +	people who work at the same place ● The company has a large staff, many of whom have been working there for years. +
B2	receptionist +	a person in a hotel, office, etc who helps people when they arrive, answers the telephone, etc ● I told the receptionist that I wanted to see the manager. ➣ reception (n) +
B2	accountant +	sb who keeps or examines the records of money received, paid and owed by a company or person ● He employs an accountant to deal with his company’s finances. ➣ accounting (n) +
B2	client +	a customer; sb who pays for a service ● The clients were pleased with the service they received from the company. +
B2	freelance +	not working for one particular company but getting paid for each separate job you do ● The freelance journalist published articles in many different magazines. ➣ freelancer (n) 9 And What Do You Do? 51 +
B2	steady +	not changing or stopping ● He has a steady job. +
B2	income +	money you earn ● Our income has dropped because my wife lost her job and no longer has a salary. +
B2	co-worker +	a person sb works with ● She invited all her friends and co-workers to her party. ✎ Syn: colleague +
B2	sociable +	friendly and enjoying being with other people ● She’s a sociable person who gets on with everyone. +
B2	on behalf of sb +	instead of sb; as sb’s representative ● On behalf of everyone in the office, I would like to thank you for your help. +
B2	vacancy +	available job ● There is a vacancy at the local supermarket that I think I will apply for. ➣ vacant (adj) +
B2	register +	an official list of names, items, etc ● He keeps a register of all his customers. ➣ register (v) +
B2	hire +	employ ● That company is hiring a new accountant, so why don’t you apply? +
B2	job seeker +	sb who is looking for a job ● There are a few things that all job seekers should think about before a job interview. +
B2	lack +	not have any or enough of sth that you need ● He lacks the necessary skills for the job. ➣ lack (n), lacking (adj) +
B2	pride myself on sth +	be proud of sth ● She prides herself on being a good cook. +
B2	match +	go well together ● Those pink shoes match your bag, so wear them. +
B2	fit +	used to say whether sb is right or suitable for a job, situation, etc. ● I think she’s a perfect fit for our company. +
B2	effective +	producing the result that is wanted ● Swimming is an effective way of keeping fit. ➣ effect (n) ✎ Opp: ineffective +
B2	put myself in sb’s shoes +	imagine that you are in another person’s situation ● Put yourself in my shoes. What would you do? +
B2	feedback +	comments about how useful or successful sth is ● They’ll give you some feedback on your work so that you know what to do next time. +
B2	critical +	extremely important ● Their support is critical to our success. +
B2	applicant +	sb who has asked for a job in writing ● Three applicants were interviewed for the job. ➣ apply (v), application (n) +
B2	employer +	a person or company that pays other people to work for them ● Her employer offered to pay for her English lessons. ➣ employ (v), employment, employee (n) +
B2	suit +	Colours, clothes, etc that suit you make you look attractive. ● Short skirts suit you as you have nice legs. Work words applicant apprentice be made redundant client co-worker employee employer finance department freelance full-time get the sack hire job hunter job seeker position recruiter sick leave staff vacancy workforce Vocabulary page 112 +
B2	enquiry +	a question you ask to get information about sth ● We’re getting hundreds of enquiries about this job. +
B2	place +	put sth somewhere ● He placed the bag on the table. +
B2	sales +	to do with selling ● He works in sales and it’s his job to visit clients and persuade them to buy the product. +
B2	request +	ask for sth politely ● She requested our help, and we agreed to assist her. ➣ request (n) +
B2	apply +	make a formal written request for a job, a place in a university, etc ● You can apply for many jobs online nowadays. ➣ application, applicant (n) +
B2	assistant +	sb whose job it is to help sb else ● The manager asked his assistant to print out the report. ➣ assist (v) +
B2	compute +	calculate ● They haven't computed the results yet. ➣ computer (v) +
B2	commute +	travel to work on public transport ● It takes her an hour to commute to work on the bus. ➣ commuter (n) 52 53 +
B2	employee +	sb who works for sb else ● There are two hundred employees in this company. ➣ employ (v), employer, employment (n) +
B2	insurance +	an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay your costs if you have an accident, injury, etc ● Insurance against theft was expensive, but she was happy to have it when her house was burgled. ➣ insure (v) +
B2	leave +	time allowed away from work for holidays or because of illness ● John is on leave. He’s gone to Barbados for two weeks. +
B2	opening +	a job vacancy ● When Janet leaves her job, there will be an opening in the sales department. +
B2	finance department +	the part of a company that manages the company’s money ● The finance department arranged for the employees’ salaries to be paid. +
B2	cover +	insurance ● If you don’t have any cover, your possessions are not protected against theft or damage. ➣ cover (v) +
B2	fire +	remove sb from their job, usually because they have done sth wrong ● He was fired because he never did any work. ✎ Syn: dismiss +
B2	dismiss +	remove sb from their job, usually because they have done sth wrong ● The boss dismissed her because she was always late for work. ➣ dismissal (n) ✎ Syn: fire +
B2	quit +	give up your job ● Bob quit his job because he wanted to go back to university. ✎ Syn: resign +
B2	licence +	an official piece of paper that shows you are allowed to have or do sth ● Do you have a driving licence? +
B2	flight attendant +	sb who serves food and drink to passengers on a plane and looks after their safety and comfort ● The flight attendants asked us to fasten our seatbelts before take-off. +
B2	apprentice +	sb who works for an employer in order to learn a skill or job ● The electrician taught his apprentice how to install an alarm. +
B2	independent +	not influenced or controlled by other people ● Paul left home at the age of twenty because he had a good job and wanted to be independent. ➣ independence (n) +
B2	contract +	a written agreement ● He signed a contract when he started as a new employee. +
B2	be made redundant +	lose your job because your employer no longer needs you ● They were made redundant when the company closed and now they are all looking for employment. +
B2	promotional +	intended to advertise sth ● The pizza chain handed out promotional leaflets with special offers. ➣ promote (n), promotion (n) +
B2	profitable +	which makes money ● This product is profitable so we hope the company makes more money this year. ➣ profit (v, n) ✎ Opp: unprofitable Phrasal verbs fill in hand out hold down keep up knock down move on take on Grammar page 113 +
B2	graduate +	get a degree from a university ● He graduated with a degree in history and is looking for a teaching job. ➣ graduate, graduation (n) +
B2	personnel manager +	a person in a company who is in charge of dealing with all matters related to employees ● The personnel manager decided not to give her the job. +
B2	knock down +	completely destroy a building so that it falls down ● The old factory will be knocked down next year. +
B2	founder +	sb who establishes an organisation, city, business, etc ● Steve Jobs was one of the founders of Apple. ➣ found (v) +
B2	grocery store +	a shop that sells food and other things for the home ● Will you get some milk from the grocery store? +
B2	chestnut +	a smooth red-brown nut that you can eat ● They stopped to buy chestnuts from a street seller. +
B2	boot +	the space at the back of a car which is for carrying luggage, shopping etc ● They put the bags in the boot and drove home. +
B2	janitor +	a caretaker ● The school janitor locked the gates after all the students had gone home. +
B2	changing room +	a room where you change clothes for sport ● We put on our football kit in the changing room. +
B2	inspire +	make sb want to do sth ● Her story inspired me to write this poem. ➣ inspiration (n), inspiring (adj) +
B2	revenge +	punishing sb who has harmed you ● She took revenge on her boss by smashing his car windows. +
B2	bully +	sb who frightens or hurts sb who is weaker than they are ● The school bully was expelled for stealing the younger kids’ lunch money. ➣ bully (v) +
B2	best-seller +	a popular book which many people buy ● Her new book will be a best-seller. It’s very good. Listening page 114 +
B2	an eye for sth +	When you have an eye for sth, you are good at noticing a particular type of thing. ● He has an eye for detail. +
B2	initiative +	the ability to take action without waiting for sb to tell you what to do ● He took the initiative and contacted some new clients. +
B2	fair +	a large show where people from a particular industry meet and promote their products ● A lot of young people came to the careers fair to find out about different jobs. +
B2	appeal (to) +	be attractive or interesting to sb ● Living in the country doesn’t appeal to me. ➣ appeal (n) +
B2	current +	happening or existing now ● What is your current address? +
B2	job hunter +	sb who is looking for a job ● Hundreds of job hunters applied for an interview. +
B2	hand out +	give sth to each person in a group ● Could you hand out these papers, please? +
B2	CV +	a document that lists your education and previous jobs that you send to employers when you are looking for a job ● He enclosed a CV with his job application. ✎ NB: CV = curriculum vitae +
B2	workshop +	a meeting where people try to improve their skills by doing practical exercises ● All new employees attend workshops when they start at this company. +
B2	gain entrance +	be allowed or able to enter a building or place ● The thieves gained entrance to the house through an open window. Speaking page 115 +
B2	ideal +	perfect ● Teaching is an ideal job for somebody who likes children and is patient. +
B2	cashier +	sb whose job is to receive money in a shop ● I gave the cashier a fifty euro note and she gave me two euros change. +
B2	butcher +	sb who sells meat in a shop ● She bought a steak from the butcher. +
B2	seasonal +	needed or happening during a particular season ● They hire seasonal workers during the summer months. +
B2	pick +	remove a fruit, flower, etc from a tree or plant ● Let’s pick some flowers. +
B2	gig +	a performance by musicians or a comedian in front of an audience ● I’m in a band and we’re doing our first gig on Saturday! Grammar page 116 +
B2	briefcase +	a flat case used for carrying papers ● The man was wearing a suit and carrying a briefcase. +
B2	translate +	change writing or speech into another language ● Can you translate this letter into Spanish? ➣ translation (n), translator (n) +
B2	branch +	one of a group of shops or businesses ● He works at the Kallithea branch of this bank. +
B2	reference +	a letter with information about you, written by sb who knows you, especially to a new employer ● My old boss said he would write me a reference. ➣ refer (v) +
B2	conference +	a formal meeting where a lot of people discuss important matters for several days ● We attended a week-long conference on the environment in Brussels. +
B2	on the spot +	immediately ● The boss asked for a meeting, and so we held one there and then on the spot. Use your English page 117 +
B2	keep up +	continue ● The boss told his staff to keep up the good work. +
B2	fill in +	complete ● He filled in an application form for a job in sales. 54 55 +
B2	upbeat +	positive and happy ● The staff at this magazine are upbeat and always have a positive outlook. +
B2	word processing +	creating written documents on a computer ● She learned how to do word processing in her IT class at school. +
B2	co-ordinator +	sb who organises an activity so that the people involved in it work well together ● The activity co-ordinator makes sure that everyone works well together. ➣ co-ordinate (v), co-ordination (n) +
B2	counsellor +	sb who gives advice ● If you are being bullied at school, ask the counsellor for advice. ➣ counsel (v), counselling (n) +
B2	outgoing +	friendly and liking to talk to new people ● Sam has an outgoing personality. +
B2	at your earliest convenience +	as soon as you like or can ● Please complete the enclosed form and return it to us at your earliest convenience. ➣ convenient (adj) Video: Dinosaur Builder page 120 +
B2	palaeontology +	the study of ancient bones, plants, etc in rocks as a way of getting information about the history of life on earth ● Mr Richards is a palaeontology professor. ➣ palaeontologist (n) +
B2	craftsman +	sb who makes things skilfully with their hands ● Our wooden furniture was made by a craftsman. ➣ craftsmanship (n) +
B2	cast +	an object made by pouring liquid into a mould and leaving it to become solid ● This ancient bronze cast was made by pouring melted metal into a mould. ➣ cast (v) +
B2	fossil +	remains of an animal or plant found in a rock ● Fossils found in rocks can tell us about life on Earth millions of years ago. +
B2	workshop +	a place with machines and tools where you make things ● The mechanic's workshop was full of old car parts. +
B2	machinery +	machines ● The machinery in this factory is used to make cars. +
B2	hold down +	manage to keep a job ● He can’t hold down a job and keeps getting fired. +
B2	move on +	leave your present job and start doing another one ● She was bored with her job and decided to move on. +
B2	take on +	employ ● They are taking on people at the supermarket, so you might get a job there. +
B2	out of work +	unemployed ● He has been out of work for a year now and still can’t find a job. +
B2	personal details +	information about sb like their name, date of birth, marital status, etc ● You must write your personal details at the top of the form. +
B2	take (a day) off +	have a period of time as a break from work ● You look tired. Why don’t you take the day off? +
B2	get the sack +	be fired ● Cheryl hasn’t got a job. She got the sack yesterday. +
B2	overall +	including or considering everything; general ● There are a few problems, but the overall situation is good. ➣ overall (adv) +
B2	motivation +	willingness to do sth without needing to be forced to do it ● They aren’t a bad football team but they lack the motivation to win. ➣ motivate (v) +
B2	sick leave +	time you take off work because you are ill ● When Mary caught the flu, she had to take sick leave. +
B2	be just around the corner +	likely to happen soon; coming soon ● Summer is just around the corner. No work be made redundant dismiss fire get the sack out of work quit sick leave unemployed Writing: a formal letter(2) page 118 +
B2	interpersonal skills +	the ability to create good relationships with other people ● A personnel manager needs strong interpersonal skills. +
B2	attitude +	how you think and feel ● You need a positive attitude in order to cope with problems. +
B2	bone +	one of the hard parts of your body which are your skeleton ● The archaeologists found some bones that came from the skeleton of a young man. ➣ bony (adj) +
B2	liquid +	a substance that can be poured like water ● The hot liquid was poured into the mould. +
B2	mould +	a container of a certain shape ● She poured the jelly into the mould and then put it in the fridge. ➣ mould (v) +
B2	harden +	go solid ● The biscuits will harden when you cook them in the oven. ➣ hard (adj) ✎ Opp: soften +
B2	display +	an exhibit ● The children’s favourite display at the museum was the dinosaur. ➣ display (v) +
B2	mount +	to put sth together ●  We learnt how to mount skeletons in the workshop. +
B2	actual +	real ● I can’t believe I saw an actual dinosaur skeleton at the museum. ➣ actually (adv) +
B2	construct +	build ● The bridge was constructed in 1995. ➣ construction (v) +
B2	skeleton +	the bones of a whole animal or person ● We took photos of the dinosaur skeletons at the museum. +
B2	hole +	an empty space in something solid ● There’s a hole in the wall here so you can see through to the next room. +
B2	drill +	make a hole in sth with a special tool ● He drilled a hole in the wall so he could hang a picture. ➣ drill (n) +
B2	assemble +	put all the separate parts of sth together ● The bookcase was easy to assemble. +
B2	shape +	make sth into a particular shape ● They use this tool to shape wood. ➣ shape (n) +
B2	missing +	lost or not in the usual place ● The missing child hasn’t been found yet. +
B2	recreate +	make sth from the past exist or happen again ● The students are trying to recreate ancient tools from paper, glue and paint. Reading page 122 +
B2	substance +	any solid, liquid or gas ● They spray the wood with a special substance to protect it from the sun. +
B2	guide +	show sb where to go ● Tom guided his blind elderly mother to the kitchen. ➣ guide (n) +
B2	blind +	unable to see ● He is blind and feels his way along the street with a white stick. ➣ blindness (n) Word Focus page 122 +
B2	adaptable +	able to change to suit different conditions ● Humans are an adaptable species and can live in many different climates. ➣ adapt (v), adaptation (n) +
B2	praise +	expression of approval or admiration for sb or sth ● Our teacher gives us lots of praise when we do well in tests. ➣ praise (v) +
B2	distraction +	sth that prevents sb from concentrating on sth else ● I need to study somewhere without distractions. ➣ distract (v) +
B2	assessment +	estimating the ability or quality of sth ● You’ve worked hard, so your assessment should be good. ➣ assess (v) +
B2	stage +	a step in a process or development ● The first stage of a guide dog’s training is to teach it simple commands. Reading pages 122–123 +
B2	non-profit organisation +	charity ● Save the Children is a non-profit organisation in the UK which raises money for children in need. +
B2	breed +	keep animals for the purpose of producing young ● He breeds Labradors and his dogs have won many awards. ➣ breed (n) +
B2	spinal cord +	the long string of nerves in your backbone that sends messages to and from your brain ● If you damage your spinal cord, you might become paralysed. +
B2	native to +	growing or living in one particular place ● Pandas are native to China. ➣ native (n) +
B2	inch +	a measurement of about 2.5 cm ● Those trousers are an inch too long +
B2	lifespan +	the average length of time that people, animals or plants will live ● Dogs have an average lifespan of fourteen years. +
B2	lend a hand +	help ● I can’t carry all these boxes. Could you lend a hand? +
B2	companionship +	when you are with sb you enjoy being with ● Grandma needs companionship so she often visits her friends. ➣ companion (n) +
B2	guide dog +	a specially trained dog for blind people ● My aunt is blind and has a guide dog to help her get around. +
B2	physical +	to do with the body ● We should judge people by their actions rather than from their physical appearance. ➣ physically (adv) +
B2	disability +	a condition that means you can’t use part of your body easily or that you can’t learn easily ● Granddad has a physical disability, so he can’t walk up stairs quickly. ➣ disabled (adj) +
B2	quadriplegic +	sb who cannot move any part of their body below their neck ● He is quadriplegic but he has learnt to paint with his mouth. +
B2	paralysed +	unable to move part or all of your body ● She cannot walk because her pegs are paralysed. ➣ paralyse (v), paralysis (n) +
B2	disease +	an illness affecting humans, animals or plants ● A healthy diet reduces the risk of heart disease. +
B2	embark +	start ● After leaving school, he embarked on his university course. ➣ embarkation (n) +
B2	master +	learn and become good at sth ● It takes a lot of practice to master the piano. ➣ master (n) +
B2	scratch +	rub your nails on your skin ● Don’t scratch that rash as you will make it worse. ➣ scratch (n) +
B2	itch +	an uncomfortable feeling on your skin that makes you want to scratch it ● I have an itch on my back that I can’t scratch. ➣ itch (v) +
B2	affection +	a feeling of liking for a person ● Dogs show their owners lots of love and affection. 10 Learn to Learn! 57 +
B2	treat +	sth special that you give sb or do for them because they will enjoy it ● The trainer taught the dog to follow commands by giving it treats when it obeyed correctly. ➣ treat (v) +
B2	wheelchair +	a chair with wheels used by people who cannot walk ● He needs a wheelchair because his legs are paralysed. +
B2	laser pointer +	a small tool that looks like a pen and uses a laser for pointing to things ● The speaker used a laser pointer to show us some data on the whiteboard. +
B2	means +	a way of doing sth ● We had no means of contacting them. +
B2	progress +	improve; develop ● Your son has progressed well this term and has learnt a lot. ➣ progress (n) +
B2	schooling +	education ● She completed all her schooling in Patras before going on to university in Athens. ➣ school (v) +
B2	placement +	finding a place for sb to work ● Many companies have a placement programme for young university graduates. ➣ place (v) +
B2	disabled +	having an illness, injury or condition that makes it difficult to do things other people do ● Disabled athletes take part in the Paralympics. ➣ disability (n) +
B2	thorough +	careful and complete, with attention to detail ● The police did a thorough search of the area. +
B2	arrange +	organise ● The teacher has arranged a trip to the museum for her class. ➣ arrangement (n) +
B2	lifelong +	all your life ● Fred and Paul were lifelong friends; they had known each other since they were children. +
B2	get under way +	start ● The course has already got under way, so you cannot join it now. +
B2	partnership +	a relationship between two people ● The helper monkeys have lifelong partnerships with the people they assist. +
B2	welfare +	health and happiness ● Parents are responsible for the welfare of their children. +
B2	around the clock +	happening all day and all night ● People who are very ill need care around the clock. +
B2	generosity +	willingness to give money or time in order to help people ● He showed great generosity when he gave money to the charity. ➣ generous (n) +
B2	donor +	sb who gives money to charity ● The charity relies on donors for financial support. ➣ donate (v), donation (n) +
B2	independence +	not relying on other people ● When Juliet moved away from home, it took her a while to get used to her independence. ➣ independent (n) ✎ Opp: dependence +
B2	launch +	make a new product or service available to the public ● The company will launch the program in February. ➣ launch (n) +
B2	raise awareness +	improve people’s knowledge about sth ● They’ve launched a new campaign to raise awareness of the dangers of smoking. +
B2	mental +	relating to the mind and thinking ● He has amazing mental abilities and will do very well in his studies. ➣ mentality (n) +
B2	eyesight +	the ability to see ● She lost her eyesight, so she now has a guide dog. +
B2	authentic +	real and true ● The painting is not authentic – it’s just a copy. +
B2	donate +	give sth to charity ● Please donate what you can afford to our children’s charity. ➣ donation, donor (n) +
B2	in recognition of +	in order to show respect, admiration or express thanks for sth ● He was given a medal in recognition of his work. +
B2	bright +	clever ● He’s very bright and got 100% in all his exams. +
B2	dyslexic +	having difficulty with reading and writing caused by the brain’s inability to see the difference between some letter shapes ● There is a special reading programme for dyslexic students at our school. ➣ dyslexia (n) Being disabled blind disability disabled guide dog paralysed quadriplegic wheelchair Vocabulary page 124 +
B2	enrol +	join a school, university or course ● We enrolled for an English course at the language institute. ➣ enrolment (n) 58 59 +
B2	raise +	lift or move sth up ● She raised her eyes from her book and said hello. +
B2	rise +	come or go upwards ● Smoke was rising from the burning building. +
B2	coach +	sb who trains a sports team or athlete ● The football coach decided which players would take part in the match. ➣ coach (v) +
B2	instructor +	sb who teaches you a skill ● His driving instructor was patient and a good teacher. ➣ instruct (v), instruction (n) +
B2	tutor +	a teacher ● Her private maths tutor gives her two lessons per week. ➣ tutor (v) +
B2	civil engineering +	designing and building roads, bridges and buildings ● Vicky is studying civil engineering at university and wants to design luxury apartments. +
B2	tone up +	improve the strength of your muscles ● You have really toned up your muscles since you enrolled at the gym. +
B2	faculty +	a university department ● There are four hundred students in the faculty of history. +
B2	deadline +	a day or time before which you must do sth ● Our deadline for the essay is 15 March. +
B2	assignment +	a piece of work that sb is given to do, often as part of their studies ● We have to complete one more written assignment by the end of the year. +
B2	primary education +	the education of children between the ages of about five and eleven ● When do children begin primary education in your country? +
B2	secondary school +	a school for children between the ages of eleven and eighteen ● He has finished primary school so he is starting secondary school in September. +
B2	apprenticeship +	a period of time when a young person works for an employer in order to learn a skill or job ● He did a two-year apprenticeship as an electrician. ➣ apprentice (n) +
B2	scholarship +	money given to a good student to help them continue their studies ● Anna won a scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh. +
B2	plumbing +	repairing things such as water pipes, toilets, etc ● I’ve never really liked plumbing, but the pay is good. ➣ plumber (n) +
B2	tuition +	teaching sth, especially to one person or a small group ● She had to have extra tuition before her exams. +
B2	struggle +	try very hard to do sth that is not easy ● They are struggling to pay their bills. ➣ struggle (n) +
B2	permit +	a piece of paper that gives you the right to do sth ● You need a permit to fish in the river. ➣ permit (v) +
B2	valid +	acceptable; that can be used ● Your passport is valid until February. Phrasal verbs breeze through brush up drop out figure out go over hand in look up pick up tone up Grammar page 125 +
B2	observatory +	a building from which you observe space with a telescope ● They went on a school trip to the observatory and saw a film about planets. ➣ observe (v) Listening page 126 +
B2	have a go +	try to do sth ● I’ll have a go at fixing your computer. +
B2	stall +	a large table or small shop with an open front where people sell goods ● She’s at the fruit stall buying some apples. Grammar page 128 +
B2	insist +	say firmly that sth is true ● It was embarrassing when Dad insisted on driving me to university. ➣ insistence (n), insistent (adj) +
B2	secretarial course +	lessons which teach you typing and other office skills ● After leaving school, she did a secretarial course. +
B2	boarding school +	a school where pupils live ● The students at the boarding school were looking forward to going home in the holidays. +
B2	drop out +	leave a school or university before you have graduated ● He dropped out of his course after only a month. ➣ drop-out (n) +
B2	principal +	a head teacher ● He was sent to see the principal because he was misbehaving. +
B2	refuse +	say no ● She told him to tidy his room, but he refused, saying he liked it messy. ➣ refusal (n) +
B2	gap year +	a year between leaving school and starting university which some people spend working or travelling ● She worked in her father’s firm during her gap year. +
B2	shake hands +	take sb’s hand and move it up and down as a way of saying hello ● In my country, people shake hands when they first meet. Use your English page 129 +
B2	breeze through +	achieve sth easily ● He breezed through his exams and got excellent marks. +
B2	brush up +	practise and improve your skills of sth that you learnt in the past ● You should brush up your Italian before you visit Rome. +
B2	figure out +	understand sth ● They figured out the answer to the maths problem together. +
B2	go over +	look at sth; revise ● You should go over the second chapter before the test. +
B2	hand in +	give in homework ● I handed in my homework and the next day the teacher returned it marked. +
B2	look up +	find sth in a list ● Always look up any new words in a dictionary. +
B2	pick up +	learn sth quickly ● Matt went to live in Italy and picked up Italian quickly. +
B2	submit +	give homework, a plan, etc to sb for them to approve, mark, etc ● We have to submit a history project at the end of term. ➣ submission (n) +
B2	compulsory +	Sth that is compulsory must be done because it is the law or a rule. ● It is compulsory to do maths at school. ✎ Opp: optional +
B2	memory +	the ability to remember ● He has a good memory, so he remembers names easily. ➣ memorise (v) +
B2	class register +	a pupil attendance list ● The best pupil in the class is usually in charge of the class register. +
B2	ceremony +	a social or religious event that includes a series of traditional actions ● We’re going to the opening ceremony of the World Cup! Writing: a formal email pages 130–131 +
B2	exchange programme +	a programme in which students go to a foreign country to study ● As part of the exchange programme, Maria spent a term at a school in Sweden. +
B2	chunk +	a large amount or part of sth ● A chunk of her essay had been copied off the internet. Video: Aquarium on Wheels page 132 +
B2	aquarium +	a large glass container where fish are kept ● We saw a shark at the aquarium! +
B2	conservation +	protection of the natural environment ● The conservation of wildlife is critical if we want to prevent more species becoming extinct. ➣ conserve (v), conservationist (n) +
B2	marine biology +	the study of life in the sea ● She loves the sea and wants to study marine biology. ➣ marine biologist (n) +
B2	specialise +	focus on a particular subject and become an expert in it ● After completing her medical degree she specialised in paediatrics. ➣ specialist (n) +
B2	major +	study sth as your main subject at university ● Jack is majoring in history at university. ➣ major (n, adj) +
B2	advantageous +	helpful and likely to make you successful ● The ability to speak foreign languages is advantageous when it comes to finding a job. ➣ advantage (n) +
B2	hands-on +	when you are involved in doing sth and not only studying it ● I’d like to get some hands-on experience of the job. School assignment boarding school class register drop out dyslexic enrol exchange programme primary education principal scholarship schooling secondary school tuition tutor Word Focus page 136 +
B2	souvenir +	sth you keep to remember a place or event ● I bought this model of the Eiffel Tower as a souvenir of Paris. +
B2	day pack +	a small bag you carry on your back with things for a day trip ● Did you put your camera in your day pack? +
B2	on board +	on a ship or plane ● There were 45 people on board the ship. +
B2	accent +	a way of saying words which shows what country, area, etc. a person is from ● She spoke with an American accent. +
B2	distinctive +	sth that is distinctive is easy to recognise because it is different from other things ● This coffee has a distinctive smell. +
B2	taxi rank +	a place where taxis wait for customers ● There was a long queue at the taxi rank. Reading pages 136–137 +
B2	overseas +	in another country ● He’s leaving the UK to work overseas in Germany. +
B2	my fill of sth +	as much of sth as you can eat or drink ● After eating our fill of pizza, it was time for ice cream! +
B2	stunning +	extremely beautiful ● They took some stunning photos of the Acropolis. ➣ stun (v) +
B2	take my breath away +	be very beautiful or surprising ● The view took my breath away. +
B2	chaos +	a situation in which everything is happening in a confused way and nothing is organised ● The living room was in chaos after the party. +
B2	armed (with) +	carrying sth you need ● Armed with my camera, I went out to see the sights. +
B2	phrase book +	a book with useful expressions in another language for tourists ● When we arrived at the airport, I bought a French phrase book. +
B2	board +	get on a plane, train, bus, etc ● He boarded the plane and then sat down in seat 3B before take-off. +
B2	overhead compartment +	a place where you can store small items of luggage in the cabin of a plane ● The flight attendant helped me put my bag in the overhead compartment. +
B2	settle into your seat +	make yourself comfortable in your seat ● She settled into her seat and began reading her book. +
B2	fellow +	used to talk about sb who is similar to you in some way or in the same situation as you ● Why don’t you discuss your ideas with your fellow workers? +
B2	passenger +	sb travelling in a vehicle but not driving it ● Passengers are asked not to distract the driver. +
B2	distressed +	worried, upset or anxious ● We were all distressed by the news of Hannah’s death. ➣ distress (v, n) +
B2	animatedly +	with a lot of interest and energy ● They were talking animatedly. ➣ animated (adj) +
B2	nod off +	fall asleep for a short time, especially when you do not intend to ● Grandpa kept nodding off in front of the TV. +
B2	snore +	make a noise in your throat and nose when you are asleep ● My brother snores so loudly that I can hear him from my room! ➣ snore (n) +
B2	sight +	an interesting place to visit ● The tourists visited all the sights in the city, but their favourite was the Parthenon. +
B2	almond eyes +	eyes shaped like an almond (an oval nut with a hard shell) ● She had long blond hair and beautiful almond eyes. +
B2	instructive +	giving interesting or useful information ● I found his presentation instructive. ➣ instruct (v), instruction (n) +
B2	insight +	an understanding of a situation or of what sth is like ● The meeting gave me some insight into the problems we are facing. +
B2	stride off +	walk away quickly with long steps ● He said goodbye and strode off towards the exit. +
B2	shove +	put sth somewhere roughly and carelessly ● She shoved her books in her bag. 11 61 +
B2	tissue +	a thin piece of soft paper used for cleaning your nose ● He handed me a tissue and said, ‘Please don’t cry.’ +
B2	grip +	have a strong effect on sb or sth ➣ Fear gripped me when I heard the news. +
B2	penniless +	having no money at all ● I was penniless, so I asked my friend to give me £5. +
B2	racking sobs +	loud noises sb makes when they are crying with sudden, sharp breaths ● We could hear her racking sobs from the other room. +
B2	be over +	If sth is over, it has finished. ● Are your exams over yet? +
B2	drawer +	a thing like a box, which is part of a piece of furniture and used for keeping things in ● I keep all my photos in that drawer. +
B2	terminal +	a building where people wait to get on planes, buses, etc ● Our flight leaves from Terminal 4. +
B2	sheer +	complete; with nothing else except the thing mentioned ● It was sheer luck that nobody was hurt. +
B2	extract +	a particular part of a book, film, etc that gives you an idea of what the whole thing is like ● She read us an extract from her new book. +
B2	liar +	sb who says or writes things that are not true ● I don’t believe you! You’re a liar! ➣ lie (v, n) +
B2	vast +	extremely large ● Tom’s parents have spent vast amounts of money on his education. ✎ Syn: huge +
B2	turn in +	give sth to a person in authority ● Luckily, my stolen bag was turned in a few days later. +
B2	domestic flight +	a flight to and from places in a country ● All domestic flights leave from Terminal 1. +
B2	break down +	stop working ● I was late because my car broke down. Vocabulary page 138 +
B2	bay +	coast where a circle of sea is formed ● The fishing boat sailed into the bay where the fishing village was situated +
B2	hostel +	a house like a hotel where you can stay cheaply ● The students didn’t have a lot of money, so they stayed in a hostel while on holiday. +
B2	isolated +	far from other places ● The hotel was nice, but it was isolated; the nearest town was five kilometres away. ➣ isolate (v), isolation (n) +
B2	quay +	a place in a town or village where boats can be tied up ● He tied his fishing boat to the quay. +
B2	runway +	a road used by planes to take off and land at an airport ● The plane accelerated along the runway and took off smoothly. +
B2	shuttle +	a bus, train or plane that makes regular short journeys between two places ● There is a shuttle between the hotel and the airport. +
B2	customs +	the place where goods are checked when you enter a country ● She had to open her suitcase at customs for a check. +
B2	departure lounge +	the place where you wait for a flight ● We waited two hours in the departure lounge for our flight. +
B2	harbour +	an area of water next to the land where ships can be safe ● The ferry entered the harbour and when it stopped the passengers got off. +
B2	dock +	a place in a port where ships are loaded and unloaded or repaired ● The ferry stopped at the dock. ➣ dock (v) +
B2	guest-house +	a small hotel ● Mrs Jones turned her home into a guest-house after her children left home. +
B2	bed and breakfast +	a private house or small hotel where you can sleep and have breakfast ● It is cheaper to stay in a bed and breakfast than a hotel. ✎ Also: B&B +
B2	inn +	a small hotel or pub in the countryside ● They stayed in a room at the village inn. +
B2	distant +	faraway ● Can you hear the sound of distant music? ➣ distance (n) +
B2	faraway +	not near ● They visited a faraway castle in the middle of the wilderness. +
B2	vessel +	a ship ● The cruise liner was a large vessel with two thousand passengers. +
B2	liner +	a large ship that carries passengers ● The Monterey, a luxury ocean liner, left the port on 15 April. +
B2	yacht +	a large boat with a sail used for pleasure or sport ● The yacht sailed across the blue sea. 62 63 +
B2	cove +	a small secluded bay ● The yacht could not be seen from the open sea as it was in a cove. +
B2	lagoon +	a lake of sea water that is partly separated from the sea by rocks, sand or coral ● There are many species of fish in this lagoon. +
B2	gulf +	a large area of sea partly enclosed by land ● Large ships can enter the gulf and sail to the city. +
B2	in-flight +	happening or available during a flight ● Does Gold Air offer in-flight entertainment? +
B2	excess +	more than allowed ● Her suitcase weighed more than 23 kilos, so she had to pay for excess baggage. ➣ excess (n) +
B2	boarding pass +	a document which allows you to get on a plane ● Please show your boarding pass before you board the plane. +
B2	baggage +	luggage ● Her baggage consisted of small suitcase and her handbag. +
B2	cabin crew +	the people who work on a plane ● She asked one of the cabin crew to bring her a glass of water. +
B2	store +	keep sth somewhere in order to use it later ● We store all the information on a computer. +
B2	declare +	tell a customs official that you are carrying goods on which you have to pay tax when you enter a country ● The tourists had nothing to declare. +
B2	delay +	cause to be slow or late ● The plane was delayed for two hours because of ice on the runway. ➣ delay (n) +
B2	ground +	not allow to fly ● The plane was grounded due to engine problems. +
B2	fog +	thick cloud near the ground ● We can’t see a thing in this fog. ➣ foggy (adj) Flying baggage board boarding pass cabin crew check in customs delay departure lounge domestic flight glide ground in-flight on board overhead compartment paraglide passenger runway terminal Grammar page 139 +
B2	backpacking +	travelling for pleasure and carrying a backpack ● They went backpacking through Europe and stayed at cheap hostels. ➣ backpack (v), backpacker (n) +
B2	roam +	walk, wander ● We roamed around the countryside all afternoon. +
B2	ridge +	a long, narrow area of high land at the top of a mountain ● They walked along the mountain ridge. +
B2	fossil +	a part of a dead plant or animal that has been in the ground for a very long time and has turned into rock ● This dinosaur fossil is millions of years old. +
B2	territory +	land of a particular type ● The explorers travelled through dangerous territory. ➣ territorial (adj) +
B2	track +	footprints or markings ● Those tracks in the sand are a sea turtle’s. ➣ track (v) Listening page 140 +
B2	house swapping +	exchanging houses for the holiday period ● House-swapping is a cheap way to have a holiday because you don’t have to pay for hotels. +
B2	house sitting +	living in and looking after sb’s house while they are away ● You can do some house sitting for your aunt while she is away and earn some money. +
B2	next to nothing +	almost nothing ● My mum knows next to nothing about computers. +
B2	property +	a building or building and/or land ● Property is very expensive, which is why many people rent flats instead of buying. +
B2	more often than not +	usually ● More often than not, Amy is late for school. +
B2	not … any time soon +	used in negative sentences to talk about the near future ● We aren’t going to visit them any time soon. +
B2	luxurious +	very comfortable and expensive ● The luxurious hotel had gold taps and silk sheets. ➣ luxury (n) +
B2	get in touch (with) +	contact ● While you are in Rome, get in touch with my cousin who lives there. +
B2	northern lights +	coloured light that you sometimes see in the night sky in the most northern countries of the world ● We’re going on a cruise around Norway and hope to see the northern lights. Speaking page 141 +
B2	versus +	used to compare the advantages of two different things, ideas, etc ● It was the job of my dreams versus a job with a better salary – I couldn’t decide. +
B2	city break +	a short holiday in a city ● We went on a city break to London. +
B2	camper van +	a large vehicle that you can stay and sleep in when travelling ● They drove around Europe in their camper van. +
B2	broaden your horizons +	learn or experience new things ● Travelling has broadened his horizons; he has learned more about other people and cultures. +
B2	ashore +	on or towards land from an area of water ● We swam ashore. +
B2	put up +	place sth like a tent somewhere ● It took them hours to put up their tent. +
B2	pitch (a tent) +	set up (a tent) somewhere ● Why don’t we pitch our tent over there? Grammar page 142 +
B2	immensely +	very much; extremely ● He’s an immensely talented young actor. ➣ immense (adj) +
B2	utterly +	completely ● That was an utterly stupid thing to do! ➣ utter (adj) +
B2	furious +	very angry ● David was furious when his son came home three hours late. ➣ fury (n) +
B2	pretty +	to some extent; more than a little ● His English is pretty good. +
B2	slightly +	a little ● He’s slightly taller than his brother. ➣ slight (adj) +
B2	reasonably +	in a satisfactory way ● I did reasonably well in my exam. ➣ reasonable (adj) +
B2	virtually +	almost ● It’s virtually impossible to find a taxi in the city centre during rush hour. +
B2	shutter +	one of a pair of covers on the outside of a window that can be opened and closed ● Please close the shutters before you go to bed. +
B2	rusty +	covered in the brownish-red substance that forms when iron gets wet ● The metal gate was rusty with age. ➣ rust (v, n) +
B2	ridiculous +	very silly ● You look ridiculous in that flowery swimming cap. ➣ ridicule (v) Use your English page 143 +
B2	book into +	arrive at a hotel and say who you are, etc ● I have booked into this hotel for one night. ➣ booking (n) +
B2	check in +	arrive at a hotel and say who you are etc ● You cannot check in at the hotel before two. ➣ check-in (n) ✎ Opp: check out +
B2	check out +	leave a hotel ● We checked out of the hotel and left for the airport. ✎ Opp: check in +
B2	make for +	go towards ● As soon as the kids got to the beach, they made for the sea. +
B2	see sb off +	go to the place where sb is leaving to say goodbye ● We saw John off at the airport. +
B2	register +	put your name on an official list ● I’ve just registered for the computer course. +
B2	a wealth of +	a large amount of sth ● There was a wealth of information at the travel agent’s on good places to visit. Writing: a story (2) pages 144–145 +
B2	roll +	move like a ball ● Tears rolled down the child’s cheeks. +
B2	directions +	instructions about how to get to a place ● The receptionist gave us directions to the bay. ➣ direct (v) +
B2	foolish +	silly ● She felt foolish when she arrived in Greece in winter without a coat. ➣ fool (n) +
B2	pocket +	the part of a piece of clothing you can put things in ● He always keeps his car keys in his pocket. +
B2	over the moon +	very happy ● We were over the moon when we heard the good news. +
B2	on top of the world +	extremely happy ● I feel on top of the world because it’s my wedding day. 64 65 Video: Gliding Across the Gobi page 146 +
B2	glide +	fly without using an engine ● The birds often glide over the houses near the sea. ➣ glider (v) +
B2	sand dune +	a hill of sand in a desert or by the sea ● The camels had no problem walking on the sand dunes. +
B2	paraglide +	jump from a mountain side and float in the air with a special type of parachute ● He paraglided over the countryside and admired the view. ➣ paraglider (v) +
B2	arid +	very dry because it has very little rain ● It never rained in the hot arid desert. +
B2	attempt +	effort to do sth ● Her attempt to finish the marathon succeeded and she did it in four hours. ➣ attempt (v) +
B2	shade +	shelter from the direct light of the sun made by sth blocking it ● They stood in the shade under a tree. ➣ shade (v) Natural features bay cove gulf harbour lagoon ridge sand dune +
B2	speechless +	unable to speak because you are extremely surprised, upset, etc ● The news left me speechless. +
B2	too good to be true +	If sth is too good to be true, it is so good that you cannot believe it is real. ● A new car, a new house and the perfect job? It was too good to be true. +
B2	scared stiff +	very frightened ● She is scared stiff of flying, so she never travels by plane. +
B2	gripped with fear +	terrified ● They were gripped with fear all through the horror film. +
B2	panic-stricken +	in a great panic ● They were panic-stricken when they got lost in the mountains at night. +
B2	beat +	make a regular sound or movement ● The cat was alive – its heart was still beating. +
B2	my heart sinks +	feel hopeless ● His heart sank when he heard the flight had been cancelled. +
B2	white as a sheet +	white from fear ● She went as white as a sheet when she thought she had seen a ghost. +
B2	my hair stands on end +	If sth makes your hair stand on end, it makes you feel extremely frightened. ● It’s a great horror film that will make your hair stand on end. Reading page 148 +
B2	sea urchin +	a sea animal shaped like a ball with spikes ● She stepped on a sea urchin and it was really painful. +
B2	oyster +	a type of shellfish ● He ate the oyster raw with a little lemon. +
B2	bean +	a small, thin green vegetable with seeds in it that you can eat ● Do you like traditional Greek bean soup? +
B2	seaweed +	plants which grows in the sea ● There was a lot of seaweed on the shore after the storm. +
B2	scorpion +	an animal like an insect with sting in its tail ● He lifted a stone and there was a scorpion under it. +
B2	snail +	a small soft animal that moves slowly and has a hard shell on its back ● After the rain there were lots of snails in the garden. Word Focus page 148 +
B2	delicacy +	delicious food that is expensive or rare ● Smoked salmon is one of her favourite delicacies. ➣ delicate (adj) +
B2	termite +	a small insect like an ant ● Termites have destroyed the wooden doors in his house. +
B2	termite mound +	a nest built by termites (= small insects that eat wood and live in organised groups) ● There were huge termite mounds all over the area. +
B2	squirm +	move with a wriggling motion ● The child squirmed in his chair because he wanted to go to the toilet. +
B2	wriggle +	twist and turn ● Sit still and stop wriggling! +
B2	motion +	the act or process of moving ● He jumped off the train while it was still in motion. +
B2	abundant +	existing in large numbers or amounts ● Water is abundant in this region. ➣ abundance (n) ✎ Opp: scarce +
B2	pulp +	soft material containing a lot of water ● Mash the strawberries to a pulp and eat them with honey and yoghurt. +
B2	tingle +	create a slightly painful sensation ● My leg fell asleep and now it’s tingling. ➣ tingling (n) Reading pages 148–149 +
B2	for the sake of +	If you do sth for the sake of sb or sth, you do it in order to help, please or improve them. ● He left his job for the sake of his health. +
B2	stick to +	continue doing sth even though it may be difficult ● Let’s stick to our original plan. +
B2	balanced diet +	a diet that is healthy because it contains the right foods in the right amounts ● Athletes need to eat a balanced diet. +
B2	opt (for) +	choose ● She opted for a chicken burger as she isn’t keen on red meat. ➣ option (n) +
B2	low-fat +	containing only a little fat ● This low-fat yoghurt is tasteless! +
B2	intake +	the amount of food or drink you consume ● The doctor said his intake of salt was too high. +
B2	conservative +	not very open to anything new ● Grandpa is a bit conservative, so he never wants to try foreign food. +
B2	bug +	an insect ● The birds were eating little bugs in the grass. +
B2	pop +	put sth somewhere quickly ● Pop this pill in your mouth and swallow it. +
B2	crawl +	move slowly ● The ant crawled up the leaf. +
B2	swallow +	when sth goes from your mouth to your stomach ● The little boy swallowed a toy and his parents had to take him to the doctor. +
B2	crunchy +	Crunchy food is firm and makes a noise when you bite it. ● These nuts are nice and crunchy. +
B2	grasshopper +	an insect with long back legs for jumping ● The bird ate the grasshopper. +
B2	deep-fried +	cooked in lots of hot oil ● Deep-fried fish and chips is a traditional British takeaway. ➣ deep-fry (v) 12 Fit for Life 66 67 +
B2	cockroach +	an insect that many people find disgusting ● Mum screamed because there was a cockroach in the kitchen. +
B2	creepy-crawly +	an insect ● Little George puts creepy-crawlies in his sister’s hair, which makes her scream. +
B2	tasty +	delicious ● This meal is very tasty. Can I have some more? ➣ taste (v, n) ✎ Opp: tasteless +
B2	magnesium +	a white, silvery coloured metal ● He takes vitamins and magnesium every day while training for the marathon. +
B2	iron +	a common hard metal ● If you are anaemic, take some iron. +
B2	skip +	not do sth that you usually do or should do ● She was hungry because she had skipped breakfast. +
B2	processed food +	food with substances added to it in order to preserve it or improve its colour ● Processed food has many preservatives so it isn’t good for you. +
B2	unknowingly +	not realising what you are doing ● The king unknowingly drank poison and died. +
B2	make your mouth water +	If food makes your mouth water, it smells or looks so good you want to eat it. ● Just looking at the food made my mouth water. +
B2	whiff +	a slight smell (often bad) ● He got a whiff of fried onions from next door. +
B2	put off +	make sb dislike or not want to do sth ● I didn’t try the food – the smell put me off. +
B2	spike +	sth long and thin with a sharp point ● There are spikes all over this fruit, so I can’t touch it. ➣ spiky (n) +
B2	sharp +	able to cut easily ● He cut himself on the sharp knife. ➣ sharpen (v) ✎ Opp: blunt +
B2	garlic +	a plant like a small onion with a strong smell ● I don’t eat tzatziki because I don’t like garlic. +
B2	fibre +	the part of food that your body cannot digest ● There is a lot of fibre in fruit and vegetables. +
B2	packed +	containing a lot of one thing ● Fresh fruit salad is packed with vitamins. +
B2	carbohydrate +	a substance that is found in foods like sugar, bread and potatoes and which provides your body with energy ● Bread and sugar are high in carbohydrates. +
B2	boost +	sth that helps sb or sth improve or increase ● Passing that test was such a boost to her confidence. ➣ boost (v) +
B2	bitter +	having a sharp strong taste ● This food is too bitter to eat. ➣ bitterness (n) +
B2	root +	the part of a plant which is under the ground ● Carrots and potatoes are my favourite root vegetables. +
B2	fall to +	If a job falls to sb, they are responsible for doing it. ● After every meal, it always falls to Mary to wash the dishes. +
B2	grate +	cut into very small pieces using a tool with a rough surface ● Please grate some cheese over my pasta. ➣ grater (n) +
B2	squeeze +	press sth firmly in order to get liquid out of it ● Squeeze the lemons and pour the juice into a glass. +
B2	strainer +	a kitchen tool with lots of small holes in it that is used for separating solids from liquids ● We need the strainer because the pasta is ready. ➣ strain (v) +
B2	paste +	a soft smooth food made by crushing sth ● Mix the flour and water into a paste and then add salt. +
B2	chubby +	slightly fat in a pleasant way ● She was a beautiful baby with brown hair and chubby cheeks. +
B2	porcupine +	an animal with spikes on its back ● The porcupine is well protected from predators with its long sharp spikes. +
B2	pinch +	a very small amount ● Add a pinch of salt and the soup is ready. +
B2	toxin +	a poison ● There are many toxins in the polluted river, so don’t go fishing there. ➣ toxic (adj) +
B2	fatal +	deadly ● He never looked after his health and at the age of 60 he died of a fatal heart attack. ➣ fatality +
B2	thrill +	an exciting experience ● People do bungeejumping for the thrill of the experience. ➣ thrill (v), thrilling (adj) +
B2	plentiful +	abundant ● Fruit is plentiful in the summer. +
B2	thorn +	a small sharp pointed part of a plant ● Careful! Those roses have thorns. +
B2	husk +	the dry outer part of some seeds and nuts ● Remove the husk and put the corn on a plate. +
B2	odour +	a smell, especially an unpleasant one ● How can I remove the odour of cooking from my curtains? +
B2	overpowering +	very strong or powerful ● There’s an overpowering smell of fish in the kitchen. ➣ overpower (v) Describing food bitter crunchy deep-fried low-fat tasty Insects bug cockroach creepy-crawly grasshopper termite Vocabulary page 150 +
B2	mineral +	a natural substance found in food which your body needs to stay healthy ● Calcium is a mineral found naturally in milk. +
B2	digest +	change food in your stomach into substances that your body can use ● Some people can’t digest dairy products easily. ➣ digestion (n), digestive (adj) +
B2	calcium +	a mineral that is necessary for strong bones ● Children need calcium for their bones to grow well. +
B2	cure +	sth that makes you well ● Grandma always said a cup of tea is a cure for any problem. ➣ cure (v) +
B2	workout +	an exercise routine ● He does a workout every evening at the gym. +
B2	obese +	very fat ● He weighed 120 kilos and was warned by his doctor that he was obese. ➣ obesity (n) +
B2	session +	a period of time spent doing a particular activity ● The athlete broke his leg in a training session. +
B2	immune +	If you are immune to a disease, you cannot catch it. ● I had chickenpox when I was a child, so I am immune to it. ➣ immunity (n) +
B2	operate +	cut into sb’s body to repair or remove a part that is damaged ● The surgeon must operate on you to remove your appendix. ➣ operation (n) +
B2	sick of +	fed up with ● I’m sick of this wet weather. I wish it were sunny. +
B2	diabetes +	a condition when sb has too much sugar in their blood ● He has diabetes, so he cannot eat sweets. ➣ diabetic (n) +
B2	break out (in sth) +	If you break out in a rash, spots, etc, they suddenly appear on your skin. ● I break out in spots if I eat chocolate. +
B2	surgeon +	a doctor who performs operations ● The surgeon operated on my knee. ➣ surgery (n), surgical (adj) +
B2	chickenpox +	an infectious illness which causes spots on your skin and a fever ● The child caught chickenpox at nursery school. +
B2	braces +	metal wires that people wear on their teeth to make them grow straight ● Charlie got braces because his front teeth stick out. +
B2	contact lenses +	a small round piece of plastic that you put on your eye to help you see clearly ● The actor had to wear blue contact lenses for the role. +
B2	first-aid kit +	a box with things you need in case sb is hurt ● There is a first-aid kit in the bathroom with some painkillers in it. +
B2	hot water bottle +	a rubber container full of hot water, used to make a bed warm ● It was a very cold night so I put a hot water bottle in my bed to keep me warm. +
B2	stethoscope +	an instrument used for listening to sb’s chest ● The doctor listened to my heart with a stethoscope. Grammar page 151 +
B2	sneeze +	If you sneeze, air suddenly comes from your nose, making a noise. ● Pepper can make you sneeze. ➣ sneeze (n) Listening page 152 +
B2	apply +	put sth such as paint or cream on a surface ● Apply the cream to your face. +
B2	commentator +	sb who describes an event while it is happening on television or radio ● Why do sports commentators always shout? +
B2	pork +	meat from a pig ● Do you eat pork? 68 69 Speaking page 153 +
B2	be obsessed (with) +	think or worry about sth all the time so that you cannot think about anything else ● He’s so obsessed with money! ➣ obsession (n) Grammar page 154 +
B2	shift +	a period of time during the day or night when sb works ● Are you on the night shift this week? +
B2	under no circumstances +	not for any reason ● Under no circumstances should you open that door. +
B2	miracle +	sth that happens or works in a way that you did not expect was possible ● There is no miracle cure for cancer. +
B2	anti-wrinkle cream +	a cream that promises to stop or reduce the signs of ageing on sb’s skin ● Do anti-wrinkle creams really work? +
B2	wound +	an injury made by a knife or bullet ● The soldier’s wound prevented me from walking. ➣ wound (v), wounded (adj) +
B2	gauze +	thin cotton with very small holes in it that is used for tying around a wound ● The nurse placed gauze over the cut to keep it clean. +
B2	infected +	full of bacteria (= small living things that can cause disease) ● The cut on her finger had become infected. ➣ infect (v), infection (n) +
B2	low-calorie +	Low-calorie food has few calories (units for measuring the amount of energy that food will produce) ● Eat low-calorie food to lose weight. +
B2	elegant +	attractive and designed well ● She was wearing an elegant blue dress. ➣ elegance (n) +
B2	crisp +	pleasantly hard when you bite it ● He bit into the crisp biscuit. +
B2	powdered +	● I don’t like powdered milk in my coffee. ➣ powder (n, v) +
B2	ingredient +	one of the foods that you use to make a particular food ● The main ingredient in bread is flour. +
B2	oven +	a piece of equipment shaped like a box with a door on the front in which food is cooked ● She took the cake out of the oven. Use your English page 155 +
B2	come round +	become conscious again ● She fainted and it took a few minutes for her to come round. +
B2	come down with +	get an illness ● He’s not going to work as he’s come down with a cold. +
B2	fight off +	try hard to get rid of sth like an illness ● Regular exercise improves your immune system, which helps you fight off infections. +
B2	get over +	get better from an illness ● It took me ten days to get over that terrible flu. +
B2	pass out +	faint; lose consciousness ● It was so hot and airless in the room that I passed out. +
B2	resist +	not be harmed by sth ● If you drink this hot soup, it will help you resist a bad cold. ➣ resistance (n) +
B2	faint +	lose consciousness ● Mum fainted when she heard the bad news. +
B2	recover +	get better after an illness ● He recovered from his cold and went back to work. ➣ recovery (n) +
B2	flu +	a common illness like a very bad cold, which you can get from other people ● Mike is still in bed with the flu. +
B2	sufficient +	enough ● Is there a sufficient amount of milk in the fridge for the weekend? ➣ sufficiently (adv) +
B2	supply +	an amount of sth that is available for use ● Always take a large supply of food with you when you go camping. ➣ supply (v) +
B2	nutrient +	a chemical or food that plants and animals need to live and grow ● There are nutrients in the ground which help plants grow. +
B2	intake +	the amount of sth that you eat or drink ● You need to reduce your daily sugar intake. +
B2	recovery +	when you are well again after an illness ● The doctor says she will make a full recovery. ➣ recover (v) +
B2	appetite +	a desire for food ● He has an enormous appetite and eats enough for three people. ➣ appetising (adj) +
B2	temperature +	how hot or cold sb is ● Mum took my temperature with a thermometer. +
B2	overpriced +	more expensive than sth is worth ● The clothes in this shop are overpriced. +
B2	fully-booked +	A fully-booked flight, performance, etc has no more seats available. ● We couldn’t reserve a table at the restaurant as it was fully-booked. Video: Living in the Slow Lane page 158 +
B2	slow lane +	a calm and relaxed lifestyle ● He lives life in the slow lane and never rushes about. +
B2	movement +	a group of people with the same ideas or beliefs ● The LAA movement are trying to stop animal testing. +
B2	brand +	a product made by a particular company that has a particular name or design ● My favourite brand of chocolate is Ion. +
B2	die out +	when a species or a tradition disappears ● It’s sad, but many traditions are dying out. +
B2	preserve +	protect ● The old way of life in this village is being preserved by the locals. ➣ preservation (n) +
B2	step in +	become involved in sth ● They were going to knock down the building, but the mayor stepped in and saved it. +
B2	promote +	help sell sth by advertising it ● They are promoting organic food products at the market. ➣ promotion (n) Phrasal verbs break out in sth chill out come down with come round die out fight off get over pass out put off step in stick to +
B2	prescription +	a piece of paper where a doctor writes what medicine a sick person should get from a pharmacist ● The doctor gave her a prescription for painkillers. ➣ prescribe (v) +
B2	in bad shape +	unfit ● Dave is in bad shape. He should start working out. +
B2	under the weather +	ill; not feeling very well ● I’m feeling under the weather, so I think I’ll stay in bed. +
B2	up and about +	recovered ● He was ill in bed last week, but now he’s up and about again. Writing: a review pages 156–157 +
B2	all in all +	considering everything ● All in all, it was a good year. +
B2	chill out +	relax ● They chill out in front of the TV in the evening. +
B2	reasonable +	fair and sensible ● The prices at this shop are reasonable, so I’m sure you can afford to buy that shirt. +
B2	convenient +	easy to get to; near a place ● Our new flat is very convenient for our school. ➣ convenience (n) ✎ Opp: inconvenient +
B2	brand new +	completely new ● This is my brand new car! +
B2	spotless +	very clean ● The house was spotless after she had finished the housework. +
B2	state of the art +	very modern ● The equipment at this gym is state of the art. +
B2	membership +	the state of being a member of a group or a club, etc ● At our gym, you get a free T-shirt and a bag when you pay for your membership. +
B2	bland +	not having a strong or interesting taste ● The restaurant was nice, but the food was bland. +

C1 Sentences	Key	Eng
C1	scale the heights +	be very successful ● The athlete scaled the heights when he won gold in all his races. +
C1	achievement +	sth sb succeeds in doing ● Getting into university was a great achievement. ➣ achieve (v) +
C1	overcome +	manage to deal with a problem or a feeling ● He overcame his fear of flying and went by plane to London. +
C1	obstacle +	sth in your way ● Her main obstacle when she moved to Munich was not knowing any German. +
C1	bivouac +	camp in a temporary shelter which is like a small tent ● When the storm began, we bivouacked in the cave entrance. Word Focus page 6 +
C1	bare-bones +	having only the simplest and most important parts ● He lived on a bare-bones budget while he was a student. +
C1	tandem +	built for two people ● Two people can ride this tandem vehicle. +
C1	staggering +	unbelievable; amazing ● The banker earns a staggering two million dollars per year. +
C1	top-notch +	excellent; of the highest quality ● Major football teams rely on top-notch sponsors to finance them. +
C1	acclaim +	public praise ● The film received worldwide acclaim and won many awards. ➣ acclaim (v) Reading pages 6-7 +
C1	secure a deal +	arrange an agreement ● The businessman secured a deal with an advertising agency. +
C1	exclusive +	not shared ● This exclusive arrangement means that only your company name will be on the team’s shirts. ➣ exclusivity (n) +
C1	expedition +	a journey to explore a place ● The expedition to the North Pole was a dangerous journey. ➣ expeditionary (adj) +
C1	inspire +	make sb want to do sth ● Watching the Olympics inspired Martin to become an athlete. ➣ inspiration (n), inspirational (adj) +
C1	pursue one’s dreams +	follow one’s ambitions ● Bob is pursuing his dreams to become an actor by going to drama school. +
C1	runner-up +	sb who finishes second in a race or competition ● The runner-up was disappointed not to win. +
C1	ultimate +	most extreme ● Climbing Mount Everest is the ultimate challenge for a mountaineer. ➣ ultimately (adv) +
C1	descent +	action of going down ● The descent from the summit to the foot of the mountain took three hours. ➣ descend (v) ✎ Opp: ascent +
C1	remarkable +	impressive ● The remarkable performance by the team got them into the final. ➣ remark (v) +
C1	corporate sponsor +	a business that pays for a show, sports event, etc. in exchange for the right to advertise at that event ● The corporate sponsor for the team is Telecom. +
C1	essentials +	necessary things ● Two essentials for a good report are clarity and organisation. ➣ essential (adj) +
C1	vision +	an idea of what sb thinks sth should be like ● The architect's vision was to create an energysaving building. ➣ visionary (n, adj) +
C1	quest +	search ● The explorers went on a quest for the mythical city of El Dorado. +
C1	summit +	highest point of a mountain ● They climbed up to the summit of the mountain. +
C1	launch +	throw into the air ● The boy ran fast to launch his kite into the air. ➣ launch (n) +
C1	highlight +	best moment ● The highlight of the year was our school trip to the Natural History Museum. ➣ highlight (v) +
C1	gender +	being male or female ● She faced gender prejudice in the male-dominated board room. +
C1	barrier +	sth that prevents you from doing sth ● The language barrier between Carlos and Sandra led to many misunderstandings. +
C1	go on (to do) +	continue or move to the next thing ● After finishing school, she went on to study at university. +
C1	crush +	beat completely ● PAOK crushed Olympiakos 5–0. ➣ crushing (adj) +
C1	snatch +	grab ● Greece snatched the victory when they scored a goal in extra time. +
C1	pocket +	take possession of ● He won the final of the darts competition and pocketed a thousand pounds. ➣ pocket (n) +
C1	home turf +	the place sb comes from or lives in ● Panathinaikos won on their home turf at OAKA, but they must play CSKA in Moscow next week. +
C1	ground-breaking +	important and new ● The ground-breaking research could mean a cure for cancer. +
C1	industrial +	related to factories ● The factory is in an industrial area near the port. ➣ industry (n), industrialist (n) +
C1	instant +	immediate ● David Bowie’s new song was an instant hit, reaching the top ten overnight. ➣ instantly (adv) +
C1	mind-blowing +	very impressive ● His mind-blowing 100-metre sprint was a new world record. +
C1	stunt +	a dangerous action done to entertain people ● He did a stunt where he jumped over ten cars on a motorbike. +
C1	leap +	jump ● She ran and leapt over the wall. ➣ leap (n) +
C1	beam +	a long piece of wood or metal used in building ● There are large beams across the ceiling that hold up the roof. +
C1	suspend +	hang ● The light is suspended in the centre of the room by a wire. ➣ suspension (n) +
C1	patroller +	a guard; a police officer ● The night patroller stopped a man who looked drunk. ➣ patrol (v, n) +
C1	fearlessness +	lack of fear ● She showed total fearlessness when she calmly landed the damaged plane. +
C1	enable +	make it possible for sb to do sth ● Good marks enabled him to get into university. +
C1	hail +	acknowledge, claim to be ● Bolt is hailed as the fastest man on Earth, having won many gold medals. +
C1	execute +	perform ● The tennis player executed the service perfectly. ➣ execution (n) +
C1	tumble +	fall with a rolling movement ● Doug fell over and tumbled down the grassy hill. ➣ tumble (n) +
C1	vertical +	straight up ● They looked up the vertical cliff and wondered how to climb it. ➣ vertical (n), vertically (adv) +
C1	face +	a side of a mountain ● The rocky face of the mountain was difficult to climb. +
C1	gaping +	big and wide ● There was a gaping hole in the road where the workman had dug it up. ➣ gape (v) +
C1	crevasse +	a deep crack in ice, especially in glaciers ● The man broke his leg when he fell into a crevasse in the glacier. +
C1	spontaneous +	not planned; decided at that moment ● Many of the comedian’s jokes were spontaneous in reaction to the audience. ➣ spontaneity (n) +
C1	upbringing +	the way your parents look after you and teach you to behave when you are growing up ● His upbringing in the UK and Dubai made him open to other cultures. ➣ bring up (phr v) On the road to success acclaim ground-breaking hail inspire overcome quest Vocabulary pages 8-9 +
C1	discriminate +	treat a person or group differently from another in an unfair way ● Racial discrimination is a terrible thing. ➣ discrimination (n) +
C1	distinguish +	notice or understand the difference between two things; make one person or thing seem different from another ● What distinguishes me from my twin is that I am taller. ➣ distinction (n) +
C1	baby boomer +	sb born during a period when more babies are born than usual ● The baby boomers of the 1960s were a lucky generation. ➣ baby boom (n) +
C1	bring about +	make sth happen ● What brought about the change in his attitude? ✎ Syn: cause +
C1	evolution +	gradual development ● The evolution of the computer has been rapid. ➣ evolve (v), evolutionary (adj) +
C1	revolution +	a complete change in ways of doing things ● The technological revolution has completely changed the world of communications. ➣ revolutionise (v), revolutionary (adj) +
C1	entrepreneur +	sb who starts a business ● The entrepreneur started a successful online store. +
C1	founder +	sb who establishes a business, organisation, school, etc. ● Steve Jobs was one of the founders of Apple. ➣ found (v) +
C1	realise one’s ambitions +	succeed in doing what you want to do ● She realised her ambitions when she became a doctor. +
C1	accrue +	increase over a period of time ● The Hollywood star accrued a fortune over the years. +
C1	industrious +	hard-working ● The industrious employee produced three reports in one week. +
C1	accomplish +	succeed in doing sth ● He accomplished his career goals by the age of fifty. ➣ accomplishment (n) +
C1	insist +	say firmly ● She insisted on turning off the TV even though I wanted to watch the film. ➣ insistence (n), insistent (adj) +
C1	persist +	continue doing sth even though it is difficult ● He persisted in arriving late for work so he was asked to leave. ➣ persistence (n), persistent (adj) +
C1	resolve +	solve or end a problem or difficulty ● They resolved their differences and now get on marvellously. ➣ resolution (n) +
C1	troubleshooter +	sb who is employed to come into an organisation to deal with a problem ● They want to employ a troubleshooter to make the company more efficient. ➣ troubleshooting (n), troubleshoot (v) +
C1	admit defeat +	accept that you have failed and give up ● The athlete had to admit defeat when he finished fourth. +
C1	bold +	not afraid ● The bold student made a speech at the demonstration. ➣ boldness (n) +
C1	gutsy +	brave and determined ● The gutsy boy did a stunt on his skateboard. ➣ guts (pl n) +
C1	mediocre +	not very good ● The mediocre film received neither good nor bad reviews. ➣ mediocrity (n) +
C1	honourable +	honest and fair; deserving praise and respect ● If you lose, it would be honourable to congratulate the winner. ➣ honour (v, n) +
C1	noble +	moral in an honest, brave and unselfish way ● It was noble of him to forgive his enemies. ➣ nobility (n) +
C1	vain +	too proud of oneself ● Rob is so vain that he is always telling us how clever he is. ➣ vanity (n) +
C1	virtuous +	good and honest ● The virtuous woman never cheated or told a lie. ➣ virtue (n) +
C1	merciless +	having or showing no mercy ● The merciless school bully took everyone’s lunch money. ➣ mercy (n) +
C1	pitiless +	cruel and having no pity ● His pitiless cruelty made her cry. ➣ pity (v, n) +
C1	ruthless +	without pity, feeling or guilt ● The ruthless businessman sacked ten employees to save money. ➣ ruthlessness (n) +
C1	selfless +	caring about other people more than about yourself ● It takes a selfless person to volunteer to help sick children. ➣ self (n), selflessness (n) ✎ Opp: selfish +
C1	crafty +	clever and dishonest ● That crafty man cheated me out of twenty pounds. ➣ craftiness (n) +
C1	cunning +	clever at planning to get what you want, especially by tricking other people ● It was cunning of you to get me to do your homework. ➣ cunning (n) +
C1	sly +	deceiving people in a clever way to get what you want ● Don’t trust her; she’s very sly. +
C1	touchy +	too sensitive; easily upset ● Katy is very touchy, so she’ll get cross if you ask her age. ➣ touch (v) 3 +
C1	sentimental +	easily affected by emotions such as love in a way that seems silly to others ● Being sentimental, she cries whenever she sees a romantic film. ➣ sentiment (n) +
C1	upbeat +	hopeful and happy ● The dance music created an upbeat mood at the party. +
C1	fair +	right and just; not taking sides ● To be fair, you deserved to get punished because you cheated. ➣ fairness (n) ✎ Opp: unfair +
C1	impartial +	not taking sides ● The football commentator wasn’t impartial and clearly supported Panionios. ➣ impartiality (n) ✎ Opp: partial +
C1	objective +	based on facts; not influenced by personal feelings ● It is hard to be objective when judging your own family. ➣ objectivity (n) ✎ Opp: subjective +
C1	timid +	shy and afraid ● The timid child was too shy to say hello. ➣ timidity (n) +
C1	cautious +	avoiding risk ● He was very cautious as he drove slowly along the icy road. ➣ caution (n) +
C1	impetuous +	acting suddenly and without thinking ● The impetuous player kicked the ball without aiming and missed the goal. +
C1	rash +	careless or unwise; not thinking what the result of one's actions may be ● It was rash to swim where you know there are sharks. ➣ rashness (n) +
C1	reckless +	doing sth dangerous and not worrying about the risks and the possible results ● The reckless driver caused a serious accident. ➣ recklessness (n) +
C1	candid +	open, honest ● His candid manner made everyone trust him. ➣ candour (n) +
C1	headstrong +	determined to do what you want without listening to others ● She is a headstrong child who rarely listens to good advice. +
C1	obstinate +	determined to act in a particular way despite what anyone else says ● I can’t understand your obstinate refusal to go to university. ➣ obstinacy (n) +
C1	stubborn +	determined not to change your opinion, ideas, plans, etc. ● Jack is far too stubborn to change his mind. ➣ stubbornness (n) +
C1	adaptable +	able to change in order to be successful in new situations ● She’ll settle down quickly in her new home as she’s adaptable. ➣ adapt (v), adaptation (n) +
C1	considerate +	kind; thinking of others ● It was very considerate of you to help me move house. ➣ consider (v), consideration (n) +
C1	modest +	not talking too much about yourself or being too proud of yourself ● The actor was being modest when he said he didn’t deserve so much praise. ➣ modesty (n) ✎ Opp: immodest +
C1	triumphant +	successful ● He felt triumphant when he won the gold medal. ➣ triumph (n) +
C1	apprehensive +	worried or nervous about the future ● He felt apprehensive about spending a lot of money on a car. ➣ apprehension (n) +
C1	conceited +	too proud of oneself ● You are conceited if you think you are the only person who matters. ➣ conceit (n) +
C1	ignorant +	not knowing things that you should know ● Only an ignorant person wouldn’t know where the Parthenon is. ➣ ignorance (n) +
C1	inflexible +	unwilling to change ● The manager is inflexible in his opinion of candidates without university degrees; he refuses to employ them. ➣ inflexibilty (n) ✎ Opp: flexible +
C1	blow sb away +	impress sb ● The amazing painting blew me away. +
C1	break through +	manage to get past sth that is in your way ● The demonstrators broke through the police barriers. ➣ breakthrough (n) +
C1	come up against +	face a problem ● The builders came up against a problem when they found water underground. +
C1	pull sth off +	succeed in doing sth ● We didn’t think we would get to the summit, but we pulled it off! +
C1	fall through +	not happen ● The plans for the trip fell through because nobody could come. +
C1	get ahead +	make progress ● He got ahead in his career and became department manager. +
C1	hang on +	wait ● Don't leave. Hang on a minute and I'll come with you. 4 +
C1	knuckle down +	start working or studying hard ● We have to knuckle down and study for our exams. +
C1	go for it +	decide to do sth ● If you want to be in the team, just go for it and sign up. +
C1	work around the clock +	work day and night ● They had to work around the clock to prepare the car for the race. +
C1	by a mile +	by far ● That was the funniest film I’ve ever seen by a mile. +
C1	be under fire +	bi ˈʌndə faɪə/ +
C1	go without a hitch +	happen without any problems ● There was no violence between fans and the game went without a hitch. +
C1	get there +	succeed; arrive ● He got there in the end, passing his driving test on the third attempt. +
C1	persevere +	keep trying ● You should persevere and finish the course you are on even if you find it hard. ➣ perseverance (n) +
C1	do the trick +	solve a problem; provide what is needed ● Changing the battery did the trick and now this gadget works again. +
C1	go all out +	try one’s hardest ● The team went all out and won the league cup. +
C1	do one's best +	try as hard as you can ● We did our best in the exams and hopefully we have all passed. +
C1	get the green light +	be told you are allowed to do sth ● When you get the green light from the boss, you can apply for a rise. +
C1	go places +	likely to become famous or successful ● That young actor is going places and will be famous one day. +
C1	wise up +	realise the truth about a situation ● You should wise up and see that he is cheating you. +
C1	a no-brainer +	sth very easy to do or understand ● The first question on the test was so easy, it was a no-brainer. +
C1	dumb down +	make sth easier to understand ● Let me dumb down these instructions for the average consumer. +
C1	streetwise +	able to deal with life and dangers in big cities ● Streetwise kids manage to avoid getting into danger in the street. +
C1	box clever +	behave in a careful and cunning way to get what you want ● He had to box clever when the police questioned him otherwise they would have found out the truth. +
C1	bright spark +	sb who says or does sth that they think is clever but is stupid ● Who’s the bright spark who didn’t lock the door before leaving the building? Sport corporate sponsor crush home turf runner-up snatch Grammar pages 10-11 +
C1	dominance +	being more important or powerful than sb/sth else ● What is the reason for the dominance of Germany in Europe? ➣ dominant (adj) +
C1	worthy cause +	an organisation or aim that deserves support ● The children’s hospital is a worthy cause that many people donate to. +
C1	preoccupied +	thinking about sth else ● He looked preoccupied, so I asked what the matter was. ➣ preoccupy (v), preoccupation (n) +
C1	disturb +	interrupt; bother ● Please don’t disturb me while I’m talking on Skype. ➣ disturbance (n) +
C1	property +	a quality or power that sth has ● One of the most important properties of copper is that it is a good conductor of electricity and heat. +
C1	obedience +	doing what you are told ● Obedience training for dogs is essential so they listen to your instructions. ➣ obey (v), obedient (adj) ✎ Opp: disobedience +
C1	breed +	keep animals in order for them to produce babies with particular qualities ● These horses have been bred to race. ➣ breed (n) +
C1	jaw +	the bones of the face that contain the teeth ● A crocodile has very powerful jaws. 5 Listening page 12 +
C1	be up to scratch +	be satisfactory ● Your work is not up to scratch so please try harder. +
C1	appealing +	attractive ● We chose a restaurant where the dishes sounded appealing. ➣ appeal (v, n) +
C1	cheer sb on +	encourage sb with shouts ● The crowd cheered the player on as he approached the goal. Speaking page 13 +
C1	depict +	describe sb/sth ● The writer depicts life in an English village 100 years ago. ➣ depiction (n) +
C1	aspect +	the way in which a person, place or situation can be considered ● Let’s consider the problem from a different aspect. +
C1	come over +	make a particular impression ● She’s a quiet person and comes over as shy. ✎ Syn: come across Phrasal verbs blow sb away break through bring about cheer sb on come over come up against dumb down fall through get ahead hang on knuckle down pull off wise up Writing: a reference pages 14-15 +
C1	entail +	involve ● My job entails a lot of travel. +
C1	clerical staff +	office employees ● The clerical staff were provided with new computers. +
C1	correspondence +	letters ● I receive little correspondence by post as most of my friends use email. ➣ correspond (v) +
C1	trait +	a quality, good or bad, in sb’s character ● His best personality trait is his kindness. +
C1	courteous +	polite ● The courteous waiter greeted us politely. ➣ courtesy (n) ✎ Opp: discourteous +
C1	under-privileged +	with fewer advantages than others ● Underprivileged children often lack opportunities to study. +
C1	tremendous +	great ● This new financial support is tremendous news for the company. +
C1	asset +	sb/sth that is useful because they help you succeed ● The financial expert was an asset to the company as she saved it from closing down. +
C1	without reservation +	with no doubt ● The manager happily recommended Francis’ promotion without reservation. +
C1	appoint +	employ ● The boss appointed a new assistant when Mrs Jones retired. +
C1	personable +	attractive because you have a pleasant appearance and personality ● Everyone liked the personable young head teacher. +
C1	attribute +	quality; feature ● Good interpersonal skills are important attributes of a film director. ➣ attribute (v) +
C1	accomplished +	very good at sth; skilful ● Margaret is an accomplished pianist. ➣ accomplish (v), accomplishment (n) +
C1	flair +	talent; a natural ability to do sth well ● He has a flair for languages and can speak French, Italian and Spanish. Common adjective endings -ive apprehensive exclusive objective -y crafty gutsy touchy -less merciless pitiless reckless ruthless selfless -able adaptable honourable personable remarkable -al impartial industrial vertical -ous cautious courteous impetuous industrious spontaneous tremendous virtuous 6 Video 1: Extreme skydivin +
C1	terminal velocity +	fastest speed ● We measured the speed of the falling object when it reached terminal velocity. +
C1	falcon +	a small hunting bird ● The falcon dived down from the sky and caught a mouse. +
C1	shuttlecock +	a small object you hit in the game of badminton ● The badminton player hit the shuttlecock with his racket. +
C1	bird of prey +	a bird that hunts animals ● Eagles are birds of prey that eat animals like rabbits. +
C1	parachute +	a large piece of cloth which allows you to float to the ground from a plane ● The skydiver’s parachute opened and he dropped slowly to the ground. ➣ parachute (v), parachutist (n) +
C1	challenger +	sb who competes for another person’s title ● The challengers for the cup are Liverpool against the cup holder Manchester United. ➣ challenge (v, n) +
C1	exceed +	go beyond ● He exceeded the speed limit and had to pay a fine. ➣ excess (n) +
C1	harness +	straps that fasten equipment to your body ● The instructor fastened the harness and checked that the parachute was correctly worn. ➣ harness (v) +
C1	inflate +	fill sth with air so it becomes bigger ● The mechanic inflated the tyres on my car as they were a bit flat. ➣ inflation (n), inflatable (adj) +
C1	lure +	attract ● I put a piece of cheese on the trap to lure the mouse. +
C1	resistance +	force that stops sth from moving or makes it move more slowly ● The air resistance on the skydiver prevented her from falling faster. ➣ resist (v) +
C1	acceleration +	increase in speed ● The acceleration when the plane took off was impressive. ➣ accelerate (v) +
C1	approach +	the way you deal with sth ● Her approach with naughty children in the classroom is to find them something interesting to do. ➣ approach (v) +
C1	wobble +	move from side to side because you are not steady ● The gymnast lost points when she wobbled on the bar. ➣ wobble (n) +
C1	comment +	give your opinion about sth ● I commented that her blog was worth visiting. ➣ comment, commentary, commentator (n) +
C1	share +	use or look at sth with sb else ● I shared my photos with my friends by posting them on my Facebook page. Word Focus page 18 +
C1	learned +	having a lot of knowledge because you have studied a lot ●The learned professor knew all the ancient texts. ➣ learn (v) +
C1	gruelling +	exhausting and extremely difficult ● The ten-kilometre run across the countryside in the rain was gruelling. +
C1	treacherous +	extremely dangerous ● The climb to the summit in the snowstorm was treacherous. +
C1	sever +	cut ● He severed the rope with a sharp knife. +
C1	scroll +	move parts of a text on a computer screen up and down ● It was a long email so I had to scroll down to read all of it. ➣ scroll (n) Reading pages 18-19 +
C1	addictive +	so enjoyable you do not want to stop ● Video games can be very addictive and some people play them for hours. ➣ addict (n), addiction (n) +
C1	irritating +	annoying ● His bad guitar playing is really irritating. ➣ irritate (v), irritation (n) +
C1	literary +	to do with literature ● He is a literary man and has many books in his library. ➣ literature (n) +
C1	criticism +	disapproval; judgement ● The film received a lot of negative criticism in the newspapers despite being popular with audiences. ➣ criticise (v), critic (n), critical (adj) +
C1	confine (to) +	restrict (to) ● Reviews of his books are confined to serious literary journals. They are not published in daily newspapers. +
C1	air one’s views +	say one’s opinion ● The journalist often airs his views on politics on morning radio. +
C1	void +	a gap; an empty space ● He looked over the rock face down to the dark void below. +
C1	come in for +	receive ● His views on education came in for criticism from parents. +
C1	follower +	sb who has an interest in sth ● He has hundreds of followers who read his tweets. ➣ follow (v) +
C1	set out +	start doing sth in order to achieve a particular result ● I set out to write a short story but it ended up being a novel. +
C1	reaction +	how you feel or what you do because of sth that has happened ● My reaction to the good news was relief. ➣ react (v) +
C1	provoke +	make sb angry ● The rise in taxes provoked a lot of anger. ➣ provocation (n), provocative (adj) +
C1	crawl +	move on your hands and knees ● The injured man crawled on his hands and knees to safety. ➣ crawl (n) +
C1	second to none +	excellent; the best ● Lionel Messi’s dribbling is second to none. +
C1	ordeal +	a very difficult and unpleasant experience ● Breaking his leg was an ordeal for Grandpa. +
C1	GCSE +	a British exam taken by students in England and Wales when they are about 16 ● I am writing my GCSE exams at the end of the term. ✎ GCSE: General Certificate of Secondary Education +
C1	adolescent +	a young person who is changing from a child to an adult ● Many adolescents fight a lot with their parents. ➣ adolescent (adj), adolescence (n) +
C1	protest +	a strong objection ● There were loud protests against the unfair exam. ➣ protest (v), protester (n) +
C1	screech +	shout unpleasantly and loudly ● The man’s wife screeched at him to stop the car at the red traffic light. ➣ screech (n) 2Like Comment Share 8 +
C1	bitter +	angry and disappointed ● He felt bitter about not getting the promotion he thought he deserved. ➣ bitterness (n) +
C1	take sb aback +	surprise sb ● The surprise visit by her cousin from Greece took Mary aback. +
C1	cheat death +	stay alive in a very dangerous situation ● He cheated death when he survived the plane crash. +
C1	bunch +	a group of people or things ● I invited a bunch of friends to my house to listen to music. +
C1	spotty +	having a lot of spots (or pimples) on your skin ● She used to be a spotty adolescent, but now she has a beautiful clear skin. ➣ spot (n) ✎ Syn: pimply +
C1	cyborg +	a being that is part human and part machine ● The cyborg in the film Terminator looks like a human on the outside but is a machine on the inside. +
C1	anthropologist +	sb who studies the origins, development, customs and beliefs of the human race ● The anthropologist gave a lecture on the eating habits of early humans. +
C1	hours on end +	many hours ● She watched TV for hours on end, sometimes for a whole day. +
C1	interact +	if one person or thing interacts with another, they affect each other; talk or work together ● He interacts online with his friends and family. ➣ interaction (n) +
C1	virtually +	almost ● Virtually everyone I know has a mobile phone. ➣ virtual (adj) +
C1	breakthrough +	an important development ● A cure for cancer would be a breakthrough for the medical world. +
C1	values +	ethical beliefs ● The values they try to teach their children are honesty and reliability. ➣ value (v, n) +
C1	miniature +	tiny ● He has a miniature Batman car in his collection of toy vehicles. ➣ miniature (n) +
C1	plug (into) +	connect a machine to an electricity supply ● Plug your mobile phone into the socket here to charge it. +
C1	groggy +	weak and ill ● He felt groggy after the rough ferry crossing. +
C1	distance +	make sb/sth less involved or connected with sb/sth else ● I hate violence and I try to distance myself from violent situations. ➣ distance (n), distant (adj) +
C1	unrivalled +	better than any other ● She succeeded in solving the problem because of her unrivalled powers of concentration. ➣ rival (v, n) +
C1	traumatise +	shock sb so badly that they cannot work or think normally ● The terrible experience traumatised the child. ➣ trauma (n) +
C1	sign up (for sth) +	put your name on a list for a course or activity because you want to take part in it ● Are you going to sign up for the course? +
C1	cut (sth) off +	stop the supply of electricity or water or access to the telephone ● He couldn’t pay his bill so the phone company cut him off. Vocabulary pages 20-21 +
C1	remark +	a comment ● He made a rude remark about her hair. ➣ remark (v), remarkable (adj) +
C1	observation +	a comment based on sth that was seen, read or heard ● His research involves the observation of animal behaviour. ➣ observe (v), observer (n) +
C1	defend +	protect sb/sth from attack ● He defended his decision to sell the house, explaining that he needed the money. ➣ defence (n), defensive (adj) +
C1	blast +	criticise very strongly ● The critics blasted the actor’s terrible performance. ➣ blast (n) +
C1	slam +	criticise severely ● The team was slammed by their furious coach for losing 6-0. +
C1	relate +	have a connection ● He doesn’t relate to anyone and he prefers to be alone. ➣ relation (n) +
C1	morals +	standards for good character and behaviour ● The murderer clearly has no morals; he doesn’t feel sorry for what he did. ➣ moral (adj) +
C1	ideal +	an idea that seems perfect and worth trying to achieve ● Working for world peace is an honourable ideal but difficult to achieve. 9 +
C1	burden +	sth that causes worry or trouble ● Owing money to the bank is a financial burden he cannot bear. ➣ burden (v) +
C1	offend +	upset ● She offended him by laughing at his appearance. ➣ offence (n), offensive (adj) +
C1	bother +	annoy ● Don’t bother me now – I’m busy. ➣ bother (n), bothersome (adj) +
C1	resist +	stop yourself from doing sth that you want to do ● He can never resist a delicious ice cream. ➣ resistance (n) +
C1	thrill +	cause sb to feel very excited ● The firework display thrilled us all. ➣ thrill (n), thrilling (adj) +
C1	phishing +	sending emails or having a website intended to trick sb into giving away personal information ● He was the victim of a phishing scam when his credit card was used by somebody else. +
C1	unsuspecting +	not aware sth is going to happen ● She sold fake good to unsuspecting customers. +
C1	scam +	a dishonest plan for making money ● Don’t give them any money! It’s a scam! ➣ scam (v), scammer (n) +
C1	legitimate +	lawful ● Amazon.com is a legitimate online store so you can safely order from it. +
C1	valid +	legally or officially acceptable ● To travel to Australia, you need a valid passport. ➣ validate (v), validity (n) +
C1	accessible +	that can be entered, reached, used, etc. ● Their house is only accessible by a country road. ➣ access (n, v) +
C1	identity +	who sb is ● The police still don’t know the identity of the thief. ➣ identify (v) +
C1	loan +	money that sb or an organisation lends sb ● I’ll need to ask my parents for a loan to buy some books. ➣ lend (v) +
C1	max out +	use all the money available ● I can’t buy anything else because I’ve maxed out my credit card. +
C1	domain +	a web address ● The letters ‘gr’ signify that the domain is Greece. +
C1	bring down +	cause sb to lose power ● The financial scandal brought down the politician, who had to resign. +
C1	cut in +	interrupt sb while they are speaking ● Do you mind if I cut in before you finish your comment? +
C1	get back at +	take revenge ● She got back at him for his nasty comments by ignoring him all evening. +
C1	stir up +	cause problems for sb else ● You stirred up some bad feeling when you were rude about the film star. +
C1	take to +	start liking sb/sth ● Mary and I took to each other as soon as we met. +
C1	revenge +	sth you do in order to punish sb because they have made you suffer ● He waited for years to take revenge on the bullies who had hurt him at school. +
C1	detractor +	a critic ● Detractors said the comedy was so bad that nobody would laugh watching it. ➣ detract (v) +
C1	hat trick +	three goals scored by one player in one game ● Karagounis has scored three goals - that’s a hat trick. +
C1	corrupt +	dishonest ● There are so many corrupt politicians and public servants in this country that I don’t know how we’ll get rid of them all. ➣ corrupt (v), corruption (n) +
C1	under construction +	still being made ● No one can visit my website yet because it is still under construction. +
C1	go blank +	stop showing any pictures ● The TV screen went blank when the antenna broke. +
C1	in confidence +	on the understanding that you don't tell anybody else ● I’m telling you this in confidence so don’t tell anyone else. +
C1	out of context +	repeated without saying in which circumstances it was said ● The celebrity was quoted out of context so he didn’t actually mean what you think. +
C1	on occasion +	sometimes ● On occasion he goes for a walk but mostly he stays indoors. +
C1	at a guess +	probably ● At a guess I’d say she is under fifty but I really don’t know. +
C1	guts +	the courage to do something difficult ● The bully didn’t have the guts to actually fight, so he ran away. +
C1	to sb’s face +	directly to sb ● She told him to his face how much she hated him and then walked off. +
C1	straight from the horse’s mo +	from the source ● Spielberg told the reporter the name of his new film, so it’s straight from the horse’s mouth. +
C1	sing like a canary +	reveal everything ● The thief sang like a canary and told the police the names of all his gang. +
C1	painfully +	extremely and in an annoying or upsetting way ● The construction of the website has been painfully slow. +
C1	wouldn’t say boo to a goose +	used to describe a shy and quiet person ● Bob is shy and wouldn’t say boo to a goose. +
C1	a little bird told me +	said by sb when they know who gave them the information being discussed but will not say who it was ● A little bird told me that you’re getting married. +
C1	have a frog in one’s throat +	have difficulty speaking because your throat feels dry and you want to cough ● The lecturer drank some water because he had a frog in his throat. +
C1	cat’s got your tongue +	sth you say to sb when you are annoyed because they will not speak ● What’s the matter? Has the cat got your tongue? Phrasal verbs bring down come in for cut in cut off get back at set out sign up (for sth) stir up take sb aback take to Grammar pages 22-23 +
C1	install +	add software to a computer so it is ready to be used ● He installed the new computer game on his laptop. ➣ installation (n) +
C1	itinerary +	a plan of a journey and the route you will take ● We prepared our itinerary before we left on our holiday. +
C1	static +	unchanging ● The population figures have remained static for years with no increase or decrease. +
C1	evolve +	develop ● Languages evolve when they take on words from other languages. ➣ evolution (n), evolutionary (adj) +
C1	advent +	arrival ● The advent of mobile phones changed the way people interact. +
C1	a host of +	many; a lot of ● There is a whole host of reasons why I don’t want to live in London. +
C1	purist +	sb who believes that sth should be done in the correct way ● As a purist, he dislikes new words entering the language. ➣ pure (adj) +
C1	encounter +	come across ● We encountered problems when the printer stopped working. ➣ encounter (n) +
C1	withdraw +	take out ● She withdrew enough money from the bank to pay for the week’s food shopping. ➣ withdrawal (n) Listening page 24 +
C1	remains +	the body of a dead person ● The archaeologists dug up some human remains. +
C1	out of bounds +	beyond the place you are allowed to be ● The building site is out of bounds to members of the public. Speaking page 25 +
C1	device +	an object used for a particular purpose ● A tablet is a useful device for people who work while they are travelling. +
C1	gadget +	a small device that does sth useful ● A USB stick is an essential gadget for computer users. Computing cyborg device domain gadget install interact scroll Writing: an essay (1) pages 26-27 +
C1	reach +	the distance that you can stretch out your arm to touch sth ● Put that bottle out of the reach of children. ➣ reach (v) +
C1	broaden one’s horizons +	learn more about the world ● Spending a year abroad as a student broadened his horizons. +
C1	unprecedented +	never having happened before ● PCs in every home was an unprecedented development in the 20th century. +
C1	confidential +	private ● Your medical records are confidential so they are not available to the general public. ➣ confidentiality (n) +
C1	identity theft +	illegal use of sb’s personal details, especially in order to steal money from them ● He was a victim of identity theft when his credit card number was used by someone he didn’t know. +
C1	credit card fraud +	using another person’s credit card illegally ● The sales assistant who was arrested for credit card fraud had stolen 10 card numbers from unsuspecting customers. +
C1	misinformation +	wrong information ● He couldn’t rely on the website because it was full of misinformation. ➣ misinform (v) +
C1	wary +	cautious ● Be wary of crossing the road here as there have been some nasty accidents. +
C1	double-edged sword +	sth that seems to be good but that can have a bad effect ● Researching online is a doubleedged sword because although there is a lot of information, you don’t know if it is correct or not. +
C1	have sth at one’s fingertips +	have what you need and be able to find or use it easily ● He knows a lot about history and has the facts at his fingertips. +
C1	offset +	use sth that has an opposite effect so the situation remains the same ● The convenience of the mini-market must be offset against its higher prices. Crime corrupt credit card fraud identity theft phishing scam Video 2: Orangutan Language page 28 +
C1	native +	used to describe plants and animals that live naturally in a place and have not been brought there from somewhere else ● Kangaroos are native to Australia. ➣ native (n) +
C1	coordinator +	organiser ● The event coordinator told everyone what to do. ➣ coordinate (v), coordination (n) +
C1	voluntary +	done because you want to do it ● Mary’s participation at the canteen for the homeless is voluntary. ➣ volunteer (v, n) ✎ Opp: involuntary; compulsory +
C1	obligatory +	that must be done because of a law or regulation ● There is an obligatory paper that has to be written as part of this course. ➣ oblige (v), obligation (n) +
C1	endangered +	at risk ● Polar bears are endangered animals and will disappear if more of the ice cap melts. ➣ endanger (v) +
C1	extinct +	no longer alive ● Dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago. ➣ extinction (n) +
C1	captivity +	when an animal is kept somewhere and is not free in the wild ● The elephant was raised in captivity in the zoo when its mother was killed by hunters. ➣ capture (v), captive (n, adj) +
C1	primate +	a human, ape or monkey ● Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates. +
C1	stimulating +	causing enthusiasm and interest ● After the talk, we had a stimulating discussion. ➣ stimulate (v), stimulation (n) +
C1	mental +	to do with the mind ● She does Sudoku to improve her mental abilities. ➣ mentality (n) +
C1	conservation +	protection of the natural environment ● The conservation of forests in Greece is very hard because of fires. ➣ conserve (v), conservationist (n) +
C1	regard +	respect ● He has a high regard for athletes in the Paralympics. ➣ regard (v) +
C1	monitor +	check the progress of sb/sth ● The man with a head injury was monitored carefully overnight to make sure he was OK. Word Focus page 32 +
C1	amnesia +	a medical condition in which sb cannot remember things ● She has amnesia and cannot remember her name. +
C1	blunder +	a stupid or careless mistake ● Asking after her ex-husband was a bit of a blunder! You know she hates him. ➣ blunder (v) +
C1	neuron +	a cell which is part of the nervous system ● Our brains consist of billions of neurons. +
C1	spectrum +	a range ● People from across the social spectrum attend this university. +
C1	ravage +	damage badly ● The fire ravaged the forest and not a single tree was left standing. Reading pages 32-33 +
C1	anterograde amnesia +	loss of memory after an event that caused amnesia ● After suffering a head injury, he got anterograde amnesia and can’t remember anything from that day to today. +
C1	retrograde amnesia +	loss of memory before an event that caused amnesia ● The man with retrograde amnesia does not know his own name. +
C1	recall +	remember ● He said he knew me but I could not recall ever having met him. +
C1	wipe out +	destroy ● He remembers nothing because the shock wiped out any memory of the accident. +
C1	vivid +	producing very clear images in the mind ● Grandma has vivid memories of her childhood as if it was only yesterday. ➣ vividness (n) +
C1	oblivious +	unaware ● Being deaf, he was oblivious to the sound of the doorbell. ➣ oblivion (n) +
C1	slip of the mind +	sth you forget ● Because of a slip of the mind, she forgot to keep her dental appointment. +
C1	accompany +	go/come with ● My headache was accompanied by a sore throat, so I knew it was flu. +
C1	bewilderment +	confusion ● She felt terrible bewilderment when she could not remember her name. ➣ bewildered (adj), bewildering (adj), bewilder (v) +
C1	recollection +	memory of sth ● He has no recollection of the accident although he does remember the events leading up to it. ➣ recollect (v) +
C1	vast +	very large ● It would be impossible to count the vast number of hairs on one person’s head. ➣ vastness (n) +
C1	virus +	a microscopic living thing that causes disease ● There is a flu virus going around at the moment. +
C1	chunk +	a thick, solid piece of sth ● I ate a large chunk of cheese before lunch so I’m not very hungry now. +
C1	literally +	according to the original meaning of a word ● Literally millions of people watched the Olympic Games. ➣ literal (adj) +
C1	mixed blessing +	sth that has advantages and disadvantages ● Living here is a mixed blessing because although my friends live nearby, it is a noisy area. +
C1	precise +	exact ● The information she gave me was clear and precise. ➣ precision (n), precisely (adj) ✎ Opp: imprecise +
C1	insignificant +	unimportant ● The price is insignificant; what matters is that you like the gift. ➣ significance (n) ✎ Opp: significant +
C1	minor +	small; less important ● It is hard to remember minor events because they tend not to make an impression on us. ✎ Opp: major +
C1	task sb with sth +	give sb the responsibility for doing sth ● I was tasked with writing up the minutes of our last meeting. 3 Just for the Health of It! +
C1	consult +	ask for expert advice ● He consulted a doctor about his constant headaches. ➣ consultation (n), consultant (n) +
C1	nurse +	care for a sick or injured person ● She nursed her brother when he had a high temperature. ➣ nurse (n), nursing (n) +
C1	practise +	work as a doctor, lawyer, etc. ● He wants to become a doctor and practise medicine in Africa. +
C1	prescribe +	(as a doctor) tell sb what medicine to take ● The doctor prescribed a course of antibiotics. ➣ prescription (n) +
C1	relieve +	make pain or a bad feeling go away or become less ● Take an aspirin to relieve the pain. ➣ relief (n), relieved (adj) +
C1	respond +	react positively ● The patient responded to the treatment and was allowed to leave the hospital. ➣ response (n), responsive (adj) +
C1	sprain +	pull or twist ● I sprained my ankle and now I can’t walk easily. ➣ sprain (n) +
C1	emotional +	full of feeling ● She is very emotional and cries easily. ➣ emotion (n) +
C1	dehydrated +	having lost too much water from your body ● If you forget to drink water during the run, you risk getting dehydrated. ➣ dehydrate (v), dehydration (n) +
C1	parched +	very dry ● It never rained in the desert and the soil was parched. +
C1	muscular +	with strong, shapely muscles ● He works out every day to keep his body muscular. ➣ muscle (n) +
C1	sane +	normal and reasonable ● The murderer was judged to be sane and fully aware of his actions. ➣ sanity (n) ✎ Opp: insane +
C1	wholesome +	good for your health ● We eat wholesome food like fruit, vegetables and nuts. +
C1	nutritious +	full of substances that your body needs to be healthy or grow ● Children need nutritious food to help them grow. ➣ nutrition (n) +
C1	beneficial +	good or helpful ● Exercise and a good diet are beneficial to health. ➣ benefit (v, n) +
C1	delirium +	state of not being able to think or speak clearly, usually because of fever ● He was in a state of delirium when he ran into the road without looking. ➣ delirious (adj) +
C1	hysteria +	violent and uncontrolled emotion ● She had a fit of hysteria and needed medication to calm down. ➣ hysterical (adj) +
C1	disorder +	a problem/illness of the mind or body ● He has a skin disorder which makes him excessively sensitive to the sun. +
C1	bony +	so thin that your bones show ● The bony model probably weighed about 48 kilos. ➣ bone (n) +
C1	anorexic +	suffering from a mental illness that makes sb stop eating ● She is anorexic so she finds it almost impossible to eat. ➣ anorexia (n) +
C1	delicate +	rather weak in health ● The delicate child could not go out in the cold without getting ill. +
C1	undernourished +	underfed ● The undernourished babies urgently needed food. +
C1	forgetful +	not able to remember things well ● He’s forgetful so don’t be surprised if he can’t remember your name. ➣ forget (v), forgetfulness (n) +
C1	contented +	happy with life ● She felt contented just sitting in the garden and relaxing. ➣ content (n) +
C1	scatty +	absent-minded and disorganised ● The scatty man was wearing one shoe and one sandal. +
C1	absent-minded +	tending to forget things because you are thinking about sth else ● You’re so absent-minded you forgot to meet me at the station again. +
C1	blood bank +	a store of blood that can be used in hospitals ● She went to the blood bank to give blood. +
C1	blood donor +	sb who gives blood ● We need a blood donor to give blood to this patient. +
C1	intravenous +	through a vein ● An intravenous line was attached to his arm through which he was given medicine. ➣ intravenously (adv) +
C1	blood pressure +	force with which blood flows around your body ● Low blood pressure can cause you to faint. +
C1	blood vessel +	one of the tubes through which blood flows in your body ● Blood vessels are visible on the inside of your wrist. +
C1	blood transfusion +	putting blood from one person’s body into the body of sb else as a medical treatment ● The patient had lost a lot of blood and needed a blood transfusion. +
C1	procedure +	a way of doing sth ● The surgeon explained the procedure for the operation to the patient so that she knew what would happen. +
C1	surgery +	an operation ● He needs heart surgery to unblock an artery. ➣ surgeon (n), surgical (adj) +
C1	establish +	begin a relationship that will continue ● They have established a good relationship built on trust. ➣ establishment (n), established (adj) +
C1	donation +	the act of giving sth ● He makes a blood donation every three months at the blood bank. ➣ donate (v), donor (n) +
C1	heal +	get better (of wound or cut) ● Your cut hand should heal in a couple of days. +
C1	recover +	get better from an illness ● It took her a long time to recover from pneumonia. ➣ recovery (n) +
C1	injure +	hurt ● Three people were injured when they slipped on ice. ➣ injury (n), injured (adj) +
C1	wound +	injure sb, usually seriously, with a knife or gun ● The soldiers that were wounded were taken to hospital. ➣ wound (n), wounded (adj) +
C1	mortally +	causing or resulting in death ● The man was mortally wounded in a fight and died an hour later. ➣ mortal (adj), mortality (n) +
C1	malaria +	a serious disease caused by the bite of a mosquito ● He got malaria and was very ill for weeks. +
C1	swallow +	when sth goes from your mouth to your stomach ● Drink some water to help you swallow the pill. +
C1	fever +	a high temperature ● If the thermometer reads more than 37°C, you have a fever. ➣ feverish (adj) +
C1	bark +	the outside covering of a tree ● If you cut into the bark of this tree, it will drip resin. +
C1	miracle +	an event that is impossible according to the laws of nature ● It’s a miracle that he wasn’t injured in the crash. ➣ miraculous (adj), miraculously (adv) +
C1	tribe +	a group of people of the same race and with the same language and customs who live in a particular area ● I saw a documentary about a tribe who live in the Brazilian rainforest. ➣ tribal (adj) +
C1	come down with +	get an illness ● I’ve come down with flu so I’ll stay in bed. +
C1	fight off +	recover from an illness quickly ● She can always fight off a cold because she is so healthy. +
C1	pass out +	faint ● She passed out after standing in the sun for half an hour. +
C1	pick up +	catch an illness from sb/sth ● He picked up a cold from somebody at work. +
C1	take out +	remove sth ● The dentist took out her back tooth because it was rotten. +
C1	throw up +	vomit ● He threw up all over the carpet! +
C1	seasick +	nauseous from the movement of a boat ● I get seasick on boats, so I don’t want to get the ferry to Crete. ➣ seasickness (n) +
C1	wisdom tooth +	one of the large teeth at the back of your mouth ● His wisdom teeth began to show after he turned 18. +
C1	in agony +	in a lot of pain ● I was in agony when I broke my leg. +
C1	bodily function +	an organic process that takes place in the body ● Digestion is a bodily function. +
C1	failing eyesight +	gradual loss of the ability to see ● Because of her failing eyesight she can no longer read street signs at a distance. +
C1	internal organ +	a body part inside you ● He needs a donor for an internal organ, a heart in fact. +
C1	terminal +	fatal ● The doctor has given him three months to live because he has terminal cancer. +
C1	running sore +	a sore area on the skin that has liquid coming out of it ● She had a running sore, so she went to the doctor. ➣ sore (adj) +
C1	bruise +	a blue, brown or purple mark on your skin that appears after you have fallen or been hit ● I got a nasty bruise on my knee where I hit it on the stool. ➣ bruise (v) +
C1	gauze +	thin cotton cloth used for covering injuries like cuts and wounds ● The child had a gauze bandage around his hand. +
C1	fit +	a short time when you cough, sneeze or laugh a lot in an uncontrollable way ● I get a sneezing fit whenever I sit in the garden. +
C1	spasm +	uncontrollable tightening of your muscles ● The football player stopped running when he felt a spasm in his right thigh. +
C1	imbalance +	lack of balance ● Because of a chemical imbalance he takes these pills every day. ✎ Opp: balance +
C1	inequality +	lack of equality ● In some countries, inequality means that women are paid less for doing the same job a man does. ✎ Opp: equality +
C1	medication +	medicine ● This flu medication must be taken twice a day. ➣ medicate (v) +
C1	smashing +	great ● That was a smashing meal. Is there any more food? +
C1	splitting headache +	a very bad headache ● He went to bed because he has a splitting headache. +
C1	have a change of heart +	change your mind about sth ● She had a change of heart and decided to invite Bob after all. +
C1	bite sb’s head off +	shout and get angry at sb ● Mum bit my head off when I asked her why she was angry. +
C1	get cold feet +	feel afraid to do sth at the last minute ● He didn’t do the bungee jump because he got cold feet. +
C1	be at each other’s throats +	fight ● The sisters are at each other’s throats again. They never stop fighting. +
C1	shout at the top of your lun +	shout very loudly ● He shouted at the top of his lungs all through the football match. +
C1	keep your chin up +	stay cheerful despite difficulties ● Keep your chin up; things could be worse. +
C1	turn a blind eye +	deliberately ignore sth that you know should not be happening ● The teacher turned a blind eye to the students’ bad behaviour on the last day of term. +
C1	be on the tip of your tongue +	almost remember sth but not quite ● I know the word. It’s on the tip of my tongue. Phrasal verbs bring on come down with fight off get around pass out pick up stem from take out throw up wipe out Grammar pages 36-37 +
C1	dandruff +	pieces of dead skin in your hair ● He uses a special shampoo to get rid of his dandruff. +
C1	genetically modified +	(food) that has had its DNA changed by genetic engineering ● Genetically modified food could harm your health. +
C1	attention deficit disorder ( +	a condition where sb cannot concentrate for long ● Her son has attention deficit disorder so he finds it hard to listen to a whole lesson. +
C1	utterly +	completely ● The film was utterly boring; don’t go to see it. ➣ utter (adj) +
C1	stem from +	come from ● His back problem stems from an old football injury at school. +
C1	soothing +	calming; relaxing ● When she comes home from work, she likes to have a long, soothing bath. ➣ soothe (v) +
C1	gum +	pink flesh in your mouth that your teeth grow from ● She smiled so widely we could see her teeth and pink gums. Listening page 38 +
C1	plague +	a disease that is usually fatal and spreads quickly to a large number of people ● The plague killed so many people in medieval times that they called it the Black Death. +
C1	tooth decay +	a chemical change that causes the slow destruction of the teeth ● He has terrible tooth decay because he eats sweets and does not brush his teeth. +
C1	sleep deprivation +	serious lack of sleep ● Sleep deprivation was a problem for the soldiers who had to guard the camp all night. +
C1	lollipop +	a hard sweet on a stick ● The child sucked the strawberry lollipop. +
C1	bring on +	make sth unpleasant happen to sb ● Eating too much can bring on heart disease. +
C1	infectious +	(disease) that can be passed easily from one person to another ● This flu is very infectious and everyone at work has got it. ➣ infect (v), infection (n) +
C1	medieval +	connected with the Middle Ages (about 1000AD to 1450AD) ● I’m interested in medieval history. +
C1	graveyard +	an area of land, usually near a church, where people are buried ● We visited our grandparents’ grave in the graveyard. +
C1	conduct +	do a particular activity like an experiment ● The scientists conducted a series of experiments. +
C1	sample +	a small quantity of sth that is examined in order to find out sth about the whole ● They examined a sample of the suspect’s DNA. ➣ sample (v) +
C1	severe +	serious ● He has got severe symptoms so I recommend he goes to hospital. ➣ severity (n) +
C1	rodent +	a small animal with sharp teeth, eg a rat, a mouse ● Rats and mice are common rodents. +
C1	contract +	get an illness ● You can contract this disease by drinking dirty water. +
C1	flea +	a jumping insect that bites people or animals to eat their blood ● This dog might have fleas because it keeps scratching. Speaking page 39 +
C1	conventional +	traditional; used for a long time and considered normal ● I have great faith in conventional medicine. ➣ convention (n) ✎ Opp: unconventional +
C1	alternative +	not based on the usual western methods ● She is going to try some alternative treatments to get rid of the spots on her face. ➣ alternative (n) +
C1	preventative measure +	an action taken to stop sth happening ● A preventative measure against heartdisease is regular exercise. +
C1	wellbeing +	general health ● Your parents care about your happiness and wellbeing. +
C1	safeguard +	protect ● Take plenty of exercise to safeguard your health. +
C1	CPR +	breathing air into sb’s mouth and pressing on their chest to keep them alive ● The paramedic gave the child CPR and saved his life. ✎ CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation +
C1	organic produce +	fruit, vegetables and other food grown or made without using artificial chemicals ● They sell organic produce at the local market. +
C1	paramedic +	sb who is trained to give medical help ● The paramedic gave the injured man first aid in the ambulance. +
C1	dispense +	prepare medicines and give them to people ● A pharmacy dispenses medicines and gives advice about minor health problems. +
C1	resuscitation +	breathing into the mouth of an unconscious person to help them breathe ● The man stopped breathing and needed resuscitation. ➣ resuscitate (v) +
C1	side-effect +	an undesirable effect that a drug has on your body as well as treating illness ● One side-effect of this medication is that it makes you feel sleepy. +
C1	stretcher +	canvas on poles used to carry an ill or injured person ● The injured player was carried off the field on a stretcher. +
C1	vaccination +	the act of putting a substance into a person’s body to prevent them from getting a disease ● Babies have their first vaccinations when they are three months old to protect them from serious diseases. ➣ vaccinate (v) Making you better consult heal medication monitor nurse paramedic prescribe recover relieve resuscitation surgery vaccination +
C1	succinct +	using only a few words ● His explanation was short and succinct. ➣ succinctly (adv) +
C1	heat stroke +	fever caused by very high temperatures ● The temperature was 45°C and some people suffered from heat stroke. +
C1	fibre +	thread that form materials such as cotton and linen ● In the summer, I wear clothes made from natural fibres. +
C1	hassle-free +	with no problems ● We had a hassle-free journey as there was no traffic. +
C1	creepy-crawly +	an insect, spider, worm, etc. ● There was a big creepy-crawly that looked like a beetle on the plant. +
C1	mosquito +	a small flying insect that sucks blood and may spread disease ● She got bitten by mosquitoes while she slept in the tent. +
C1	a pain in the neck +	sth annoying ● Having so much homework is a pain in the neck. +
C1	insect repellent +	a substance that keeps insects away ● We sprayed on insect repellent to stop being bitten by mosquitoes. +
C1	get around +	ɡet əˈraʊnd/ +
C1	cope +	manage; deal with ● I’ve got too much work and I can’t cope with everything. Disease carriers creepy-crawly flea mosquito rodent Video 3: Paraguay Shaman page 42 +
C1	shaman +	a person in some religions and societies who can contact spirits and cure sick people ● The members of the tribe consulted the shaman when they got sick. +
C1	root +	part of a plant which is under the ground ● The roots of this tree go deep into the ground. +
C1	diabetes +	a condition when sb has too much sugar in their blood ● If you have diabetes, you must be very careful about your diet. ➣ diabetic (adj, n) +
C1	transmit +	pass sth from one person to another ● Flu can be transmitted through the air, when people sneeze, for example. +
C1	chant +	word(s) repeated over and over ● The children learnt the alphabet with an abc chant. ➣ chant (v) +
C1	deforestation +	destruction of the forests ● The deforestation of this area means that many animal species have lost their homes. ➣ deforest (v) +
C1	extensive +	containing a lot of information and details ● He wrote an extensive report on the disease that was a thousand pages long. ➣ extent (n) +
C1	healer +	sb who can make sick people well ● The healer gave the sick man some herbs that would make him better. ➣ heal (v) +
C1	potential +	possible ● Deforestation of the Amazon is a potential disaster for the whole world. ➣ potential (n) +
C1	prayer +	words spoken to a god ● He said a prayer to God to ask for good health. ➣ pray (v) +
C1	urgent +	needing to be done soon ● He needs urgent medical treatment as he seems to be having a heart attack. ➣ urgency (n), urgently (adv) Word Focus page 44 +
C1	film buff +	sb who is very interested in cinema ● Film buffs try to see every new movie that comes out. +
C1	footage +	film showing a particular event ● We saw footage of the 1969 Moon landing. +
C1	inundate +	give or send sb more things than they can deal with ● The celebrity was inundated with questions about his private life. +
C1	unravel +	unfold ● The story slowly unravels during this film. +
C1	pterosaur +	an extinct reptile that could fly ● We saw the bones of a pterosaur at the natural history museum. Reading pages 44-45 +
C1	still +	a photograph from a film ● Look at these stills from the film. +
C1	soundtrack +	music for a film ● The soundtrack for many films is available on CD. +
C1	taste +	the kind of things that sb likes ● She has very bad taste in films – she only watches romantic comedies. ➣ tasteful (adj) +
C1	blockbuster +	a successful film ● The blockbuster film The Hobbit was amazing. +
C1	sugary-sweet +	too nice and therefore insincere ● The sugary-sweet film ended with everyone living happily ever after. +
C1	exhilarating +	making you excited, happy and full of energy ● He felt great after an exhilarating run. ➣ exhilarate (v), exhilaration (n) +
C1	director +	a person in charge of how a film is made ● Francis Ford Coppola was the director of the three Godfather films. ➣ direct (v) +
C1	contributor +	sb who makes videos that are then posted online ● YouTube contributors post some entertaining videos. ➣ contribute (v) +
C1	submit +	give a form, article of other piece of writing to sb so they can approve or accept it ● He submitted his report to the committee. ➣ submission (n) +
C1	make up +	form ● This exhibition is made up of photos from all over the world. +
C1	shoot +	film ● They are shooting the car chase scenes for the film at the moment. ➣ shot (n) +
C1	sift through +	look through sth carefully ● I sifted through her papers to find her birth certificate. +
C1	paste together +	join ● Let’s paste together these funny cat videos and post them online. +
C1	feature-length +	as long as a film, usually 90 minutes approximately ● The documentary was as long as a feature-length film. +
C1	heart-warming +	touching in a happy way ● She enjoyed the heart-warming film about a rescue dog that found a home. +
C1	deny +	refuse to give sb sth ● His parents denied him the chance to join the basketball team because they insisted he focus on his studies. ➣ denial (n) +
C1	veteran +	sb who has been a soldier in a war ● My greatgrandfather was a veteran of the Second World War. +
C1	desperate +	in a bad situation and willing to do anything ● I was desperate to get my injured dog to the vet. ➣ desperation (n), desperately (adv) +
C1	application +	form you fill in to apply for sth ● He submitted an application to the adult education centre to do a course in German. ➣ apply (v), applicant (n) +
C1	fierce opposition +	strong resistance ● The mayor faced fierce opposition from the locals who did not want a car park to be built in town. +
C1	cutting-edge +	the newest; the most advanced ● This smartphone features some cutting-edge technology. 20 +
C1	dominant +	the most powerful and important ● Humans are the most dominant species on Earth. ➣ dominate (v), dominance (n) +
C1	fall to +	be the responsibility of ● It fell to me to give Mary the bad news because nobody else had the strength to do it. +
C1	reptile +	a cold-blooded animal like a snake ● Crocodiles are extremely dangerous reptiles. +
C1	defy +	not happen according to what you would expect ● His ability to stay underwater for so long defies belief. ➣ defiance (n) +
C1	gravity +	force that makes things fall to the ground ● Gravity was the force that the first plane designers had to contend with. +
C1	state-of-the-art +	the most modern and developed ● The new smartphone uses state-of-the-art technology. +
C1	capture +	express successfully ● Your book captures the atmosphere of the 1950s perfectly. +
C1	electrifying +	very exciting ● He gave an electrifying performance and the audience loved him. ➣ electrify (v) +
C1	immersed +	become completely involved in an activity ● He was so immersed in the video game he didn’t hear the phone. +
C1	ecstatic +	very happy and enthusiastic ● I was ecstatic when I heard I had won first prize. ➣ ecstasy (n) +
C1	heart-rending +	touching in a very sad way ● The heart-rending film about the death of a man with AIDS made me cry. +
C1	tender age +	young and innocent age ● He wrote his first book at the tender age of 12. +
C1	flee +	run away from ● When he realised he would be prosecuted, the government minister fled the country. +
C1	daring +	willing to do dangerous things ● This book is about a daring escape from prison. ➣ dare (v, n) +
C1	marry off +	find a husband or wife for sb ● She was married off to a rich man because her family needed money. +
C1	track down +	find ● She tracked down her relatives in the USA through Facebook. +
C1	catwalk +	the long structure where models walk in fashion shows ● The model walked down the catwalk in a beautiful dress. +
C1	enlist +	persuade sb to help you to do sth ● He enlisted the help of a private detective to find the stolen painting. +
C1	illiterate +	unable to read or write ● The illiterate man asked me to tell him what was written on the form. ➣ illiteracy (n) ✎ Opp: literate +
C1	portray +	represent ● He portrays a spy in this film. ➣ portrayal (n) +
C1	struggle +	a period of time when sb tries to deal with a difficult problem ● It was a struggle to get into college but he managed it. ➣ struggle (v) +
C1	faint-hearted +	scared of anything that is not safe ● This scary rollercoaster isn’t for the faint-hearted. Vocabulary pages 46-47 +
C1	aisle +	a narrow gap between seats in a cinema or theatre ● We walked down the aisle to the front seats. +
C1	backstage +	behind the stage ● The actors waited quietly backstage for their cue to go on. +
C1	foyer +	the entrance area of a cinema, theatre, etc. ● Let’s meet in the cinema foyer, where we can get something to drink. +
C1	interval +	a break in the middle of film or play ● We bought popcorn and lemonade during the interval. +
C1	row +	a line of seats ● Our seats are in row 14. +
C1	set +	scenery for a play ● The set for the play was an ordinary living room. +
C1	usher +	sb who shows you to your seat ● The usher showed us our seats. +
C1	wings +	the side of a stage where actors are hidden from the audience ● The dancers who were on next waited in the wings. 21 +
C1	minimalist +	using only a very few simple ideas or elements ● They decorated their home in a minimalist style. ➣ minimalism (n) +
C1	chick flick +	a film made especially for women ● My brother hates watching chick flicks. He thinks they’re stupid. +
C1	tear-jerker +	a film that makes you cry ● Steel Magnolias is a tear-jerker of a film and it always makes me cry. +
C1	woe +	great sadness ● I didn’t enjoy this tale of woe because I can’t stand sad stories. +
C1	exploitable +	used to gain an advantage for yourself ● Canada is a huge country with many exploitable resources. ➣ exploit (v, n), exploitation (n) +
C1	tug at sb’s heartstrings +	cause sb to feel strong love or pity ● The final scene of the film tugs at your heartstrings. It’s very moving. +
C1	underdog +	sb who is least likely to succeed ● The crowd cheered the underdog, who had the lowest score. +
C1	chic +	elegant; fashionable ● She’s very chic and dresses beautifully. ➣ chic (n) +
C1	allure +	attraction ● The allure of working in films brings many hopeful actors to Hollywood. ➣ alluring (adj) +
C1	reveal +	make people aware of sth ● He revealed that he was a government spy. ➣ revelation (n) +
C1	release +	make music, a film, etc. available for people to buy or see ● When will the next Jason Bourne film be released? ➣ release (n) +
C1	rehearse +	practise before a show ● The actors rehearsed the scene before it was shot. ➣ rehearsal (n) +
C1	heartthrob +	an attractive man that women find very attractive ● I don’t know why, but some teenage girls think Justin Bieber is a real heartthrob. +
C1	compile +	collect and put together ● The group has compiled a list of their best songs on this album. ➣ compilation (n) +
C1	rank +	put in order of importance ● Which film is ranked number 1 at the moment? ➣ rank (n) +
C1	animate +	bring to life in cartoon form ● Walt Disney animated the story of Snow White. ➣ animation (n) +
C1	crucial +	very important ● Comedy has always played a crucial role in theatre. +
C1	deem +	consider ● An Oscar is deemed to be an important award in the film industry. +
C1	dressing room +	a room where actors put on clothes and makeup before a play ● The actor changed into his costume in his dressing room. +
C1	female lead +	the main role for a woman ● Meryl Streep played the female lead in the film The Iron Lady. +
C1	title role +	the role of the character whose name is in the title of a film or play ● Lambros Kostantaras played the title role in many Finos Films. +
C1	stage fright +	nervousness before performing in front of an audience ● He got stage fright and refused to perform. +
C1	dress rehearsal +	final practice before the first performance where actors wear their costumes ● In the dress rehearsal, a few changes to the costumes were made. +
C1	cast +	people who act in a play or film ● The Skyfall cast includes Daniel Craig as Bond and Javier Bardem as Silva. ➣ cast (v) +
C1	opening night +	the first public performance of a play or show ● The actors felt nervous on opening night and hoped the play would be a success. +
C1	standing ovation +	when the audience stand up and clap in appreciation ● The audience were so impressed that they gave the orchestra a standing ovation. +
C1	showbiz +	the business of entertainment ● He enjoys being in showbiz as he adores all the attention he gets. +
C1	flamboyantly +	noticeably loud and stylish ● He dresses flamboyantly in silk shirts and colourful ties. ➣ flamboyance (n), flamboyant (adj) +
C1	in character +	in the role an actor is playing ● He tried to stay in character off the set so he could get used to the role. +
C1	crew +	a group of people with special skills who work together ● The crew prepared the set for the filming of the indoor scenes. 22 +
C1	extra +	an actor with a small role in a film ● There were two extras in the café scene who sat at a table and pretended to talk to each other. +
C1	to the accompaniment of +	happening together with ● The bride walked down the aisle to the accompaniment of music. +
C1	wild applause +	loud clapping and cheering ● U2 came out on stage to wild applause from the crowd. +
C1	at a moment’s notice +	with very little warning ● She was fired at a moment’s notice and left the office the same day. +
C1	understudy +	an actor who learns a part in a play so that they can take over if the usual actor is ill ● The actor had the flu, so the understudy took her place in the play that night. Jobs in the film and theatre industry cast crew director editor extra understudy usher Grammar pages 48-49 +
C1	enviously +	wanting sth that sb else has ● She looked enviously at her sister’s new shoes and wished they were hers. ➣ envy (v, n), envious (adj) +
C1	inhabit +	live in a place ● The desert is inhabited by some strange animals. ➣ inhabitant (n) +
C1	strive +	try hard ● He is striving to become a musician and practises the guitar every day. +
C1	audition +	take part in a short performance to see if you can be chosen for sth ● I auditioned for a role in the school play. ➣ audition (n) +
C1	publicity +	attracting the public’s attention ● The film got a lot of publicity with its popular trailer on YouTube. +
C1	pull out +	withdraw from an agreement ● The actor had to pull out of the play because he broke his leg. +
C1	stand-up comedy +	a performance involving one person telling jokes ● I don’t like stand-up comedy because I don’t think it’s very funny. +
C1	premiere +	first performance of a play or film ● The premiere was a success and the audience loved the film. +
C1	leading man +	an actor with the main male part in a film or play ● The leading man in the film is very good-looking. ✎ Also: leading lady +
C1	thespian +	an actor ● Most people agree that John Gielgud was one of the greatest thespians of his generation. +
C1	break a leg +	used to wish a sb good luck ● ‘Break a leg!’ he said to the actor. +
C1	drama queen +	sb who reacts in a melodramatic way to situations ● He’s such a drama queen! He makes a fuss about the slightest thing. Phrasal verbs fall to make up paste together pull out sift through track down Listening page 50 +
C1	frustrated +	annoyed because you cannot do sth ● She was frustrated because she could not get a role in a film. ➣ frustrate (v), frustration (n), frustrating (adj) +
C1	regretful +	sorry you did not do sth ● She felt regretful that she had never pursued a career in politics. ➣ regret (v, n) +
C1	editor +	a person who chooses what goes in the final version of a film ● The film editor put the scenes together perfectly. ➣ edit (v) +
C1	box office +	the place where tickets are sold for a show, play or film ● I collected the tickets we had ordered online at the theatre box office. +
C1	reluctance +	unwillingness ● His reluctance to sing meant that he did not get a part in the musical. ➣ reluctant (adj) Adjectives of feeling desperate ecstatic electrifying exhilarating faint-hearted frustrated heart-rending heart-warming regretful 23 Speaking page 51 +
C1	controversial +	causing disagreement ● The controversial singer Lady Gaga has gained publicity by shocking people. ➣ controversy (n) +
C1	contempt of court +	deliberate disregard for the regulations of a court ● The judge threatened to punish her for contempt of court. +
C1	star-studded +	with many famous performers ● The film has a star-studded cast of the most well-known names in Hollywood. +
C1	twist +	an unexpected event in a story ● The twist at the end of the book really surprised me. ➣ twist (v) Writing: a review pages 52-53 +
C1	rave (about) +	write about sb/sth very enthusiastically ● He didn’t just like the film; he raved about it. sentence +
C1	visual +	which can be seen ● Do you have a visual record of the performance on your camcorder? ➣ vision (n) +
C1	evil-doer +	a bad person ● Javier Bardem pays the evildoer in the Bond film Skyfall. +
C1	sequence +	a part of a film that deals with a single subject or action ● ‘The next sequence will be filmed on location in Italy,’ said the director. +
C1	project +	show on a screen ● The film was much more impressive when it was projected onto the big screen. ➣ projection (n) +
C1	riot +	a lot of different types of the same thing ● The flowers in the garden are a riot of colour. +
C1	all rolled into one +	If sb/sth is a number of things all rolled into one, they include all those things. ● Emma is a mother, a wife, a businesswoman, a cook, a nurse and a friend all rolled into one. +
C1	feast for the eyes +	sth lovely to look at ● The beautiful shots of the coral reefs were a feast for the eyes. +
C1	let-down +	a disappointment ● The film was a let-down; I expected it to be better. ➣ let down (phr v) +
C1	dated +	old-fashioned ● The clothes she wore were dated and didn’t suit her. ➣ date (n, v) +
C1	miss the mark +	fail to have the desired effect ● He tried to tell a funny story, but it missed the mark and no one laughed. +
C1	hands down +	easily ● I beat him hands down at tennis 6–0, 6–1. Video 4: Skin Mask page 54 +
C1	skin tone +	colour of your skin ● You need a light beige foundation for your skin tone. +
C1	eyebrow +	a line of hair above your eye ● She raised her eyebrows in surprise. +
C1	lashes +	hair around your eyes ● She applied mascara to her lashes. +
C1	fundamental +	basic; most important ● There’s a fundamental difference in their attitudes, so they often disagree.➣ fundamentally (adv) +
C1	motionless +	not moving ● He sat motionless in the chair as the barber shaved his beard. ➣ motion (n) +
C1	mould +	a container in which you pour a liquid so that, when it becomes solid, it has the shape of the container ● We poured the cake mixture into the mould and then put it in the oven. ➣ mould (v) +
C1	shade +	a particular type of a colour, eg dark or light ● Her hair is a light shade of brown. +
C1	layer +	a quantity of sth on top of another quantity ● You need another layer of paint on the wall. ➣ layer (v) +
C1	wrap +	cover completely with sth ● I wrapped her present in gold paper. +
C1	solid +	hard ● The cement takes a day to become solid, so don’t walk on it. +
C1	combination +	a mixture ● A combination of comedy and touching family moments makes this film very enjoyable. ➣ combine (v) +
C1	eat up +	eat all of sth ● Mum told us to eat up our vegetables. Word Focus page 58 +
C1	condiment +	a substance added to food for flavour eg salt, ketchup ● The child’s favourite condiments are mustard and ketchup. +
C1	stunt +	prevent from growing or developing properly ● A lack of food stunted the child’s growth. +
C1	fatty acid +	an acid that the cells in your body need to function properly ● Olive oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids. +
C1	cognition +	the process by which knowledge and understanding are developed in the brain ● The child psychologist set the child some puzzles to study his cognition. +
C1	craving +	a strong desire for sth, usually food ● She has to resist a craving for chocolate if she wants to lose weight. ➣ crave (v) +
C1	pig out +	eat to excess ● I pigged out at supper and now I’m really full. +
C1	obesity +	the condition of being very overweight ● Obesity is a serious problem in the Western world, where people eat too much. ➣ obese (adj) Reading pages 58-59 +
C1	savoury +	salty ● The best savoury dish you served was the pizza. ✎ Opp: sweet +
C1	peckish +	a little hungry ● If you’re peckish, why not have a banana? ➣ peck (v) +
C1	cut down on +	reduce ● He cut down on sweets and lost a kilo. +
C1	processed food +	prepared food, often in tins or packets ● These processed foods are easy to prepare in the microwave but not that good for you. +
C1	pile on +	put on a lot of (weight) ● She piled on 15 kilos when she was pregnant. +
C1	pound +	a measurement of weight (1 kilo =2.2 pounds) ● It took me six months to lose 20 pounds. +
C1	lace with +	add an ingredient to a drink or dish to enhance its flavour or strength ● The dessert was laced with an orange liqueur and smelled wonderful. +
C1	play havoc +	create a very confusing and possibly dangerous situation ● The medicine she was allergic to played havoc with her health. +
C1	navigate +	find your position and the direction you need to go in ● We navigated through the busy streets using a map. ➣ navigator (n), navigation (n) +
C1	maze +	a complex system of paths ● We got lost in the maze and couldn’t find the way out. +
C1	swap +	change one thing for another ● I swapped biscuits for fruit and feel much better. +
C1	flaxseed +	the seed of a Mediterranean plant with small blue flowers ● You can use flaxseed oil to dress salads. +
C1	antioxidant +	substance which inhibits oxidation ● Berries are rich in antioxidants so add them to your diet. +
C1	consumption +	eating or drinking sth ● Your consumption of coffee is excessive, which is why you cannot sleep. ➣ consume (v), consumer (n) +
C1	counterpart +	sb/sth that has the same job or function as sth/sb else in a different organisation or place ● The head of the accounts department spoke to his counterpart in the US office to discuss finance. +
C1	fizzy +	with bubbles ● I’ll have a fizzy lemonade, please. ➣ fizz (v, n) +
C1	quench one’s thirst +	drink so one is no longer thirsty ● This mineral water really quenches your thirst. +
C1	run the risk +	do sth that could harm you ● You run the risk of getting sick if you don’t eat well or exercise. +
C1	sufficient +	enough ● There is sufficient calcium in a glass of milk for your daily needs. ➣ sufficiently (adv), suffice (v) ✎ Opp: insufficient 5 Eat Up! 25 +
C1	chew +	bite food into small pieces so it is easier to swallow ● Chew your food properly before you swallow it. +
C1	shed +	lose ● I shed six kilos when I went on a diet. +
C1	banish +	get rid of ● You should banish thoughts of treats during this strict diet. ➣ banishment (n) +
C1	exposure +	having no protection from sth harmful ● Too much exposure to the sun is bad for your skin. ➣ expose (v) +
C1	habituation +	the act or process of becoming used to sth ● She studies the habituation of teenagers to violence. ➣ habituate (v), habituated (adj) +
C1	deter +	make sb not want to do sth ● The fear of being caught by their mum deterred the boys from stealing biscuits. ➣ deterrent (n) +
C1	urge +	a strong desire to do sth ● He had an urge to drink coffee as he walked past the coffee shop. ➣ urge (v) Vocabulary pages 60-61 +
C1	cuisine +	a style of cooking ● French cuisine is famous for its rich sauces. +
C1	culinary +	to do with cooking ● He is interested in doing a culinary course as he wants to be a chef. +
C1	simmer +	boil gently ● I’ll simmer the potatoes in water for 10 minutes until they are soft. +
C1	chop +	cut into pieces ● He chopped the onion into small pieces. ➣ chop (n) +
C1	grate +	cut into very small pieces using a tool with a rough surface ● I’ll grate some carrots for the salad. ➣ grater (n) +
C1	blend +	mix together substances to form a single smooth substance ● The chef blended the onion and potato to make soup. ➣ blender (n) +
C1	whet one’s appetite +	increase one’s appetite ● The smell of freshly cooked bread always whets my appetite. +
C1	sip +	drink slowly by taking small mouthfuls ● She sipped her hot tea. ➣ sip (n) +
C1	nibble +	eat small amounts by taking very small bites ● The mouse nibbled the piece of cheese. ➣ nibble (n) +
C1	munch +	eat/chew noisily ● He munched his apple. +
C1	gobble +	eat quickly and greedily ● The boy was so hungry he gobbled his supper in two minutes. +
C1	sour +	with an acid taste like lemon or vinegar ● He made a face when he tasted the sour sauce. ➣ sourness (n) +
C1	tart +	sharp or acid in taste ● The berries were not ripe, so they tasted quite tart. ➣ tartness (n) +
C1	acidic +	sharp-tasting or sour ● I don’t add vinegar to my salads because acidic food makes my stomach ache. ➣ acidity (n), acid (n) +
C1	ravenous +	very hungry ● He hadn’t eaten all day, so he was ravenous. +
C1	famished +	very hungry ● I’m famished. Let’s eat. +
C1	feast +	a large special meal ● The wedding feast finished with profiteroles for dessert. ➣ feast (v) +
C1	banquet +	a special formal meal ● Delicious food was served at the banquet held for the king and queen. +
C1	spread +	a large meal with many different dishes ● What a spread! Look at all this delicious food! +
C1	poach +	cook in boiling water (usually eggs) ● He cracked the egg, dropped it in boiling water and poached it. ➣ poached (adj) +
C1	blanch +	cook quickly in boiling water ● Blanch the spinach for thirty seconds in boiling water. ➣ blanched (adj) +
C1	stale +	not fresh ● This bread is dry and stale so don’t eat it. ➣ staleness (n) ✎ Opp: fresh +
C1	mouldy +	old and covered in a blue or green substance that grows on old food ● I’m not eating this mouldy cheese! ➣ mould (n) +
C1	off +	no longer fresh ● The milk must be off because it smells awful. +
C1	bland +	without much flavour ● If the dish is too bland, you can add some spices. ➣ blandness (n) 26 +
C1	scrumptious +	really delicious ● May I have another of those scrumptious cupcakes? +
C1	appetising +	looking and smelling delicious ● The pies in this bakery look very appetising. ➣ appetite (n) +
C1	portion +	an amount of food for one person ● I had a large portion of soup as it was so good. +
C1	helping +	an amount of food served to a person at a meal ● Would you like another helping of mashed potato? +
C1	serving +	an amount of food for one person ● I helped myself to a serving of lasagne. ➣ serve (v) +
C1	platter +	a large serving dish ● There was a variety of shellfish arranged on the platter. +
C1	dishcloth +	a towel you dry dishes with ● I use this cotton dishcloth to dry the plates. +
C1	napkin +	a piece of material or paper you use to wipe your hands and mouth when you eat ● Don’t forget to put napkins out when you lay the table. +
C1	cultivate +	grow ● Olives have been cultivated in Greece from ancient times. ➣ cultivation (n) +
C1	harvest +	cut or collect a crop ● The apples will be harvested in October, when they are ripe. ➣ harvest (n) +
C1	covering +	sth that covers sth else ● There is a covering of snow on the ground this morning. ➣ cover (v, n) +
C1	topping +	sth you put on top of food to make it taste better ● The pizza toppings are cheese, tomato and ham. ➣ top (v, n) +
C1	stable +	unlikely to change ● His health is stable now so he is out of danger. ➣ stability (n) +
C1	staple +	Staple food is food that forms the basic part of your diet. ● Bread is a staple food in European cuisine. +
C1	eatable +	tasty to eat ● This banana is very ripe but it’s still eatable. ➣ eat (v) +
C1	edible +	safe to eat ● Potato leaves are not edible and will make you sick if you eat them. ✎ Opp: inedible +
C1	flavouring +	a substance added to food to give it a particular flavour ● Add a flavouring like vanilla essence to the cake mixture. ➣ flavour (n, v) +
C1	dissolve +	mix with liquid and become part of it ● The salt dissolved quickly in the boiling water. +
C1	extract +	remove ● Oil is extracted from rose petals to use for perfume. ➣ extract (n) +
C1	ethnic +	from faraway or exotic countries ● I buy ethnic food from this international supermarket. ➣ ethnicity (n) +
C1	per capita +	for each person ● What is the average income per capita in this country? +
C1	leftovers +	food not eaten by the end of a meal ● There are some leftovers in the pot which we can heat up and eat tomorrow. +
C1	scraps +	food left on sb’s plate ● Mum gave the chicken scraps from our plates to the cat. +
C1	beverage +	a drink ● She often has a hot beverage like tea or coffee in the morning. +
C1	soft drink +	a drink that has no alcohol ● They serve soft drinks here, so would you like an orangeade? +
C1	sharp +	with a taste like lemon ● This juice is so sharp I’ll have to add some sugar. ➣ sharpness (n) +
C1	beat +	mix with circular motions, often with a fork ● I beat the egg whites to make meringue. +
C1	crack +	break ● She cracked two eggs into a bowl and threw away the shells. ➣ crack (n) +
C1	vigorously +	with energy ● Beat the milk vigorously to make it frothy for your latte. ➣ vigorous (adj) +
C1	pack away +	eat a lot of food ● He can pack away two steaks in one meal. +
C1	dine out +	eat at a restaurant ● Let’s dine out at a Chinese restaurant tonight. +
C1	live on +	eat a particular type of food to live ● The students lived on sandwiches because they didn’t know how to cook. +
C1	pick at +	eat only a little because you do not feel hungry or you do not like the food ● The little boy picked at his vegetables because he didn’t want to eat them. +
C1	polish off +	finish all of a particular dish or portion of food ● We polished off a whole chicken for lunch. 27 +
C1	tuck in +	start eating enthusiastically ● Supper is served. Tuck in everyone. +
C1	warm up +	heat food that has already been cooked ● He warmed up yesterday’s leftovers in the microwave. +
C1	whip up +	prepare a meal very quickly ● I whipped up an omelette for supper. +
C1	wake up and smell the coffee +	used to tell sb to become aware of what is happening ● Wake up and smell the coffee. He simply doesn’t like you! +
C1	brew +	prepare a hot beverage ● I’ll brew some coffee for breakfast. +
C1	have one’s cake and eat it t +	have the advantages of sth without its disadvantages ● He wanted to have his cake and eat it too – to be independent and live with his parents for free. +
C1	the best thing since sliced +	used to say that sth new is very good ● They think Mary is wonderful; in fact, they think she’s the best thing since sliced bread. +
C1	spiced +	with spices ● This spiced sauce is delicious; it’s got cinnamon and paprika. ➣ spice (n) +
C1	diced +	cut into cubes ● The cheese must be diced before you put it in the salad. ➣ dice (v) +
C1	there’s no use crying over s +	used to say it is not worth feeling sorry about an earlier mistake that you cannot change ● You’ve burnt the dinner, but there’s no use crying over spilt milk. We’ll just order a pizza. +
C1	spoilt +	bad, so it cannot be eaten ● I didn’t put the yoghurt in the fridge and now it’s spoilt. ➣ spoil (v) +
C1	split +	divided ● This chocolate bar split in two is a big enough snack for both of us. +
C1	have egg on one’s face +	look foolish ● He made a stupid mistake. Now he has egg on his face. +
C1	you are toast +	you are in trouble ● If you break my bike, you’re toast. +
C1	roast +	meat cooked in the oven ● We had roast for Sunday lunch. +
C1	oats +	grain used for making cereal or porridge ● Oats for breakfast give you a good start to the day. +
C1	full of beans +	energetic ● Jack is full of beans and is running around the garden. +
C1	raisin +	a dried red grape ● There are raisins in this fruit cake. +
C1	a hot potato +	a problem nobody wants to deal with ● The economic crisis is a hot potato that no politician wants to be responsible for. +
C1	sizzling +	very hot ● She served sizzling burgers straight off the barbecue. ➣ sizzle (v) +
C1	skim +	remove sth from the surface of a liquid ● He skimmed the froth off the water that the beans were boiling in. ➣ skimmed (adj) +
C1	nutrient +	a substance that helps things grow ● There are many nutrients in fruit so always include them in your diet. ➣ nutrition (n), nutritious (adj) +
C1	supplement +	a substance added to sb’s diet to improve it ● She takes a vitamin supplement every morning. ➣ supplement (v) +
C1	digest +	change food you have eaten into substances that your body can use ● Fatty foods can be hard to digest. ➣ digestion (n) +
C1	disgraceful +	unacceptable; that people should feel ashamed about ● Your behaviour last night was disgraceful and you must apologise. ➣ disgrace (n, v) +
C1	grain +	the seed of a plant such as wheat or rice ● Her diet is rich in grains, and she eats lots of bread and rice. Verbs for preparing food beat blanch blend chop crack grate poach simmer skim 28 Grammar pages 62-63 +
C1	look down on +	think that you are better than ab else ● He looks down on people who are not as clever as he is. +
C1	pull through +	recover from a very serious illness or injury ● She got pneumonia, but she pulled through. +
C1	take after +	look or behave like an older relative ● He takes after his grandfather in looks and personality. +
C1	clean sth out +	clean sth thoroughly ● I clean the cupboards out every spring. +
C1	put up with +	tolerate ● How can you put up with the noise from next door? +
C1	renovate +	repair an old building or furniture so that it is in good condition ● The old house needed renovating to modernise it. ➣ renovation (n) +
C1	gulp +	drink very quickly ● She gulped her coffee and left quickly so as not to miss her train. ➣ gulp (n) +
C1	mussel +	a shellfish with a purple/black shell ● We ate mussels in a red sauce for the main course. +
C1	incident +	an event, often bad ● There was an incident in town today when two people got into a fist fight. Listening page 64 +
C1	cuttlefish +	a sea animal with a soft body and a hard shell inside it ● I ordered fried cuttlefish at the Greek restaurant. +
C1	go off +	become bad to eat ● This fish has gone off so don’t eat it. +
C1	peak condition +	the best physical state ● The athlete is in peak condition and hopes to win a gold medal. +
C1	cut out +	omit; remove ● If you want to lose weight, cut out sugar from your diet. +
C1	chickpea +	a round seed that looks like a brown pea, and that is eaten as a vegetable ● Soak the chickpeas overnight in cold water before you boil them. +
C1	pulses +	the seeds of plants such as peas, chickpeas and lentils ● Pulses are rich in protein. Hunger and thirst consume craving famished gobble munch nibble peckish quench one's thirst ravenous sip starving whet one's appetite Speaking page 65 +
C1	eat on the hoof +	eat quickly while you are doing sth else ● I usually eat on the hoof while I work at my desk. +
C1	battery hen +	hen kept in a cage ● The battery hens on the farm were a sorry sight in their small cages. +
C1	free range +	(for a farm animal) able to move around ● Free range chicken is more expensive but at least the hens haven’t been raised in cages. +
C1	subsistence farming +	growing food for eating yourself rather than to sell it ● Many people turn to subsistence farming to feed their families during hard times. Writing: a proposal pages 66-67 +
C1	venue +	a place where an event takes place ● The venue for the match is the Olympic Stadium. +
C1	festive +	suitable for celebrating sth ● I love preparing food for festive occasions like birthdays. ➣ festival (n) +
C1	auditorium +	the part of a theatre or concert hall where the audience sits ● The auditorium is full and there are no empty seats. +
C1	take in +	include sth ● We took in a trip to the Acropolis Museum when we were in Athens. +
C1	odour +	smell ● A terrible odour was coming from the dustbin. +
C1	bedspread +	a cover on top of bed sheets and blanket/duvet ● She made the bed and then covered it with a bedspread. +
C1	rotten +	decayed and so cannot be eaten ● The rotten fish smelt absolutely disgusting. ➣ rot (v, n) +
C1	smuggle +	take sth secretly to a place where it is not allowed to be ● The little boy smuggled a kitten into the house without his mum knowing. +
C1	custard +	a sweet sauce made from milk, sugar, eggs and flour ● We had apple pie and custard for dessert. +
C1	charcoal +	a black substance formed from burning wood ● He draws portraits in charcoal. +
C1	absorb +	take in; soak up ● The rainwater was slowly absorbed by the ground. ➣ absorption (n) +
C1	ioniser +	a machine that cleans the air in a room ● She uses an ioniser to clear the air of dust because she has allergies. ➣ ionise (v) +
C1	contaminating +	making dirty ● A contaminating smell of burning plastic came from the fire at the factory. ➣ contaminate (v), contamination (n) +
C1	ban +	not allow ● Smoking is banned here so please extinguish your cigarette. ➣ ban (n) +
C1	luminous +	shining ● My alarm clock has luminous hands so I can see the time in the dark. Word Focus page 70 +
C1	magma +	hot liquid rock below the Earth’s surface ● The magma below the ground was red hot. +
C1	microbe +	a tiny living thing you can see with a microscope ● The scientist examined the microbes under the microscope. +
C1	photosynthesis +	process in plants where carbon dioxide and water are turned into food using the sun’s energy ● We learned about photosynthesis in biology lessons in secondary school. ➣ photosynthesise (v) +
C1	by-product +	a substance produced during the process of making or destroying sth else ● Asphalt is a by-product of oil refining. +
C1	molten +	(metal or rock that is) in a liquid state due to high temperature ● Molten rock was pouring out of the volcano. ➣ melt (v) +
C1	oxidation +	process of a substance combining with oxygen ● If you leave that metal tool out in the rain, oxidation will take place. Reading pages 70-71 +
C1	spark +	cause to start ● The argument between the two fans sparked a bigger fight between many supporters. ➣ spark (n) +
C1	formation +	shaping ● The formation of this lake took place millions of years ago. ➣ form (v) +
C1	harness +	control and use the power of sth ● This solar panel harnesses energy from the sun to heat up water. ➣ harness (n) +
C1	consist of +	be made of ● This report consists of an introduction, a presentation and recommendations. +
C1	composition +	the way sth is made ● The geologist studied the composition of the rock to see how it was formed. ➣ compose (v) +
C1	trigger +	cause to start ● The lightning strike triggered a blackout. ➣ trigger (n) +
C1	iron +	a dark red/brown mineral ● Iron is used to make steel. +
C1	ferrous +	containing iron ● Steel is a ferrous metal. +
C1	ferric +	containing iron ● When you leave iron out in the rain, it forms ferric oxide, or rust. +
C1	version +	type of sth ● I saw the black and white version of this film. +
C1	coincidental +	happening by chance ● Meeting you here was coincidental. I hadn’t planned to go out today. ➣ coincidence (n), coincide (v) +
C1	subject (to) +	cause to experience ● The class was subjected to extra homework as a punishment for cheating. +
C1	turmoil +	great trouble and confusion ● There was great turmoil after the tsunami struck the coastal areas. +
C1	greenhouse gas +	a gas which causes the greenhouse effect ● Greenhouse gases are increasing in the Earth’s atmosphere. +
C1	chain of events +	things happening one after another ● The history students studied the chain of events that led to the First World War. +
C1	endure +	continue to exist through sth difficult ● He endured two days at sea in the storm before he took to his cabin with seasickness. ➣ endurance (n), endurable (adj) +
C1	shift +	a change ● Greenhouse gases have caused a shift in average temperatures. ➣ shift (v) +
C1	emerge +	come out ● The rabbit emerged from its hole in the field and hopped away. ➣ emergence (n) +
C1	thrive +	grow; do well ● The crops thrived this year with the good weather. ➣ thriving (adj) 31 +
C1	ozone layer +	a layer of gases in the atmosphere that prevents harmful radiation from the sun from reaching the Earth ● The ozone layer blocks the sun’s dangerous rays from reaching Earth. +
C1	shield +	protection ● Use this umbrella as a shield against the sun. ➣ shield (v) +
C1	solar radiation +	heat and energy from the sun ● Solar radiation would destroy life on Earth without the protection of the ozone layer. +
C1	emit +	send out ● That factory chimney emits a lot of smoke that pollutes the area. ➣ emission (n) +
C1	spew +	throw out in large amounts ● Molten rock was spewed into the sky from the volcano. +
C1	element +	a substance that consists of atoms of only one type ● Oxygen is an element in air that is essential for our survival. Vocabulary pages 72-73 +
C1	clear +	sunny, with no clouds ● It was a clear day so it was perfect for the beach. +
C1	gusty +	windy ● The gusty weather kept blowing my hat away. ➣ gust (n) +
C1	overcast +	cloudy ● It is overcast so it might rain later. +
C1	pouring +	raining hard ● It was pouring and we got absolutely soaked. ➣ pour (v) +
C1	roasting +	very hot ● It was a roasting day in Athens.The temperature reached 40 degrees. ➣ roast (v) +
C1	sticky +	(weather that is) hot and wet ● I get sweaty in this sticky weather. +
C1	drizzly +	raining a little ● It’s a drizzly day again, so wear a raincoat. ➣ drizzle (v, n) +
C1	showery +	raining on and off ● It was showery in the afternoon, but we went into shops to keep dry. ➣ shower (n) +
C1	blistering +	very hot ● We need to turn on the airconditioning in this blistering weather. +
C1	sweltering +	very hot ● It was sweltering in the desert and the tourists found it hard to cope with the heat. ➣ swelter (v) +
C1	oppressive +	(weather that is) hot and wet ● The atmosphere is oppressive; I think it's going to rain later. ➣ oppress (v) +
C1	bright +	sunny ● A bright day like this is perfect for holiday photographs. ➣ brightness (n) +
C1	fair +	(weather that is) good ● The weather is usually fair in Greece in May. +
C1	fine +	sunny and dry ● We went for a walk in the country because it was a fine day. +
C1	dull +	grey; not sunny at all ● Our holiday was ruined by dull weather. It wasn’t sunny once. ➣ dullness (n) +
C1	gloomy +	(weather that is) grey and miserable ● This gloomy weather is depressing. ➣ gloom (n) +
C1	humid +	damp ● The evening was humid but it didn’t rain. ➣ humidity (n) +
C1	muggy +	unpleasantly warm and wet ● The washing won’t dry in this muggy weather. ➣ mugginess (n) +
C1	sultry +	warm and damp ● We left the windows open on the sultry summer night. +
C1	blowy +	windy ● The blowy weather dried the clothes quickly. ➣ blow (v) +
C1	blustery +	very windy ● The weather is often blustery near the coast in winter. +
C1	breezy +	a little windy ● It's breezy, so we can fly our kite today. ➣ breeze (n) +
C1	dump +	throw away ● Somebody had dumped their household rubbish by the side of the road. ➣ dumping (n) +
C1	dirt +	substances such as dust or mud that make things dirty ● Don’t sit down in the dirt. ➣ dirty (adj) +
C1	soil +	the substance on the surface of the earth where plants, trees, etc. grow ● The soil here is ideal for cultivating olive trees. +
C1	drill +	dig deep holes in the ground or under the sea for oil ● They are drilling for oil in the North Sea. ➣ drill (n) +
C1	mine +	dig tunnels underground to find coal, diamonds, etc. ● They used to mine for coal in many parts of Europe. ➣ mine (n) 32 +
C1	sulphur dioxide +	a poisonous gas that causes air pollution ● Carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other poisonous gases pollute the atmosphere. +
C1	polluter +	sb or a company that pollutes ● This factory is the worst polluter in the area. ➣ pollute (v), pollutant (n), pollution (n), polluted (adj) +
C1	pollutant +	a substance that pollutes ● The chemicals that come from your car exhaust are pollutants that contaminate the air we breathe. ➣ pollute (v) +
C1	be up in arms +	be very angry and protest about it ● People were up in arms about the increase in taxes. +
C1	landfill +	a hole in the ground where rubbish is buried ● There is a landfill near here and it often smells terrible because of the rubbish. +
C1	wasteland +	an unattractive area with little life ● The place was a wasteland after the tornado destroyed it. +
C1	outskirts +	the parts of a town that are furthest from the centre ● He lives on the outskirts of town so he has to take a bus to the centre. +
C1	oil spill +	an accident where oil pollutes the sea and/or land ● The oil spill from the tanker killed many fish and birds. +
C1	slip +	sliding on sth wet ● That was a nasty slip on the wet floor. Did you hurt yourself? ➣ slip (v) +
C1	landfall +	the land you arrive at after a sea voyage ● The ship made landfall on an island in the middle of the ocean. +
C1	landslide +	rocks and earth falling down the side of a mountain ● The heavy rain caused a landslide that blocked the road with rocks. +
C1	hunter-gatherer +	sb who lives by hunting animals and gathering fruit and nuts ● Hunter-gatherers moved from place to place in search of food. +
C1	live off the land +	eat what grows naturally ● The subsistence farmer lives off the land and has no need for supermarkets. +
C1	berry +	a small round fruit ● The two berries in this jam are strawberry and blackberry. +
C1	suffice +	be enough ● If this money does not suffice, you can apply to the bank for a loan. ➣ sufficient (adj) +
C1	nomad +	sb who travels from place to place instead of living in one place all the time ● The nomads travelled in the desert on camels. ➣ nomadic (adj) +
C1	migrate +	go to live in another area or country ● The birds migrated to warmer places in the south to spend the winter. ➣ migration (n) +
C1	territory +	land that is owned or controllled by sb/sth ● Male animals defend their territory against other males.➣ territorial (adj) +
C1	seek +	look for ● If it rains, we should seek a dry place to spend the night. +
C1	refuge +	shelter or protection ● The travellers sought refuge from the storm at a small hotel. +
C1	shelter +	a structure made or built to protect you from the weather ● The explorers made a shelter of branches to keep dry. ➣ shelter (v) +
C1	fashion +	make sth ● Early humans used tools they had fashioned out of rocks and bones. +
C1	beat down +	shine strongly ● The sun was beating down so we had to find some shade. +
C1	blow up +	begin suddenly with force ● A storm blew up at sea and endangered the fishermen. +
C1	bucket down +	rain heavily ● It’s bucketing down. You’re going to get very wet if you go out. +
C1	clear up +	stop raining and become fine ● If the weather clears up later, let’s go out for a walk. +
C1	blow over +	go away without causing damage ● The storm blew over and the sun came out. +
C1	dry up +	If a lake, pond, river, etc. dries up, the water in it disappears. ● When it didn’t rain for two months the stream dried up. +
C1	disperse +	move apart ● The clouds dispersed and the sun appeared. ➣ dispersal (n) +
C1	prolonged +	continuing for a long time ● There was a prolonged heat wave and everyone suffered. ➣ prolong (v) +
C1	drought +	a period of time when there is no rain ● The long drought meant that animals died and crops failed. 33 +
C1	weary +	tired ● I felt terribly weary after walking around the shops all day. ➣ weariness (n) +
C1	safe and sound +	unharmed after being in danger ● Despite the storm, the sailors got back to port safe and sound. +
C1	soaked +	completely wet ● I forgot my umbrella and got soaked in the rain. ➣ soak (v) +
C1	unaware +	not knowing ● The teacher was unaware of the cheating when she marked the tests. +
C1	indifferent +	uninterested ● She was indifferent to the fate of the planet and didn’t even recycle. ➣ indifference (n) +
C1	viable +	capable of working successfully; feasible ● Buying a huge petrol-guzzling car was not economically viable for us. +
C1	alternative +	a different choice ● A good alternative to going to the cinema is renting a DVD from a video club. ➣ alternative (adj) +
C1	fossil fuel +	fuel like coal or oil ● Coal was the fossil fuel used in the Industrial Revolution. +
C1	interfere +	get involved in sth that is not your affair ● Don't interfere; it's none of your business. ➣ interference (n) +
C1	insistence +	saying that sth must be done ● Insistence on good behaviour has led to a good environment at this school. ➣ insist (v) +
C1	drove of cattle +	a group of cattle ● The rancher led a drove of cattle across the plains. +
C1	tower of giraffes +	a group of giraffes ● A tower of giraffes were eating the leaves of the trees. +
C1	bed of snakes +	a group of snakes ● There was a bed of snakes under a rock in the desert. +
C1	army of ants +	a group of ants ● We watched an army of ants going in and out of their nest. +
C1	parliament of owls +	a group of owls ● A parliament of owls made soft noises in the night. +
C1	pride of lions +	a group of lions ● We saw a pride of lions when we were on safari in Kenya. +
C1	continental United States +	all the states of the Unites States except Hawaii and Alaska ● There are 48 states in the continental United States. +
C1	hostile +	difficult to live in ● It isn’t easy to live in the hostile environment of the desert. ➣ hostility (n) +
C1	forbidding +	frightening ● The explorers were determined to cross the forbidding desert. ➣ forbid (v) +
C1	scorched +	burnt by the sun ● The scorched grass was brown and dry. ➣ scorch (v) +
C1	barren +	dry and bare, with few plants ● The barren plot of land had no trees and few plants. +
C1	startlingly +	surprisingly ● We had a startlingly beautiful view of the sea from our cheap hotel. ➣ startle (v), startling (adj) +
C1	searing +	extremely hot ● I couldn’t bear the searing heat so I went indoors. ➣ sear (v) +
C1	soar +	rise very high ● The temperature soared to over 40 degrees in the afternoon. +
C1	nap +	a short sleep ● She had a nap in the afternoon after arriving home from work. ➣ nap (v) +
C1	elevation +	height ● We climbed to the highest elevation to admire the city from above. ➣ elevate (v) Grammar pages 74-75 +
C1	charity +	an organisation that raises money to help people or animals in need ● Oxfam is a wellknown British charity that helps people in need. ➣ charitable (adj) +
C1	principal +	a head teacher ● The principal announced that we could leave school early that day. +
C1	feel sth in one’s bones +	be certain about sth even though you cannot explain why you are certain ● I know she’s lying. I feel it in my bones. +
C1	lonesome +	unhappy because you are alone ● The lonesome child played by himself in a corner. 34 +
C1	sadden +	make sad ● The news that your grandmother passed away saddened us all. ➣ sad (adj), sadness (n) +
C1	subspecies +	a group of plants or animals within a species that have particular characteristics ● The European subspecies of wolf has longer ears than the North American subspecies. +
C1	demise +	death ● The zoo is sad to announce the demise of its giant panda. Listening page 76 +
C1	laid-back +	relaxed; not strict ● The teacher is laid-back so he won’t mind if your homework is a day late. +
C1	reclining +	tilting backwards ● I tipped back the reclining seat on the plane and tried to sleep. ➣ recline (v) +
C1	unrushed +	relaxed ● I prefer an unrushed holiday by the sea. +
C1	resemble +	look or behave like sb ● He resembles his dad physically but they have different personalities. ➣ resemblance (n) +
C1	hide out +	make sure you are not found ● The robbers hid out all weekend in the forest before they were caught. ➣ hide-out (n) +
C1	bizarre +	very strange ● His behaviour was bizarre; I can’t explain it. +
C1	weird +	strange ● This weird animal was a flying dinosaur. +
C1	juvenile +	still growing; under the age of 18 ● Police often give talks at schools to try to fight juvenile crime. ➣ juvenile (n) +
C1	pay homage to +	show respect towards ● On November 11th, people pay homage to those who died in World War I. +
C1	commemorate +	do sth to show that you remember an important past event ● Parades on March 25th commemorate the Greek 1821. ➣ commemoration (n)Revolution of +
C1	be in two minds +	be undecided ● I am in two minds about whether to move abroad to find work as I would miss my friends and family. +
C1	inconclusive +	not having a clear result ● The results were inconclusive so the scientists did more experiments. +
C1	be pushed for time +	have a very limited period of time to do sth ● We’ll try to finish the work today, but we’re pushed for time. +
C1	work against the clock +	work quickly because you do not have much time ● The builders are working against the clock to finish the house before the winter. Phrasal verbs beat down blow over blow up bucket down clear up dry up hide out Speaking page 77 +
C1	urban +	in/of a town or city ● This urban area needs more greenery for the residents to enjoy. +
C1	biodiversity +	the variety of animals and plants in an area ● The biodiversity of the sea is being threatened by pollution. +
C1	food chain +	all living things in a group in which one creature eats another, and then is eaten by another ● The introduction of new species of fish in the lake is affecting the food chain. +
C1	survival of the fittest +	the principle that only the creatures that are best adapted to their environment will survive and reproduce ● During the last ice age, it was a struggle to live. It was a case of the survival of the fittest. Writing: a contribution pages 78-79 +
C1	lagoon +	an area of sea water that is separated from the sea by a reef, a sandbank or rocks ● We went swimming in the warm blue water of the lagoon. +
C1	hospitality +	friendly behaviour to one’s guests ● The Greeks are famous for their hospitality to strangers. ➣ hospitable (adj) +
C1	picturesque +	(of a place) pretty in an old-fashioned way ● The picturesque village was high in the mountains. 35 +
C1	nestle +	be situated in a half-hidden or sheltered position ● The old town nestles at the foot of the hill. +
C1	stunning +	very beautiful or impressive ● The view from the top of the mountain was stunning. ➣ stun (v) +
C1	stove +	sth that burns coal, wood, etc. and is used to heat a room or for cooking ● The old lady lit the stove to make tea. +
C1	draw +	take from ● In the past, we drew water from the river. +
C1	well +	a hole in the ground from where water can be drawn ● The water in the well in the garden is drinkable. +
C1	fragrant +	smelling nice ● I love walking in the garden and smelling the fragrant flowers. ➣ fragrance (n) +
C1	underestimate +	not realise how important sth is ● Do not underestimate the ability of your opponent. +
C1	natural resource +	sth such as a forest, coal, etc. which exists in a place and can be used by people ● Oil is a natural resource that will run out in the near future. +
C1	tranquillity +	peace ● They love the tranquillity of the countryside. ➣ tranquil (adj) +
C1	contemplation +	deep reflective thought ● He sat in quiet contemplation of the summer evening. ➣ contemplate (v) Video 6: Holland Water page 80 +
C1	global warming +	an increase in world temperatures caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ● Global warming is threatening our survival. +
C1	low-lying +	not far above sea level or below sea level ● Low-lying islands are in danger of flooding because of rising sea levels. +
C1	be at odds +	disagree with sb about sth ● Sarah and her father are at odds and can’t agree on anything. +
C1	flood +	become covered in water ● The river overflowed and flooded the high street. ➣ flood (n) +
C1	sink +	go under water ● The stone sank to the bottom of the lake when I threw it in. +
C1	pump +	force water out of a place with a special machine ● After the flood, we had to pump water out of our basement ➣ pump (n) +
C1	marshland +	a wet muddy area of land ● Thousands of waterbirds live in the marshlands. +
C1	recreation +	an activity you do for pleasure ● For recreation I play tennis and go for long walks. ➣ recreational (adj) +
C1	radical +	differing from tradition; innovative or progressive ● Banning cars from the city centre and introducing bike lanes was a radical move. ➣ radical (n), radically (adv) +
C1	regardless of +	without being affected or influenced by sth ● Regardless of what you may say, I am going to sell the car. +
C1	elaborate +	complex ● The elaborate system of roads was hard to navigate. ➣ elaborate (v) +
C1	dyke +	a wall which stops water flooding an area ● Many dykes were built in the Netherlands to protect the land from floods. +
C1	windmill +	a building with wooden blades that turn in the wind ● This windmill used to provide the whole community with flour. +
C1	reclaim +	make an area suitable for farming or building ● The land here used to be under the sea, but it was reclaimed. +
C1	sand dune +	a hill of sand formed by the wind in a desert or near the sea ● The children chased each other up and down the sand dunes. +
C1	tide +	the regular rise and fall of the level of the sea caused by the pull of the moon and sun ● We’ll go for a walk along the beach when the tide goes out. ➣ tidal (adj) +
C1	floating +	lying on the surface of water ● The floating markets of Thailand are very colourful with all the fresh fruit and vegetables in the canoes. ➣ float (v) +
C1	recreation +	an activity you do for pleasure ● What do you like doing for recreation? +
C1	nomination +	the act of officially suggesting sb for a prize, position, etc. ● My nomination for best sportsman is Usain Bolt. ➣ nominate (v) Word Focus page 84 +
C1	nickel +	a hard silver-white metal ● Nickel is used to make the metal steel. +
C1	hardback +	a book with a hard cover ● The hardback version of this book costs more but the harder cover will make it last longer. ✎ Opp: paperback +
C1	kiln +	a large oven for baking bricks and clay ● The clay pots were heated in the kiln to harden them. +
C1	lunatic +	a mad person ● The man who shot those innocent people must be a lunatic. +
C1	reinforce +	make a structure or material stronger ● Nowadays we reinforce the materials we build with to make them stronger. ➣ reinforced (adj) +
C1	MDF +	boards made of wood fibres pressed together ● I bought an MDF table from IKEA. ✎ MDF = medium density fibreboard +
C1	agility +	the ability to move in a quick and easy manner ● The agility of the gymnast impressed us all. ➣ agile (adj) Reading pages 84-85 +
C1	phonograph +	a record player ● The phonograph allowed people to listen to recorded music. +
C1	irrigation screw +	a device for lifting water, also known as Archimedes’ screw ● The irrigation screw made watering crops much easier for farmers. +
C1	windscreen wiper +	a device that cleans rainwater off the front window of a vehicle ● Use the windscreen wipers so you can see where you are driving in the rain. +
C1	transform +	change completely ● PCs transformed the world of work and entertainment. ➣ transformation (n) +
C1	prophecy +	a prediction, often religious ● The prophecy that the world would end in 2012 did not come true. +
C1	machinery +	machines ● Tractors are essential farming machinery. +
C1	manual labour +	work done by people with their own hands ● Manual labour is still used on fruit farms because people are needed to harvest the delicate berries. +
C1	seamstress +	a woman who makes and sews clothes ● The seamstress shortened the client’s trousers. +
C1	seam +	a line where two pieces of material are sewn together ● The seam on the arm of this sweater has come undone. +
C1	sewing machine +	a device you can sew clothes with ● I made myself a new jacket on the sewing machine. +
C1	mundane +	ordinary and uninteresting ● I don’t enjoy mundane chores like vacuuming and dusting. +
C1	automated +	using computers and machines to do a job ● Production in this factory is automated and workers supervise the machinery. ➣ automation (n) +
C1	cost effective +	giving the best benefit/profit compared to the money that is spent on sth ● Some employees were fired because the boss wanted to make the business more cost effective. +
C1	flexible +	which bends easily ● This plastic ruler is flexible, so it won’t break if you bend it. ➣ flexibility (n) ✎ Opp: inflexible, stiff +
C1	give way +	be replaced by sth ● Vinyl records gave way to CDs, which have given way to MP3 files. +
C1	curl up +	sit comfortably with your legs close to your body so you are like a ball ● She curled up on the sofa with her favourite book. 7 Eureka! 38 +
C1	construction +	the process of building ● The construction of the building took twelve months. ➣ construct (v) +
C1	steel bar +	a long straight piece of metal made of steel, often used in buildings ● Steel bars were used to support the weight of the loft extension. +
C1	mansion +	a very large house ● The celebrity lived in a mansion in Beverly Hills. +
C1	frame +	a structure that surrounds sth like a picture or window and holds it in place ● The frame of the window was made of aluminium. +
C1	poverty +	the state of being very poor ● There was a lot of poverty in the country because so many people had no work. ➣ poor (adj) ✎ Opp: wealth +
C1	proclaim +	announce ● The prime minister proclaimed on the news that he believed in higher taxes for the rich. +
C1	do away with +	get rid of ● Do you think people will do away with cars to ride bikes instead? +
C1	spot on +	perfectly correct ● Your prediction about good weather today was spot, on so let’s go for a walk. +
C1	artificial +	not natural but man-made ● Artificial intelligence is used with voice recognition programs on computers. +
C1	bumblebee +	a large hairy bee ● The bumblebee buzzed around the spring flowers. +
C1	aviation +	the business of flight ● Aviation has made it much easier to travel around the world. ➣ aviator (n) +
C1	substitute +	a replacement ● She uses a sugar substitute to sweeten her coffee as it is not fattening. ➣ substitute (v) +
C1	sector +	an area of activity ● My dad works in the public sector. He’s a civil servant. +
C1	workforce +	the people who work for a particular organisation ● The company is going to fire ten per cent of its workforce. +
C1	acquire +	gain; obtain ● The family have acquired great wealth and many possessions over the generations. ➣ acquisition (n) +
C1	aviator +	sb who flies a plane ● Amelia Earhart was a great aviator who tried to fly around the world. ➣ aviation (n) +
C1	prosthetic +	an artificial part of the body ● He was able to walk again after his accident thanks to prosthetics. ➣ prosthetic (adj) +
C1	limb +	an arm or leg ● She broke all four limbs when she fell off the balcony. Building construction frame mansion steel bar Phrasal verbs curl up do away with Vocabulary pages 86-87 +
C1	remodel +	change the structure of sth ● The farm buildings were remodelled to accommodate pigs as well as cows. +
C1	revolutionise +	completely change ● Flight revolutionised the way we travel. ➣ revolution (n), revolutionary (adj) +
C1	stimulate +	make sth develop; encourage ● The fascinating documentary stimulated my interest in geography. ➣ stimulation (n) +
C1	apparatus +	equipment for experiments ● We prepared the apparatus for our chemistry experiment. +
C1	utensil +	a piece of equipment for cooking and eating, a knife or a spoon, etc. ● I need some new cooking utensils, especially spatulas. +
C1	computerised +	using a computer to control the way sth is done ● This computerised system requires internet access. ➣ computer (n), computerise (v) +
C1	mechanical +	using an engine or machine to do work ● This mechanical egg timer runs on batteries. ➣ mechanism (n) +
C1	assumption +	sth you think is true even though you have no proof ● Your assumption that I am a pensioner is wrong as I am only 55. ➣ assume (v) 39 +
C1	discard +	throw away ● She looked through her old magazines to decide which to keep and which to discard. +
C1	filter +	remove unwanted substances from water, air, etc. by passing it through a piece of equipment ● This ioniser filters the air so it is dust-free. ➣ filter (n) +
C1	purify +	remove harmful substances from sth ● The water sold in these bottles is purified so you can drink it. ➣ purification (n) +
C1	sterilise +	clean sth completely by killing any bacteria in it ● You should sterilise the bottles before making milk formula for the baby to drink. ➣ sterilisation (n) +
C1	cube +	an object with six equal square sides ● The dice we used to play Monopoly were red cubes. ➣ cubic (adj) +
C1	cylinder +	an object with straight sides and circular ends ● Roll up the poster and keep it in this cylinder. ➣ cylindrical (adj) +
C1	rectangle +	a shape with four sides, two of which are longer than the other two, and four 90° angles at the corners ● I prefer this wallet; it’s a rectangle, so the notes don’t get bent in it. ➣ rectangular (adj) +
C1	sphere +	a round shape like a ball ● Did you know that Earth is not a perfect sphere? ➣ spherical (adj) +
C1	displace +	take the place of sb/sth ● The ice I dropped in the glass displaced the water and made it spill over the rim. ➣ displacement (v) +
C1	copper +	a reddish-brown metal ● The saucepan is made of copper. +
C1	conductor +	sth that allows electricity to pass through it ● Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity and is used to make electrical wires. ➣ conduct (v) +
C1	monitor +	sth that checks the progress of sth ● The patient was attached to a heart monitor to make sure he remained stable. ➣ monitor (v) +
C1	component +	one of the parts of which sth is made ● We need to replace one of the components of the machine. +
C1	periodic table +	a list of elements arranged according to their atomic structure ● We learned the gases on the periodic table in chemistry. +
C1	corrode +	If metal corrodes, it is destroyed by the action of water or chemicals. ● Acids corrode metal. ➣ corrosion (n), corrosive (adj) +
C1	erode +	If the soil or rock is eroded by the weather, its surface is destroyed gradually. ● The river is widening because the water flow erodes the river banks. ➣ erosion (n) +
C1	unstable +	changeable ● The unstable chemical was handled very carefully by the scientist. ➣ instability (n) +
C1	explosive +	a substance that can cause an explosion ● Explosives which could be used to make bombs were found in the terrorist’s hideout.➣ explode (v), explosion (n) +
C1	expand +	become bigger ● Metals expand when they are heated. ➣ expansion (n) ✎ Opp: contract +
C1	extend +	become longer ● The bank extended the time he had to pay back the loan. ➣ extent (n), extension (n), extensive (adj) +
C1	dense +	A dense substance has a lot of mass in relation to its size. ● Ice floats because it is less dense than water. ➣ density (v) +
C1	erupt +	When a volcano erupts, it explodes and sends smoke, rocks, lava and ash into the sky. ● Mount Etna erupted again last month. ➣ eruption (n) +
C1	liquefied +	turned into liquid ● The lorry was transporting liquefied gas to be used for heating. ➣ liquefy (v), liquid (n), liquefaction (n) +
C1	gemstone +	a precious stone; a jewel ● Her favourite gemstones are diamonds. +
C1	purity +	containing nothing wrong or harmful ● The purity of this diamond increases its value. ➣ pure (adj) +
C1	antiquity +	the distant past ● The Parthenon is one of antiquity's most famous monuments. +
C1	derive +	get from ● The Mercedes derives its name from a relative of the designer. ➣ derivative (n) 40 +
C1	flawless +	perfect ● This flawless gemstone is absolutely beautiful. ➣ flaw (n) +
C1	control panel +	sth that allows computer users to view and manipulate hardware, add and remove software, etc. ● You can customise your computer settings by going to the control panel. +
C1	assembly line +	a system for making things in a factory: the things move past a line of workers who each make one part ● Working on an assembly line is monotonous. +
C1	fraction +	very small amount ● It took a fraction of a second for the cat to pounce on the mouse. +
C1	innovation +	a new idea or thing being used for the first time ● Smartphones are the latest innovation on the market. ➣ innovative (adj) +
C1	plant +	a factory ● This plant produces cars and other vehicles. +
C1	efficient +	working well, without wasting time, energy or money ● Emma is a very efficient secretary; you can rely on her to do the work well. ➣ efficiency (n) ✎ Opp: inefficient +
C1	assemble +	put together the parts of sth ● I found it difficult to assemble the wardrobe. ➣ assembly (n) +
C1	reinvent the wheel +	waste time trying to develop sth that has already been done ● We don’t need to reinvent the wheel; we already have a perfectly good system in place. +
C1	forefront +	first place ● Japan is at the forefront of robotic research with new ideas. +
C1	cutting edge +	the most advanced stage in the development of sth ● Our factory is at the cutting edge as regards the technology we use to make computers. +
C1	get your wires crossed +	become confused about what sb is saying because you think they are talking about sth else ● We got our wires crossed and went to different places to meet. +
C1	light years ahead +	a long way ahead of others ● His brilliant ideas are light years ahead of other researchers. +
C1	glitch +	a small problem ● You can solve this glitch by restarting your computer. +
C1	push the panic button +	become frightened or worried ● Don’t push the panic button whenever you have trouble with your laptop. +
C1	instruction manual +	a book that tells you how to do or use sth ● You need to read the instruction manual to see how the machine works. +
C1	not rocket science +	not difficult to understand ● This chapter on levers in your physics textbook is not rocket science, so you’ll understand it easily. +
C1	lung +	one of the two organs in your chest that you use to breathe ● If you smoke, you run the risk of getting lung cancer. +
C1	particle +	a very small piece ● The atmosphere was full of particles of dust from the Sahara desert. +
C1	coin +	invent a word or phrase ● People first coined the word ‘wireless’ for radios. +
C1	solely +	only ● He is solely responsible for the accident. No one else is to blame. ➣ sole (adj) Mechanisation assembly line automated computerised machinery mechanical plant Physics and Chemistry verbs corrode displace expand adjectives dense liquefied unstable nouns apparatus conductor periodic table Grammar pages 88-89 +
C1	split an atom +	divide the smallest part of a chemical element ● A nuclear reaction is the result of splitting an atom. +
C1	disprove +	show sth is not true ● The scientist disproved the old theory with new findings. +
C1	grant +	money you get from sb for a particular purpose ● He got a grant to pay for his university studies. +
C1	bronze +	a yellowish-brown metal ● The statue was made of bronze. 41 +
C1	tin +	a silvery-white metal ● This food can is made of tin. +
C1	artefact +	an object like a tool that was made in the past and is historically interesting ● We examined the Roman artefacts in the museum exhibition. +
C1	hue +	a colour ● The morning sky was a pale blue hue. +
C1	satellite +	a machine that goes around the Earth and is used for electronic communications ● Satellites are essential for worldwide telecommunications. +
C1	reflective +	able to send light back ● The reflective surface of a mirror was flawed by a crack. ➣ reflect (v) +
C1	surface +	the top part of sth ● There was rubbish floating on the surface of the sea. +
C1	engineer +	sb whose job is to design and build roads, bridges, engines, etc. ● She wants to study to be an engineer when she leaves school. ➣ engineering (n), engine (n) +
C1	craft +	a boat or a plane ● The old fisherman designed and built his craft himself. +
C1	nuclear reactor +	a machine used to produce nuclear energy ● This power plant uses a nuclear reactor to produce electricity. +
C1	geyser +	a natural spring that sends hot water or steam into the air ● Don’t go near the geyser. You might get burnt. +
C1	nail +	the thin hard layer that covers the tip of a finger or toe ● Maria bites her nails when she is nervous. +
C1	appliance +	a machine like a cooker, fridge or iron that is designed to do a particular job in the home ● This shop sells a wide range of electrical appliances. +
C1	spiral out of control +	quickly get out of control ● The situation spiralled out of control and there was chaos. +
C1	malfunction +	work incorrectly ● The DVD player is malfunctioning again, so we can’t watch a movie. ➣ malfunction (n) Metals bronze copper nickel steel tin Listening page 90 +
C1	solar panel +	piece of equipment which uses the sun’s heat to make energy ● We have a solar panel on the roof which heats our water. +
C1	sustainable +	able to continue for a long time and not deplete natural resources ● Wind power is a sustainable form of energy as opposed to fossil fuels, which are running out. ➣ sustain (v) ✎ Opp: unsustainable +
C1	tile +	a flat piece of clay on a wall, floor or roof ● She dried the tiles on the bathroom wall after having a shower. Inventions irrigation screw MDF nuclear reactor phonograph satellite sewing machine solar panel windscreen wiper Speaking page 91 +
C1	restrict +	limit ● Parking here is restricted to residents only. ➣ restriction (n) +
C1	ultrasound +	a medical process that uses a sound that is too high for humans to hear in order to produce an image of the inside of your body ● The doctor needs an ultrasound to find out what is wrong with him. +
C1	scan +	a medical test in which a special machine produces an image of the inside of your body: ● The doctor looked at a scan of the man’s lungs. ➣ scan (v) Writing: a nomination pages 92-93 +
C1	worthy +	deserving ● He donated money to a worthy charity. ➣ worth (n) ✎ Opp: unworthy 42 +
C1	evaluation +	making a judgement ● Students received a fair evaluation of their progress at the end of the first term. ➣ evaluate (v) +
C1	justification +	a good reason for doing sth ● The justification for higher prices is the increased cost of production. ➣ justify (v) +
C1	curiosity +	desire to know ● His curiosity about the formation of the Earth led him to become a geologist. ➣ curious (adj) +
C1	lay the foundations +	provide the conditions that will make it possible for sth to be successful ● The Wright brothers laid the foundations for the development of aviation. +
C1	enquiring mind +	sb with an enquiring mind is interested in finding out more about everything ● An enquiring mind is essential for somebody who wants to go into research. +
C1	pave the way +	create the conditions for sth to continue ● Walt Disney paved the way for future animation movies. +
C1	reputation +	the opinion people have of sb ● Francis Ford Coppola has a reputation as a great director. ➣ reputable (adj) Video 7: Lighting the Dark page 94 +
C1	chart +	make a map ● Early explorers charted the sea and land as they travelled and created the first maps. ➣ chart (n) +
C1	shine light on sth +	reveal sth new ● Exploration on Mars will shine light on the formation of other planets. +
C1	glimpse +	a momentary look at sb/sth ● I caught a glimpse of a fish before it swam away. ➣ glimpse (v) +
C1	occurrence +	sth that happens ● Earthquakes are a regular occurrence in this area. ➣ occur (v) +
C1	victim +	sb who is hurt or killed ● The victim of the shooting is being treated in hospital. +
C1	impose +	have a bad effect on sb/sth ● Climbing in freezing conditions imposed challenges on the men. +
C1	anglerfish +	a fish that attracts its prey with a fleshy structure hanging from a thin filament on its head ● The divers watched the anglerfish catch its prey and then eat it. +
C1	eel +	a long fish like a snake ● The eel hid in an underwater cave. +
C1	drowning +	dying from being under water for too long ● The victim of the drowning was not a strong swimmer. ➣ drown (v) +
C1	facet +	an aspect ● A walk in the poorer areas of town revealed facets of life she had never seen before. +
C1	discrete +	separate from other things ● The photos of discrete areas of the seabed fascinated researchers. +
C1	breadline +	lowest level of income on which it is possible to live ● They are living on the breadline and can only just afford to feed themselves. +
C1	credit crunch +	a bad economic situation in which it becomes difficult to borrow money ● The bank has refused to lend him more money since the credit crunch. +
C1	backup +	extra help or support ● We can only do the job if we get some backup. ➣ back up (phr v) +
C1	in tandem with +	at the same time as ● You can run this program in tandem with others. +
C1	inflation +	the continuing increase in prices ● Because of inflation, bread and milk have risen in price. +
C1	downgrading +	making sth less good, important or valuable than it was ● The downgrading of the country's credit rating has caused massive problems for the government. ➣ downgrade (v) +
C1	devaluation +	reduction in the value of a currency compared to another currency ● The devaluation of the currency allowed the country to export goods at cheaper prices. ➣ devalue (v) Reading pages 96-97 +
C1	bartering +	exchanging goods for other goods rather than money ● Before currency, bartering was the way people traded goods. ➣ barter (v) +
C1	bond +	a document promising that a government will pay back money it has borrowed, usually with interest ● The government bonds fell in value because of the economic crisis. +
C1	exchange rate +	the value of one currency compared to the value of another currency ● The exchange rate for one euro is around 120 Japanese yen. +
C1	food voucher +	a coupon used to get food instead of money ● The government provides low-income families with food vouchers. +
C1	haggling +	arguing over the price of sth before you pay ● Haggling is a way of buying things at lower prices in the market. ➣ haggle (v) +
C1	legal tender +	official money ● The legal tender in Greece is the euro. +
C1	despair +	loss of hope ● Fred felt despair when he saw that he had no money in the bank. ➣ despair (v), desperate (adj) +
C1	recession +	a period when the economy of a country is doing badly ● The recession led to shops closing and people losing jobs. +
C1	shockwaves +	the powerful shock people feel when sth bad happens ● The economic problems in the USA sent shockwaves across all the economies of the world. +
C1	catapult +	throw suddenly into a situation ● When he lost his income, he was catapulted into serious financial difficulties. ➣ catapult (n) +
C1	plunge +	fall a long way suddenly ● Half the population under 30 was plunged into unemployment because of the recession. ➣ plunge (n) +
C1	debt +	money you owe sb ● He has a credit card debt of over five thousand euros. +
C1	mount +	increase ● Her debts mounted because she had no money to pay them back. +
C1	take the bull by the horns +	deal with a difficult problem bravely ● He decided to take the bull by the horns by looking for work abroad. +
C1	currency +	money used in a country ● The currency used in Greece is the euro. +
C1	bring to mind +	remind you of sth ● The current recession brings to mind the economic problems of the 1930s. +
C1	trader +	sb who buys and sells things as a job ● The market traders drove a hard bargain. ➣ trade (n, v) +
C1	stall-holder +	sb who sells produce at a market ● My cousin is a stall-holder at this market and sells oranges. 8 Money Mad 44 +
C1	hard-up +	having little money ● Jeff is hard-up since losing his job, so he might need to borrow some money. +
C1	purchase +	sth you buy ● My purchases included a new jacket and a pair of socks. ➣ purchase (v) +
C1	cover one’s costs +	pay for the cost of running sth ● When taxes increased, restaurants had to put up their prices to cover their costs. +
C1	account +	an arrangement with a bank whereby the bank keeps your money safe ● She has a PayPal account which she uses when she shops online. +
C1	credit +	add money to a bank account ● Your bank account will be automatically credited with your salary every month. ➣ credit (n) +
C1	debit +	take money out of a bank account ● You can use this card to make purchases and your account will be debited immediately. ➣ debit (n) +
C1	apt +	appropriate ● His comment was very apt and it described the situation perfectly. +
C1	transaction +	a piece of business ● The details of the transaction are on this receipt. +
C1	unofficial +	not approved by an authority ● Bartering is an unofficial way of doing business. ✎ Opp: official +
C1	set up +	create; start ● The church set up a number of canteens where the poor can get a free meal. +
C1	courgette +	a long thin green vegetable ● Let’s have fried courgettes and tzatziki to start with. +
C1	interest rate +	the percentage charged by a bank when you borrow money or the percentage you are paid by a bank when you keep your money in an account ● The bank is offering an interest rate of 2.2% if you have a savings account. +
C1	be made redundant +	lose your job because there is no more work for you ● She was made redundant and has been unemployed for a year. +
C1	let alone +	used after saying sth to emphasise that because the first thing is not true, the next thing cannot be true either ● The child can’t read let alone write an essay! Problems with the economy credit crunch debt devaluation downgrading inflation recession Vocabulary pages 98-99 +
C1	circulation +	the exchange of money from one person to another in society ● The euro has been in circulation since 2002. ➣ circulate (v) +
C1	counterfeit +	make money that is not genuine ● The criminals who counterfeited euros were caught and arrested. ➣ counterfeit (n, adj) +
C1	denomination +	value of a coin or paper money ● The denomination of this coin is two euros. +
C1	forgery +	an illegal copy of money, a work of art, a document, etc. ● You can tell this money is a forgery because it hasn’t got a watermark. ➣ forge (v) +
C1	comprise +	consist of ● Her library comprises over a thousand books. +
C1	polymer +	a substance that consists of large molecules made from combinations of simpler molecules ● The object is made of an artificial polymer. +
C1	enhance +	improve ● The politician tried to enhance his image by dressing in smarter clothes. ➣ enhancement (n) +
C1	plummet +	fall by a large amount ● Since the new principal started at the school, the number of pupils playing truant has plummeted. +
C1	crash +	fail suddenly ● When the American stock market crashed in 1929, it was followed by a deep recession. ➣ crash (n) +
C1	smash +	break into pieces ● The glass smashed when I dropped it. ➣ smash (n) +
C1	share +	part of a company you can buy as an investment ● He bought shares in Facebook and hopes to make a profit when they gain value. +
C1	fund +	money collected for a cause ● We donated money to a fund which helps single mothers. ➣ fund (v) 45 +
C1	sum +	an amount of money ● This car costs a large sum of money, so I will pay for it in instalments. +
C1	owe +	have to pay sth back ● Bob still owes me thirty pounds which he borrowed from me last week. +
C1	mortgage +	a legal agreement with a bank whereby you borrow money to buy a house and pay back the money over a long period ● They took out a thirty-year mortgage to buy a house. ➣ mortgage (v) +
C1	invest +	buy sth that you hope will give you a profit ● He invested in gold a few years ago and made a huge profit when the price of gold went up. ➣ investment (n) +
C1	speculate +	buy shares, property, etc. hoping to make a large profit when you sell them ● She speculated in property, but lost a lot of money when the market crashed. ➣ speculation (n) +
C1	bank teller +	sb who serves clients at a bank, cashier ● I told the bank teller that I wanted to deposit 150 euros into my account. +
C1	verify +	find out if sth is correct or true ● We will have to verify your details before you can open an account at our bank. ➣ verification (n) +
C1	advantageous +	favourable ● It will be advantageous to our company if we can find cheaper office space. ➣ advantage (n) +
C1	bustling +	lively ● The stall-holders worked hard in the bustling market. ➣ bustle (v) +
C1	leading +	the best; the most important ● Samsung is a leading mobile phone manufacturer. ➣ lead (v) +
C1	mutual +	common ● I buy quality produce grown locally for the mutual benefit of the farmers and myself. +
C1	prosperous +	rich; affluent ● The prosperous businessman donated a large sum of money to charity. ➣ prosper (v) +
C1	foremost +	the best; the most important ● ‘Fage’ is one of Greece’s foremost dairy product manufacturers. +
C1	flourish +	do well ● Her business flourished and she soon started exporting goods abroad. ➣ flourishing (adj) +
C1	boom +	increase a lot ● Fish farming boomed as demand increased. ➣ boom (n) +
C1	affluent +	rich ● The affluent residents in this area all own very expensive cars. ➣ affluence (n) +
C1	guild +	an organisation of people who do the same job ● This certificate shows that he is a member of the bakers’ guild. +
C1	chip in +	When each person in a group chips in, they give a little money so that they can buy sth together. ● We all chipped in to buy pizza. +
C1	fork out +	spend a lot of money on sth, usually reluctantly ● Despite being a student, he forked out 1000 euros on a new computer. +
C1	put down (a deposit) +	pay part of the cost of sth ● The car cost £5,000, and we had to put down a deposit of £1,500. +
C1	set sb back +	cost sb a large amount of money ● The holiday set us back two months’ salary. +
C1	splash out +	spend a lot of money on sth ● We splashed out for our anniversary and went to an expensive restaurant. +
C1	farewell +	the act of saying goodbye ● We held a farewell party at the office for John when he retired. +
C1	black market +	illegal buying and selling ● She bought a bag on the black market from a street seller. +
C1	flea market +	a market that sells cheap goods ● Let’s go shopping at the flea market in Monastiraki. +
C1	stock market +	the business of buying and selling stocks and shares ● The value of shares fell on the stock market because of the recession. +
C1	fluid +	changeable ● The political situation is fluid and elections could be held at any moment. ➣ fluidity (n) +
C1	old money +	wealth that has been inherited rather than earned ● He had old money and looked down on the nouveau riche. +
C1	pocket money +	money that parents give their children every week or month ● Betty gets 20 euros pocket money a month from her parents. +
C1	bank balance +	the amount of money you have in your bank account ● He checked his bank balance at the ATM to see how much was in his account. 46 +
C1	bank statement +	a document that tells you your bank transactions and balance ● The details of this month’s transactions will be on your next bank statement. +
C1	make a fortune +	make a lot of money ● The band made a fortune with their album and are now very rich. +
C1	make a loss +	If a business makes a loss, it spends more than it earns. ● The company has made a loss for the last five years, so I am afraid we have to close down. +
C1	make a profit +	money you earn from a business or from selling sth for more than it cost ● The café made a profit of only 500 euros last month. +
C1	sales figures +	statistics showing how much a company sells ● Sales figures show a profit for the first quarter but a loss in the second. +
C1	sales tax +	money paid to the government on products sold ● Sales tax rose to 23% on some products. +
C1	credit limit +	the maximum amount of money you can borrow on a credit card ● The credit limit on this card is five thousand euros. +
C1	credit rating +	how likely you are to pay back money you borrow ● She has an excellent credit rating because she has never fallen behind with any payments. +
C1	be in the money +	have a lot of money ● He is in the money because he got a bonus at work. +
C1	for my money +	in my opinion ● For my money, this recession is going to last many more years. +
C1	get one’s money’s worth +	get good value for your money ● She got her money’s worth when she bought a TV and got a DVD player with it for half price. +
C1	throw money at +	try to solve a problem by spending money on it ● Throwing money at the house by decorating it won’t fix the problem of damp. +
C1	throw money around +	spend money carelessly ● He’s always throwing money around and buying expensive gifts for everyone. +
C1	extravagantly +	more than necessary or more than you can afford ● They spent money extravagantly for their wedding, with champagne and caviar on the menu. ➣ extravagance (n), extravagant (adj) +
C1	tighten one’s belt +	spend less money because you have less than you used to ● We’ll have to tighten our belts and spend less until I find a job. +
C1	line one’s pockets +	make money dishonestly ● The mayor lined his pockets with money from the building fund +
C1	have deep pockets +	have a lot of money ● David must have deep pockets if he can afford a cruise around the world. +
C1	do sth on a shoestring +	do sth using very little money ● She can dress on a shoestring by making all her own clothes. +
C1	shanty town +	an area with lots of roughly built huts made from wood, plastic, cardboard, etc. where poor people live ● The children living in the shanty town had no shoes. +
C1	crippling +	very harmful ● Many innocent people died in the crippling conditions during the war. ➣ cripple (v) +
C1	harshly +	severely ● She was criticised harshly for her bad behaviour. ➣ harsh (adj), harshness (n) +
C1	laundry +	clothes that need to be washed ● We do the laundry every Saturday morning. ➣ launder (v) Phrasal verbs chip in fall behind fork out put down set sb back set up splash out turn sb down Grammar pages 100-101 +
C1	scales +	a weighing machine ● He weighed himself on the scales. +
C1	derive +	come from sth else ● Many English words derive from Latin and Greek. ➣ derivative (adj, n), derivation (n) +
C1	respectively +	in the order previously mentioned ● George and Hannah bought a Fiat and a Renault respectively. ➣ respective (adj) +
C1	mug +	rob sb in the street ● When the woman was mugged in the shopping centre, her  bag and car keys were stolen. ➣ mugger (n), mugging (n) 47 +
C1	nugget +	a small piece of a valuable metal found in the ground ● The nugget of gold that was found in the mine is worth a fortune. Listening page 102 +
C1	savings account +	a bank account in which you keep money that you want to save and which pays you interest ● I have almost £10,000 in my savings account now! +
C1	turn sb down +	reject sb ● I applied for the job, but they turned me down. +
C1	VAT +	a tax added to the price of goods and services ● What is the VAT on books these days? ✎ VAT = value added tax +
C1	short (of sth) +	not having enough (of sth) ● I’m afraid I can’t lend you any money as I’m short of cash myself. +
C1	in the region of +	approximately ● I’m not sure how many people were at the meeting, but there must have been in the region of 1,000. +
C1	accountant +	sb whose job is to keep or check financial accounts, calculate taxes, etc. ● The firm employs an accountant to control its finances. ➣ accounts (pl n), account (n) +
C1	fall behind +	fail to pay sb money that you owe them on time ● She lost her job and fell behind with the rent. +
C1	deposit +	put money in a bank ● I deposited the money in your account yesterday. ➣ deposit (n) +
C1	cash flow +	the movement of money into and out of a business ● They couldn’t pay the mortgage because they had cash flow problems. Speaking page 103 +
C1	money is no object +	money is not considered a problem because you have lots of it ● Money is no object, so you can spend as much as you like on the wedding. +
C1	down-and-out +	without money, a job or a place to live ● The man was down-and-out and slept on a bench in the park every night. +
C1	spending spree +	a period of time when you spend a lot of money ● I bought three new pairs of shoes on my spending spree in the sales. +
C1	budgeting +	careful planning of what you spend ● Budgeting is essential if you want to save money for a holiday. ➣ budget (v, n) +
C1	make ends meet +	have only just enough money to buy what you need ● We can only make ends meet if we don’t spend any money on luxuries. +
C1	have money to burn +	have more money than you need ● Those rich celebrities have money to burn and throw very extravagant parties. +
C1	make a killing +	make a large profit ● We made a killing on the business deal, so the boss is really pleased. +
C1	lavish +	spending/costing a lot of money ● They held a lavish party costing a fortune for their guests ➣ lavishly (adv) +
C1	down-to-earth +	practical ● Stan is down-to-earth so his advice will be useful. +
C1	abject poverty +	condition of being terribly poor ● The families in the shanty towns were living in abject poverty. +
C1	filthy rich +	extremely wealthy ● The filthy rich rock star owns a mansion in Hollywood and three yachts. +
C1	dirt cheap +	costing very little money ● This dirt cheap watch only cost five euros. Writing: an article (1) pages 104-105 +
C1	sweep +	spread quickly ● The news that the boss was retiring swept the office. +
C1	smooth sailing +	very easy to do ● The test was smooth sailing for Harry as he had revised well. +
C1	retail industry +	selling goods to the public ● He works in the retail industry as a clothing store manager. +
C1	house-bound +	unable to leave the house ● Katy is housebound until her bad back gets better. +
C1	fake +	a copy of an object that is intended to deceive people ● The painting is not by Rembrandt; it's a fake. ➣ fake (adj) +
C1	revenue +	money that a business receives during a certain period ● The company suffered a loss of revenue when their product was recalled. 48 +
C1	at the expense of +	If you do sth at the expense sb/sth, you do sth that could harm them. ● The factory owner profited at the expense of his workers. +
C1	vendor +	sb who sells things ● The market vendor was selling strawberries. +
C1	alley +	a narrow road between buildings ● We walked down a narrow alley to the next road. +
C1	date +	a sweet, sticky brown fruit that grows on a kind of palm tree ● We ate dates for dessert in Egypt. +
C1	craftsman +	sb who makes things skilfully with their hands ● These chairs were made by a local craftsman. ➣ craftsmanship (n) +
C1	kaftan +	a long piece of clothing worn in the Middle East countries ● Abdul’s white kaftan is made of cotton and linen. ✎ Also: caftan +
C1	auction +	a public sale where the person who offers the highest price buys the item ● I bid for a PlayStation on an online auction and was lucky enough to get it. ➣ auction (v) +
C1	culture vulture +	sb who is very interested in culture and the arts ● As a culture vulture, I love going to the theatre every weekend. +
C1	pilot project +	a project set up to test sth ● The pilot project for youth theatre went so well that it became a regular event. +
C1	highbrow +	serious and difficult to understand ● This highbrow exhibition is about tragedy in theatre. ✎ Opp: lowbrow +
C1	mission +	an important job ● The comedian’s mission is not only to entertain but also to make the audience think. +
C1	instigate +	bring about ● We hope this play about old age will instigate change in the treatment of the elderly. ➣ instigation (n) +
C1	plight +	an extremely difficult situation ● The plight of the homeless should not be ignored. +
C1	detention centre +	a prison ● The fourteen-year-old thief was taken to a detention centre. +
C1	abridged +	shortened ● The abridged version of the novel is +
C1	playwright +	sb who writes theatrical plays ● Shakespeare is the most famous English playwright of all. +
C1	free-for-all +	a situation where anything can happen because there is total freedom ● The guests treated the buffet as a free-for-all and took as much food as they could. +
C1	cost an arm and a leg +	be extremely expensive ● The tickets for the show cost an arm and a leg so I really can’t afford them. +
C1	check out +	look at sb/sth because they are interesting ● You should check out the new Bond film at the cinema. +
C1	courtesy of sb +	kindly provided by ● The refreshments have been provided courtesy of my brother’s catering firm. +
C1	mushroom +	grow enormously ● Gangnam Style started in South Korea but soon mushroomed into a worldwide phenomenon. +
C1	stage +	organise and present a play ● The drama club decided to stage a play by Shakespeare. ➣ stage (n) +
C1	cater for +	provide ● This fitness club caters for people of all ages. +
C1	distinguished +	respected; admired ● The distinguished pianist gave a performance that was widely admired. ➣ distinguish (v) +
C1	be on the go +	be busy and active ● She’s very energetic and she’s always on the go. +
C1	erase +	get rid of ● International sporting events should erase racial prejudice if all athletes are treated equally. ➣ erasure (n) +
C1	endeavour +	an attempt to do sth new ● Our English teacher’s endeavour to set up a drama group failed because of lack of interest. ➣ endeavour (v) +
C1	disability +	a condition that makes it difficult for sb to use a part of their body properly ● The Paralympics are an inspirational sporting event for people with disabilities. ➣ disabled (adj) +
C1	core +	central ● The core message of this play is equality for women. ➣ core (n) +
C1	on tour +	performing at different venues ● The band are on tour around North America and will play first in New York. +
C1	listings +	information in a newspaper or magazine about what films, plays, shows, etc. are on ● Look at the listings to what’s on at the cinema this weekend. +
C1	deprived +	not having the things that are necessary for a comfortable life ● We are raising money to buy food for deprived families. ➣ deprive (v), deprivation (n) +
C1	intellect +	sb’s mind ● Children need to have their intellect stimulated. ➣ intellectual (adj, n) 9 All That Jazz! 50 +
C1	culminate +	end with ● The show culminated with the whole cast on stage singing a farewell song. ➣ culmination (n) Vocabulary pages 112-113 +
C1	chart +	an official list of how many songs or albums are sold every week ● Adele’s new song is number 1 in the charts. +
C1	decibel +	a unit for measuring the loudness of sound ● The sound of a jet engine is around 140 decibels. +
C1	download +	a computer file that has been moved from a computer network to a small computer ● I have a download of U2’s album from iTunes. ➣ download (v) +
C1	record label +	a company that publishes music ● Capitol Records is a well-known American record label that has worked with bands like the Beatles and Duran Duran. +
C1	pianist +	sb who plays the piano ● Stevie Wonder, despite being blind, is a talented blues pianist. +
C1	single +	a recording of a song sold by itself ● Her favourite Madonna single is Material Girl. +
C1	solo artist +	sb who sings or plays music alone ● Amy Winehouse was a talented solo artist who sadly died at the age of 27. +
C1	whistle +	a high sound made by blowing air out through your lips ● The sheep dog obeyed its master’s whistles and commands. ➣ whistle (v) +
C1	air raid siren +	a warning sound before an attack from war planes ● The residents of London would take cover underground when they heard the air raid sirens during World War II. +
C1	lyrics +	words of a song ● She knows the lyrics of all Adele’s songs. +
C1	verse +	part of a song or poem ● There are three verses in this song and a chorus that is repeated. +
C1	apathy +	lack of enthusiasm ● The students’ apathy annoyed the teacher, who could not understand why they were not more enthusiastic. ➣ apathetic (adj) +
C1	set to music +	write or play music to go with words ● I write lyrics which my friend sets to music. +
C1	beat +	the main rhythm of a piece of music ● The band was OK but they kept losing the beat. +
C1	pulse +	an amount of sound that is produced by sth for a short time ● The satellite sent out a pulse which was used to map its position. ➣ pulse (v) +
C1	read music +	be able to understand written musical notes ● I learned to read music when I started piano lessons. +
C1	stroke +	a movement of a brush ● The painter used short brush strokes to produce this effect. +
C1	tint +	a small amount of a colour ● She added a red tint to her hair. ➣ tint (v), tinted (adj) +
C1	doodle +	a drawing you do when you are thinking about sth else ● I drew doodles on my textbook during the boring lesson. ➣ doodle (v) +
C1	carving +	a decorative object made by cutting into wood or stone ● There were carvings of flowers on the wooden bowls. ➣ carve (v) +
C1	clay +	a substance used to make pots ● Shape the clay into a pot and then we can put it in the kiln to harden. +
C1	easel +	a frame for resting a painting on while you paint ● The artist put a fresh canvas on an easel and started to paint. +
C1	palette +	a flat surface for mixing paints on ● She mixed blue and red on the palette to make a shade of purple. +
C1	ink +	coloured liquid used for writing ● In the past we wrote with feathers dipped in ink. +
C1	oil +	thick paint that contains oil ● The artists used oils to paint the portrait. +
C1	plaster +	a white powder mixed with water that becomes hard when it dries ● She made a plaster copy of the statue. +
C1	water colour +	a mixture of paint and water ● He used water colours to paint a picture of the sea. +
C1	reproduction +	a copy of a work of art ● I bought a cheap reproduction of the Mona Lisa by da Vinci. ➣ reproduce (v) +
C1	landscape +	a picture of the countryside ● The landscapes she paints of the English countryside are beautiful. 51 +
C1	fresco +	a painting on wet plaster on a wall ● Michelangelo painted beautiful frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. +
C1	still life +	a painting of objects like fruit or flowers ● I think the fruit in this still life is very well executed. +
C1	commission +	a request for an artist to create a piece of art for which they will be paid ● The artist received a commission to paint the king’s portrait. ➣ commission (v) +
C1	concept +	an idea ● The concept of graffiti as art is not accepted by everyone. +
C1	movement +	a group of people who share the same ideas ● The feminist movement took off in the 1970s. +
C1	subject +	a thing or person that you paint a picture of ● Children are a difficult subject to draw as they won’t sit still. +
C1	pop art +	modern art that uses bright colours and takes themes from everyday life ● I love the famous pop art picture of Marilyn Monroe by Andy Warhol. +
C1	socialite +	sb who goes to a lot of fashionable parties ● The socialite was photographed at the party wearing lots of jewellery. +
C1	silkscreen +	silk printed with paint to make a picture ● The silkscreen painting had to be handled carefully. +
C1	backing singer +	a singer who provides extra vocals for the main singer ● Pink Floyd have great backing singers to accompany them at their concerts. +
C1	lead vocalist +	the main singer in a group ● Mick Jagger is still the lead vocalist for the Rolling Stones. +
C1	microphone stand +	equipment used to hold a microphone ● The tall singer had to raise the microphone stand. +
C1	performing arts +	acting, dancing and playing music ● She is studying performing arts at drama school. +
C1	cover version +	a new recording of a song originally sung by sb else ● Jessica Simpson sung a cover version of Nancy Sinatra’s 1966 song These Boots Are Made For Walking in 2005. +
C1	opening act +	a band that plays before the main band at a concert ● Marina and the Diamonds were the opening act for Coldplay on their Mylo Xyloto tour. +
C1	mainstream +	generally accepted by most people ● Mainstream music is generally what you hear on daytime radio. +
C1	middling +	average ● The actor gave a middling performance which did not impress the critics. +
C1	debut +	a performer’s first public appearance in a play, film, show, etc. ● The actor made his debut in the new play. +
C1	play by ear +	play music you have heard without having to read written music ● He plays by ear, so he listens to pieces to learn them. +
C1	under contract +	required to do sth because you have signed an official agreement ● The band is under contract to produce one more album with this record label. +
C1	in harmony +	using musical notes combined together in a pleasant way ● The choir sang beautifully in harmony. +
C1	on display +	on show ● Many new paintings were on display at the art gallery. +
C1	wing +	a part of a building that sticks out at an angle to the main part ● They are building a new wing at the hospital. +
C1	under new management +	being controlled by a new boss or company ● The restaurant is under new management so we have a new menu. +
C1	by heart +	If you know sth by heart, you remember all of it. ● I had to learn the poem by heart for the recital. +
C1	change one’s tune +	start to express a different opinion after sth has happened ● Will the politician change his tune if he wins the election? +
C1	face the music +	accept the consequences of bad actions ● I failed the exam and now I must face the music. +
C1	sell sth for a song +	sell sth very cheaply ● The shop is selling everything for a song in its closing down sale. +
C1	music to one’s ears +	If sb’s words are music to your ears, they make you very happy. ● It was music to our ears when we heard you hadn’t been hurt in the train crash. 52 +
C1	blow one’s own trumpet +	boast about your achievements ● You should be more modest and not blow your own trumpet. +
C1	boast +	talk proudly about yourself in an annoying way ● The actor boasted about all the awards he had won. +
C1	sing like a canary +	confess everything (to the police) ● The thief sang like a canary when the police questioned him. +
C1	sing sb’s praises +	express admiration for sb ● The cast admired the director and sang his praises. +
C1	make a song and dance about +	make a big deal about sth that is not important ● He made a song and dance about the water on the carpet. +
C1	make a big deal out of sth +	make sth seem more important than it really is ● It was a minor accident. Don’t make a big deal out of it. Art easel landscape oil palette still life water colour Music backing singer beat chart cover version leading vocalist lyrics on tour pianist record label single solo artist verse Grammar pages 114-115 +
C1	subjective +	based on personal feelings ● Everyone’s opinion is subjective so it is unfair to say a work of art is rubbish. ➣ subjectivity (n) ✎ Opp: objective +
C1	brand +	a product made by a particular company ● My favourite brand of jeans is Levi’s. +
C1	pricey +	expensive ● The dress I bought for the party was quite pricey. ➣ price (n) +
C1	scale +	the extent or size of sth compared with sth else ● They entertain on a grand scale, and have dozens of guests at their parties. +
C1	phenomenally +	incredibly ● The phenomenally successful tour attracted large audiences at every venue. ➣ phenomenon (n), phenomenal (adj) +
C1	line up +	a group of performers who are involved in an event ● The line up for the event includes Dalaras and Parios. +
C1	lines +	the words an actor must learn for a role ● I had to learn my lines for the main part in this play. +
C1	put sb off +	discourage ● The bad weather put us off going to the beach. +
C1	bomb +	fail badly ● The film bombed because the acting was bad and the special effects unimpressive. Listening page 116 +
C1	carpenter +	sb who makes things out of wood ● The carpenter made a wooden table and four chairs. +
C1	chest of drawers +	a piece of furniture with drawers where you can keep your clothes ● He puts his T-shirts and underwear in this chest of drawers. +
C1	scrutiny +	careful study ● The company’s accounts came under scrutiny by the tax office when fraud was suspected. ➣ scrutinise (v) +
C1	authority +	sb with special knowledge of a subject ● She is an authority on paintings and says this one is a forgery. +
C1	authenticity +	being genuine ● Experts were brought in to check the authenticity of the painting. ➣ authentic (adj) Speaking page 117 +
C1	graphic artist +	an artist who designs images for the publishing industry ● The graphic artist designed the cover of the book. +
C1	handicrafts +	sth made skilfully by sb using their hands ● This shop sells local handicrafts to tourists. 53 +
C1	objects of art +	objects with some value as art, which are used for decoration ● The collector has many objects of art at his home. +
C1	street artist +	sb who performs in the street to entertain passers-by ● A crowd watched the street artist juggle balls in the main square. +
C1	performing artist +	sb who performs music or a dramatic work for an audience ● Most performing artists do not make much money. +
C1	wall mural +	artwork on a wall ● There is a striking wall mural of a ball of string near the Neos Kosmos tram stop. +
C1	sculpted wall +	a wall which has a pattern carved onto it ● He commissioned an artist to create a sculpted wall in his garden. +
C1	representative +	typical of a particular group of people or things ● This painting is representative of the artist’s mature work. ➣ representative (n), represent (v) +
C1	stand out +	be noticeable ● The painting that stands out from the rest is this one of a young child. +
C1	edgy +	intense; new and exciting ● Jimi Hendrix performed edgy music that inspired a generation of musicians. +
C1	galley +	a ship’s kitchen ● The ship’s cook prepared lunch for the crew in the galley. +
C1	tagged +	labelled ● Make sure your luggage is tagged with your name and phone number. ➣ tag (v, n) +
C1	realm +	an area of activity ● New discoveries in the realm of astronomy are very exciting. +
C1	hippodrome +	a place where horse races took place in ancient Greece and Rome ● Spectators would cheer the horses on at the hippodrome. +
C1	fortification +	a tower or wall built to protect an area from enemy attacks ● The thick castle walls were a strong fortification which the enemy could not breach. ➣ fortify (v) Reading pages 122-123 +
C1	juggle +	give your attention to many things ● Susan juggles a full-time job and voluntary work at a charity shop. +
C1	born and bred +	born and having grown up in a particular place ● You can tell he was born and bred in Texas from his accent. +
C1	chop and change +	change your mind many times ● He chopped and changed about which course to do before finally deciding on biochemistry. +
C1	marine +	of the sea ● He studies marine life in the Pacific Ocean. +
C1	arrowhead +	the sharp end of an arrow ● Early humans made arrowheads out of stone which they used to hunt with. +
C1	submarine +	a ship that can travel underwater ● The submarine dived deep into the sea. +
C1	formative years +	years which influence the way sb develops ● He was taught to love the sea during the formative years of his childhood. +
C1	field work +	research done in the real world and not in a laboratory ● The geologist collected soil from the mountain as part of his field work. +
C1	gather +	collect ● I gathered together my hiking boots, bag and map for the walk in the hills. +
C1	in good shape +	fit and healthy ● He’s in good shape because he works out at the gym three times a week. +
C1	make for +	go towards a place ● After a busy day at work, Dad made for home. +
C1	a bite to eat +	a snack; a meal ● I had a bite to eat in the canteen at lunch time. +
C1	head (for) +	go in a particular direction ● It’s a sunny day and they’re heading for the beach. +
C1	anchor +	drop an anchor in the sea to keep a boat in one place ● We anchored the yacht in a pretty cove for the afternoon. ➣ anchor (n) +
C1	brief +	give sb information about sth ● The principal briefed the staff about the changes to the timetable. ➣ brief (n) +
C1	on board +	on a plane, ship or train ● When all the passengers were on board, the ship was able to leave port. +
C1	gear +	equipment ● The camping gear he bought included a tent, a torch and a sleeping bag. +
C1	aboard +	on or onto a plane, ship, bus or train ● There are three hundred passengers aboard this ship. +
C1	carry out +	do a task ● The scientist carried out an experiment in the lab. +
C1	excavation +	digging to find ancient objects, bones, etc. ● In 2013, an excavation in Leicester successfully revealed the skeleton of King Richard III of England. ➣ excavate (v) +
C1	field notes +	notes taken by a scientist to record their work in progress ● The marine biologist went through her field notes and prepared her report. +
C1	safekeeping +	being in a safe place where it will not be damaged or lost ● I locked my jewellery in a drawer for safekeeping. +
C1	undergo +	If sb/sth undergoes a test, an experience, etc., it happens to them. ● The skeleton must undergo DNA tests to see if it really is King Richard III. +
C1	rigorous +	thorough ● The athletes followed a rigorous training routine. ➣ rigour (n), rigorously (adv) +
C1	dedicated +	devoted ● She is dedicated to her job and always works hard. ➣ dedicate (v), dedication (n) +
C1	lend a hand +	help ● Can you lend me a hand with my heavy suitcase? +
C1	snail +	a small soft animal with a shell that moves slowly ● A snail crawled along the wet path. +
C1	rinse +	wash with clean water ● He rinsed the washing powder out of his shirt and then hung it up to dry. ➣ rinse (n) +
C1	eager +	keen; willing ● Eager to help, I offered to wash the dishes. ➣ eagerness (n), eagerly (adv) +
C1	day-care +	when young children are looked after during the day because their parents are at work ● When Shirley goes back to work, she’ll take her toddler to day-care. +
C1	commute +	travel to work ● He commutes to work because he lives in the suburbs but works in the city centre. ➣ commuter (n) +
C1	crusader +	a European Christian who fought against the Muslims in one of the wars in Palestine in the Middle Ages ● The crusaders were finally driven out of the Holy Land. ➣ crusade (n, v) +
C1	fragile +	delicate; easily damaged ● The fragile ecosystem of the coral reef was damaged by pollution. ➣ fragility (n) +
C1	make up one’s mind +	decide ● He made up his mind about what to study at university in his last year at school. +
C1	occupation +	a job ● People in professional occupations have to dress very smartly. +
C1	reflect +	think about sth ● I need some time to reflect on the problem. ➣ reflection (n) +
C1	uneventful +	with nothing interesting or unusual happening ● It was an uneventful day and nothing unusual happened. +
C1	sheltered +	protected ● He had a sheltered childhood because his family never socialised with anyone outside the neighbourhood. ➣ shelter (v, n) +
C1	tie up loose ends +	complete unfinished tasks ● Before starting her new job, Liz had to tie up some loose ends. +
C1	in working order +	working well ● The lift isn’t in working order, so you’ll have to use the stairs. ✎ Opp: out of order +
C1	trawler +	a fishing boat that drags nets behind it to catch fish ● The trawler got caught in a storm at sea. ➣ trawl (v) +
C1	devastation +	great damage ● The earthquake caused utter devastation in the area. ➣ devastate (v) Vocabulary pages 124-125 +
C1	hectic +	very busy ● The teacher had a hectic Saturday morning cleaning, shopping, cooking and marking. +
C1	provincial +	in/of the country ● The couple moved to a provincial town far from the busy capital. ➣ province (n) +
C1	sedentary +	spending a lot of time sitting down and not moving very much ● Sitting all day on the sofa or in front of a laptop is too sedentary a lifestyle for me. +
C1	solitary +	alone ● She leads a solitary existence living on her own on an island. +
C1	unsophisticated +	simple ● An unsophisticated lifestyle keeps costs down as you only need basic things. ➣ sophistication (n) ✎ Opp: sophisticated +
C1	cosmopolitan +	with many people from different places and of different cultures ● London is a cosmopolitan city with people of many nationalities living there. +
C1	reasonable +	fairly priced; not expensive ● Five pounds is a reasonable price for a pizza in London. ➣ reason (n) ✎ Opp: unreasonable +
C1	metropolitan +	of the city ● Living in a metropolitan area, I can enjoy everything a city offers. +
C1	sociable +	enjoying spending time with other people ● Being sociable, he got to know many people at the party. ➣ socialise (v) ✎ Opp: unsociable 56 +
C1	devoid (of) +	lacking; without ● Living in the middle of nowhere, she feels her life is devoid of excitement. +
C1	newcomer +	sb who has just come to a place to live or work ● Friendly neighbours welcomed the newcomers to the street with an apple pie. +
C1	pedestrianise +	make a street into an area that is used only by people who are walking ● They pedestrianised the high street and it’s a pleasure to walk there now. ➣ pedestrianisation (n), pedestrian (n) +
C1	graduate +	get a university degree ● Bob graduated from Harvard with a law degree. ➣ graduate (n), graduation (n) +
C1	live out of a suitcase +	stay somewhere temporarily with only a few of your belongings in your suitcase because you are travelling ● I travel as part of my job, but I hate living out of a suitcase. +
C1	crime rate +	the amount of crime in an area ● Crime rates increased during the financial crisis. +
C1	recovery +	becoming well after an illness or injury ● We were happy to hear of your quick recovery from the flu. ➣ recover (v) +
C1	hit the road +	start out on a journey ● We should hit the road early tomorrow before the rush hour. +
C1	income +	the money you earn from work ● The family struggle to survive on a low income. +
C1	hardship +	difficulties ● They are facing hardship in the cold winter because they cannot afford heating. +
C1	get by +	have just enough money to live on ● The elderly couple try to get by on 500 euros a month. +
C1	excel +	do very well ● He excels at maths and won an award in the school maths competition. ➣ excellence (n), excellent (adj) +
C1	outdo +	perform better than sb ● He tried to outdo his classmates by getting the highest mark. +
C1	climb the corporate ladder +	get promotion within a company ● The young employee climbed the corporate ladder and was promoted to personal assistant to the boss. +
C1	colleague +	sb you work with ● My colleagues organised an office party for Christmas. +
C1	ruin +	destroy ● The injury ruined the athlete’s chances of competing at the Olympics. ➣ ruin (n) +
C1	spoil +	give a child everything it wants ● Charlie is difficult and rude because his mother spoils him. ➣ spoilt (adj) +
C1	fledgling +	new and inexperienced ● The fledgling online store gradually started to receive orders. ✎ NB a fledgling is a baby bird +
C1	susceptible +	easily influenced or harmed ● I'm susceptible to colds so I stay indoors when it's snowing. ➣ susceptibility (n) +
C1	siren’s call +	the temptation to do sth that seems attractive but that will have bad consequences ● You must turn your back on the siren’s call of an easy life. +
C1	culprit +	sb/sth blamed for sth ● I returned to the car park to find that my car had been damaged and the culprit had fled. +
C1	to a lesser extent +	to a smaller degree ● They were eager to visit Paris and, to a lesser extent, London. +
C1	couch-bound +	sitting on a sofa for a long time ● We were couch-bound in front of the TV all day as it was too wet to go out. +
C1	obsess +	think about only one thing ● The model obsessed so much about her weight that she became anorexic. ➣ obsession (n), obsessive (adj) +
C1	browse +	search for information on the Internet ● Browsing online can be fun as you surf from one website to another. ➣ browser (n) +
C1	irritable +	bad-tempered ● The irritable teacher shouted at the pupils. ➣ irritability (n) +
C1	mood-altering +	a drug capable of causing changes of mood ● This is a highly-addictive, mood-altering drug. +
C1	bounce back +	recover from a bad situation ● The company bounced back in the second quarter and made a profit. +
C1	do without +	cope well despite not having sth ● We must learn to do without a car since we can’t afford to run it. 57 +
C1	pull together +	work as a team to achieve sth ● The employees pulled together to make the company more successful. +
C1	wear sb down +	make sb weaker ● The long commute to work every day really wears me down. +
C1	strain +	pressure ● The stress and strain of the new job is too much for him to cope with. +
C1	burn the candle at both ends +	live a hectic life ● Diana is burning the candle at both ends by going out every night after work. +
C1	hit rock bottom +	become as unsuccessful or unhappy as it is possible to be ● He hit rock bottom when he ended up homeless. +
C1	keep your head above water +	survive financially ● She got a second job to keep her head above water. +
C1	run yourself into the ground +	become extremely tired because you work too hard ● Geena ran herself into the ground working day and night on her project. +
C1	throw in the towel +	realise you must give up ● The athlete threw in the towel when he came last in the semi-final. +
C1	pace +	speed ● You must work at a faster pace to finish the task. ➣ pace (v) +
C1	admit defeat +	realise you cannot win or do sth ● The football team admitted defeat when they were down 5-0. Grammar pages 126-127 +
C1	promotion +	a move to a more important job in a company or organisation ● His promotion from assistant manager to manager was expected. ➣ promote (v) +
C1	shopping district +	a part of a city or town where there are lots of shops ● The main shopping district in Athens is around Ermou Street. +
C1	hard to come by +	difficult to find ● Well-paid jobs are hard to come by these days. +
C1	think outside the box +	think of different or unusual ways of doing sth ● In order to innovate, you need to think outside the box. +
C1	initiative +	the ability to act without being told what to do ● The student showed initiative when he did some research alone in the library. +
C1	assess +	make a judgement ● The teacher assessed the students’ progress by setting a test. ➣ assessment (n) +
C1	pursue +	follow ● The employer decided to pursue two candidates and called them in for a second interview. ➣ pursuit (n) +
C1	brand new +	completely new ● These shoes are brand new, so don’t dirty them. +
C1	tonsils +	glands at the back of the throat ● The doctor says I’ve got swollen tonsils. ➣ tonsilitis (n) +
C1	satellite dish +	equipment that receives signals from a satellite and enables people to watch satellite television ● We have just installed a satellite dish on our roof. +
C1	rail +	metal bar that is part of a fence ● I chained my bicycle to the rails at the front of the station. Work-related words Verbs brief commute juggle retire Nouns colleague occupation promotion Adjectives dedicated eager hectic Listening page 128 +
C1	slog it out +	work hard ● He slogged it out all week preparing the sales figures. +
C1	land a part +	get a role ● The actress was very pleased to land a part in a BBC series. +
C1	climb up the career ladder +	get promoted ● You’ll be climbing up the career ladder if you get the post of department supervisor. +
C1	agricultural +	connected with farming ● Greece is an agricultural country and produces olives, grapes and lot of other crops. ➣ agriculture (n) +
C1	fulfil +	manage to do sth you hoped for ● I fulfilled the ambition of a lifetime when I visited New York. ➣ fulfilment (n) 58 +
C1	disinterest +	lack of interest ● Fred showed complete disinterest in music, even though his dad was a musician. ➣ disinterested (adj) +
C1	prospect +	the possibility that sth will happen ● The prospect of another war is frightening. ➣ prospective (adj) +
C1	rat race +	the stressful way of life in a large city, competing to be successful, earn money, etc. ● The pressure of the rat race exhausted him so he quit his job. +
C1	live in the fast lane +	have a hectic and pressured lifestyle ● She lives in the fast lane and is always travelling abroad for business meetings. +
C1	rural +	of or in the countryside ● We stayed in an old farmhouse on our holiday in rural France. Speaking page 129 +
C1	strict +	demanding that rules concerning behaviour are obeyed ● The strict teacher demanded that all assignments be handed in on time +
C1	mother tongue +	language you learn from your parents ● My mother tongue is English but I also speak German because I learnt it at school. +
C1	interactive whiteboard +	a classroom board which is connected to a computer ● The teacher displayed some photos from his computer on the interactive whiteboard. +
C1	retire +	stop working and become a pensioner ● John retired at 65 but feels bored staying at home instead of working. ➣ retirement (n), retired (adj) +
C1	MA +	a second university degree in an arts subject ● She has an MA in French from the University of Newcastle. ✎ MA = Master of Arts +
C1	incorporate +	include more than one thing ● This course incorporates lectures and field work. ➣ incorporation (n) +
C1	discipline +	obeying rules and being punished if you do not ● My school has a reputation for strict discipline. ➣ discipline (v), disciplined (adj), disciplinary (adj) +
C1	high-powered +	important and having a lot of responsibility ● The president of the USA has a highpowered position. Writing: an article (2) pages 130-131 +
C1	convenience +	sth useful and suitable ● The convenience of being able to phone somebody wherever you are is what a mobile phone provides. ➣ convenient (adj) ✎ Opp: inconvenience +
C1	impact +	an effect; a result ● Being fired had a terrible impact on her life. +
C1	privilege +	a special advantage ● In the past, education was a privilege for the rich only. ➣ privileged (adj) +
C1	walk of life +	sb’s job or position in society ● People from all walks of life attended the meeting. +
C1	slash +	cut violently ● As we slash away at the rainforests, do we realise how the loss of the trees will affect our planet? +
C1	bleak +	without anything to make you feel hopeful ● The future looks bleak for a whole generation of unemployed graduates. Phrasal verbs carry out do without get by make for pull together wear sb down -ible or –able? inevitable irritable reasonable sociable susceptible Video 10: Zoo Dentists page 132 +
C1	filling +	metal that a dentist puts into a tooth to cover a hole ● The dentist gave him a filling in a tooth that had decayed. ➣ fill (v) +
C1	molar +	a large tooth at the back of the mouth ● The molar at the back of my mouth was painful, so I went to the dentist. +
C1	anaesthetise +	give someone a drug so that they do not feel pain ● The surgery began as soon as the patient was anaesthetised. ➣ anaesthetic (n) 59 +
C1	tusk +	one of the two pointed teeth that come out of the mouth of some animals like an elephant ● The elephant’s large tusks were what the hunters were after. +
C1	life expectancy +	the length of time that a person is likely to live ● The life expectancy of Cretans is higher than average. +
C1	sea lion +	a large seal (sea animal) ● The sea lion moved awkwardly on land, but swam effortlessly once it was in the water. +
C1	root canal +	removal of the nerve of a tooth ● Your tooth has decayed badly and I’m afraid you need a root canal. +
C1	stuntman +	sb whose job is to do dangerous things instead of an actor ● The stuntman jumped from the building and landed safely on a mattress. +
C1	don +	put on ● He donned his coat and hat and went out. +
C1	make-up +	the qualities that form sb’s personality ● Honesty and reliability are part of her make-up. +
C1	adrenaline +	a hormone that is released into your body when you are scared or excited ● Her adrenaline flowed when she parachuted out of the plane. +
C1	rush +	a sudden strong feeling ● Doing a bungee jump gave him an adrenaline rush. +
C1	specification +	a detailed instruction about how sth should be made ● The specifications say this bike has five gears. ➣ specify (v) +
C1	rung +	a step on a ladder ● I climbed to the top rung of the ladder to clean the top of the cupboard. +
C1	rim +	the outside edge of sth circular ● The rim of the wheel got damaged when I rode over a stone. +
C1	intact +	undamaged ● Luckily, the stuntman’s helmet remained intact when he fell. Reading pages 136-137 +
C1	spinning +	indoor cycling ● She keeps fit by doing spinning on the cycles at the gym. ➣ spin (v) +
C1	game +	willing to try sth dangerous, new or difficult ● If you’re game for a challenge, let’s play tennis. +
C1	wingsuit +	a parachuting suit with flaps like wings ● The skydiver spread his arms wide and his wingsuit made him soar like a bird. +
C1	have what it takes +	have the necessary skills, power, intelligence, etc. to do sth ● Do you have what it takes to do a bungee jump or are you too scared? +
C1	touch down +	land ● The parachutist jumped out of the plane and touched down on the ground five minutes later. +
C1	give the go-ahead +	give sb permission to do sth ● The pilot waited for the control tower to give the go-ahead before he took off. +
C1	bear in mind +	consider ● Please bear in mind that the museums are closed on Mondays. +
C1	bend +	move sth so it is not straight ● She bent her arm to scratch her shoulder. ➣ bend (n) +
C1	upright +	vertically ● The teacher got out of the chair and stood upright in front of the board. +
C1	footboard +	a board where you can rest your feet ● You can rest your feet on the footboard in front of your seat in most coaches. +
C1	inner +	on the inside ● The inner part of the wheel spins round more slowly. +
C1	handle +	part of an object that you use to hold it ● The handle of the cup broke and the hot coffee burnt me. +
C1	outer +	on the outside ● The outer side of the door got covered in ice in the cold weather. +
C1	stride +	a step ● It was three strides from the bedroom to the bathroom in the tiny hotel room. +
C1	buckle +	a piece of metal or plastic you use to do up a belt ● The buckle on my belt broke so I can’t do it up. ➣ buckle (v) +
C1	binding +	sth you use to tie sth else with ● I cut the binding off the box and unpacked the things inside. ➣ bind (v) +
C1	screw +	a thin pointed piece of metal that you push and turn in order to fasten sth together ● Use two screws to attach the leg to the seat of the chair. +
C1	bolt +	a small piece of metal that is used to join two things ● He attached the shelf to the wall with a strong bolt. +
C1	utmost +	greatest ● I took the utmost care not to break anything when I cleaned Grandma’s glassware. ➣ utmost (n) +
C1	adhere (to) +	follow ● You must adhere to the instructions in order to assemble the table correctly. +
C1	ensure +	make sure ● Ensure that you have all the bolts and screws before you try to assemble the furniture. +
C1	reverse +	position sth backwards ● If you reverse the cushions on the sofa, they won’t fit properly. ➣ reverse (n) +
C1	incur +	If you incur sth unpleasant, it happens because of sth you have done. ● The footballer incurred a serious knee injury when he was kicked. +
C1	firmly +	tightly; strongly ● Hold the screwdriver firmly so you can turn the screws more easily. ➣ firm (adj) +
C1	tighten +	make tight ● She tightened her belt so her jeans would stay up. ➣ tight (adj) ✎ Opp: loosen +
C1	fasten +	attach ● Please fasten your seat belt for take-off. ➣ fastener (n) +
C1	at regular intervals +	regularly ● Inspectors come to the school at regular intervals. +
C1	maintenance +	keeping sth in good condition ● Your old car needs regular maintenance to keep it running well. ➣ maintain (v) +
C1	perception +	the way you think about what sth is like ● Her perception of danger increased after she had an accident. ➣ perceive (v), perceptive (adj) +
C1	embrace +	accept sth with enthusiasm ● To embrace risks you need to be unafraid of danger. ➣ embrace (n) +
C1	safety-conscious +	careful not to put yourself in danger ● The safety-conscious skydiver checked his parachute carefully before the jump. +
C1	longtime +	for a long time ● A longtime fitness instructor, Rob has helped many people to get in shape. +
C1	pursuit +	an activity ● His favourite pursuit is mountain climbing. ➣ pursue (v) +
C1	natural ceiling +	the natural limit of what is possible ● There is a natural ceiling that will limit how fast humans can run. +
C1	hold sb back +	stop sb doing sth ● Her fear of heights held her back from climbing to the top of the tower. +
C1	tolerance +	ability to bear sth ● He has a low tolerance for pain so he really complains if he gets hurt. ➣ tolerate (v), tolerant (adj) ✎ Opp: intolerance +
C1	crave +	desire sth greatly ● Sometimes I crave chocolate; I just have to have some. ➣ craving (n) +
C1	perceive +	think of sb/sth in a particular way ● I don’t understand why some people perceive maths to be a difficult subject. ➣ perception (n) +
C1	thrill-seeking +	looking for excitement ● The thrill-seeking couple went on an extreme sports weekend. +
C1	minimise +	make as small as possible ● Wear your seatbelt to minimise the risk of injury if we have an accident. +
C1	precaution +	an action to stop sth dangerous happening ● We took all the necessary safety precautions before doing the parachute jump. ➣ precautionary (adj) +
C1	feasible +	possible ● It wasn’t feasible to continue climbing in the snow so we abandoned the attempt. ➣ feasibility (n) ✎ Opp: unfeasible +
C1	reassure +	say sth to stop sb worrying ● The guide reassured us the museums were open, even though we had heard there was a strike. ➣ reassurance (n) +
C1	be cut out +	be suited to ● Bobby is not cut out for sport because he is not the athletic type. +
C1	burning desire +	a very strong desire ● Her burning desire was to take part in the Olympics, so she trained hard every day. +
C1	be entitled +	have the right to have sth ● Pensioners are entitled to half-price tickets on public transport. Excitement adrenaline burning desire rush thrill-seeking ultimate 62 Vocabulary pages 138-139 +
C1	broadcast +	a TV or radio programme or transmission ● I watch the news broadcast every evening. ➣ broadcast (v), broadcaster (n) +
C1	wits +	the ability to think quickly and decide correctly ● Thanks to his quick wits, he swerved the car away from the dog just in time. +
C1	come in handy +	be useful ● A torch will come in handy in case there is a blackout. +
C1	with a view to +	with the intention of doing sth ● I saved all year with a view to going on holiday. +
C1	internship +	a job that a student does to gain experience ● The medical student did his internship at the local hospital. +
C1	commentator +	sb who describes a sport on the radio or TV ● The commentator explained which players were in each team. ➣ commentate (v), commentary (n) +
C1	interpreter +	sb who translates what people are saying ● An interpreter translated what the Spanish coach said to the English reporters. ➣ interpret (v) +
C1	observer +	sb who regularly pays attention to certain events, situations, etc. ● International observers went to Iran to report on its nuclear programme. ➣ observe (v) +
C1	cover +	report an event for the media ● The football match is being covered by Channel 1 tonight at 9pm. ➣ cover (n) +
C1	steer +	direct a car ● I steered the car left into a side road. +
C1	figure +	a famous person ● Messi is an admired figure in the world of football. +
C1	captivating +	fascinating ● The football final was a captivating match well worth watching. ➣ captivate (v) +
C1	charming +	attractive ● The charming ballet was beautifully performed. ➣ charm (v, n) +
C1	dazzling +	very impressive ● The fireworks display was a dazzling end to the evening. ➣ dazzle (v) +
C1	pleasing +	giving pleasure or satisfaction ● The warm climate in the Mediterranean is very pleasing in spring. ➣ please (v) +
C1	admirer +	sb who is impressed by sb/sth ● Admirers of the celebrity asked for his autograph. ➣ admire (v) +
C1	relay race +	a running competition that includes four runners on each team who have to pass a baton to each other as their part of the race ● Each athlete ran 100m in the relay race and the team went once around the track. +
C1	serve +	start a tennis game by throwing a ball into the air and hitting it ● The tennis player served and his opponent hit the ball back. +
C1	ace +	a perfect serve that the other player cannot return ● The serve was an ace that the other tennis player could not reach. +
C1	round +	a series of games in a competition ● In round two of the cup, Italy will play France. +
C1	set +	a section of a tennis match ● The tennis player won the second set 6-4. +
C1	club +	a long thin metal stick you use to hit the ball in golf ● The golf player chose a club and expertly hit the ball onto the green. +
C1	bat +	a long wooden stick that you use to hit a ball in some sports ● The baseball player hit the ball hard with the bat. ➣ bat (v) +
C1	drive +	the act of hitting a ball hard ● The excellent drive sent the ball 300 metres. ➣ drive (v) +
C1	steady +	become calmer ● John steadied, aimed and then threw the ball into the basket. ➣ steady (adj) +
C1	shoot +	aim and throw or kick ● Messi shot the ball right into the net. ➣ shot (n) +
C1	toss +	throw ● The rugby player tossed the ball to his teammate. ➣ toss (n) +
C1	buzzer +	an electrical device that makes a buzzing noise and is used to mark the end of periods of play in some sports ● It was a one-sided game and at the buzzer, the score was 110-36. ➣ buzz (v) +
C1	lead +	the first position in a race or competition ● Smith is in the lead... he is going faster and he crosses the line first. +
C1	baton +	a stick that is passed from one person to another in a relay race ● The runners in the relay race passed the baton smoothly and won the race. 63 +
C1	lane +	one of the parallel strips of track or water for runners, rowers or swimmers in a race ● Harvey is in lane 2 of the track. +
C1	lap +	one circuit of a running track or one stage in a swim ● The 200m freestyle is four laps of the pool. ➣ lap (v) +
C1	writhe in agony +	twist your body because you are in a lot of pain ● The player is writhing in agony and it seems the injury is serious. +
C1	umpire +	sb who watches a game of cricket or tennis and makes sure rules are not broken ● The umpire said the batsman was out. +
C1	diving +	falling over on purpose (in football) ● The attacker was shown a yellow card for diving in the penalty box. ➣ dive (v) +
C1	dribbling +	(in football) moving the ball with a number of short kicks ● Messi's amazing dribbling enabled him to get past three players and score a goal. ➣ dribble (v) +
C1	conquer +	beat ● The king conquered his enemy and took control of the castle. ➣ conqueror (n) +
C1	contend +	compete ● Two athletes are contending for a new world record. ➣ contender (n) +
C1	bolt +	run fast ● The runner bolted across the line as fast as he could go. ➣ bolt (n) +
C1	dash +	run fast ● He dashed down the track to finish the race in just 20 seconds. ➣ dash (n) +
C1	sprint +	run fast ● 100m runners can sprint faster than any other athletes. ➣ sprint (n) +
C1	bounce +	move up and down after hitting a surface ● The football bounced against the goalpost and rolled off the pitch. ➣ bounce (n) +
C1	bowl +	throw a ball for the batsman to hit in cricket ● The cricket player bowled and the batsman hit the ball perfectly. ➣ bowler (n) +
C1	pitch +	throw a ball for a batsman to hit in baseball ● The baseball player pitched well and his opponent missed the ball. ➣ pitcher (n) +
C1	row +	use oars to move a boat ● I rowed the canoe down the river. +
C1	hinder +	make sth difficult for sb to do ● A leg injury hindered the player from playing well. ➣ hindrance (n) +
C1	overpower +	be stronger than; beat ● Sweden were easily overpowered by the German team, who won 4-0. +
C1	thrash +	beat completely ● Real Madrid thrashed Chelsea 6-1. ➣ thrashing (n) +
C1	aspire +	aim for ● The young boy aspires to greater things and dreams of being a football star. ➣ aspiration (n) +
C1	hone +	improve ● You can hone your talent with more practice. ➣ honing (n) +
C1	sharpen +	improve ● You must sharpen your reactions so you can always hit the ball back to your tennis opponent. ➣ sharp (adj) +
C1	commit +	give your time or effort to sth ● The coach committed himself to training the team every day. ➣ commitment (n) +
C1	dedicate +	give your time to sth ● When you dedicate yourself to a sport you must train hard. ➣ dedication (n), dedicated (adj) +
C1	devote +	give your time or effort to sth ● The fans devoted every Saturday to supporting their team. ➣ devotion (n), devoted (adj) +
C1	disqualify +	declare sb ineligible for competition because of an offence ● He was disqualified from the race when he made two false starts. ➣ disqualification (n) +
C1	obstruct +	stand in the way ● The basketball player gets three free shots because a player from the other team obstructed her. ➣ obstruction (n) +
C1	suspend +	ban for a short period ● The athlete was suspended for three months for making racist remarks during a match. ➣ suspension (n) +
C1	applaud +	clap to show appreciation or enjoyment of sth ● The spectators applauded as the athletes took their places for the race. ➣ applause (n) +
C1	revive +	bring sb back to consciousness ● The player who got hit on the head was revived with some cold water. ➣ revival (n) 64 +
C1	root for sb +	want sb to win ● The fans are rooting for their team and hope for a win. +
C1	in a matter of +	in only a few (years, hours, minutes, etc.) +
C1	remount +	get back on a bike or horse after falling off ● The cyclist who fell remounted quickly and continued the race. +
C1	catch up +	reach sb in front of you by going faster ● The child ran to catch up with his friends in front of him. +
C1	pull out +	stop taking part ● He had to pull out of the race because of an injury. +
C1	drop back +	fall behind the others ● The runner was clearly tired as he dropped back behind the others. +
C1	miss out on sth +	not have the chance to do sth pleasant or good ● If you don’t go to university, you’ll miss out on a great opportunity in life. +
C1	knock out +	defeat sb in a competition so that they can no longer take part ● Italy knocked out Spain and will go on to play in the next match. +
C1	warm up +	exercise to prepare your body for a race ● Warm up by stretching before the race. ➣ warm-up (n) +
C1	heat +	a part of a competition whose winners then compete against each other in the next part ● He came last in the first heat so he is out of the competition. +
C1	quarter final +	one of the four games near the end of a competition, whose winners play in the two semi-finals ● In the quarter finals the teams playing are Germany against Spain, England against Italy, Greece against Sweden and Brazil against Paraguay. +
C1	semi +	one of two matches whose winners then play against each other in the final ● Greece won the semi and went on to play Portugal in the final. +
C1	hamstring +	a tendon behind your knee ● He has hurt his hamstring, so cannot put weight on his knee. +
C1	snap +	break suddenly ● He snapped a tendon, which is a serious injury. ➣ snap (n) +
C1	come to a halt +	stop ● The Formula One car came to a halt after only two laps because of engine failure. +
C1	stretcher +	sth used for carrying a sick or injured person who cannot walk ● They carried the injured player off the field on a stretcher. +
C1	lean on sb +	rest on sb who helps you support your weight ● After I sprained my ankle in the park, I had to lean on my friend all the way back to my house. +
C1	spirit +	the set of ideas and beliefs that are typical of a particular group of people ● He showed Olympic spirit when he congratulated the winner wholeheartedly. +
C1	the ball’s in sb’s court +	it is up to sb to make the next move ● He has agreed to their terms, so the ball is now in their court. +
C1	be first out of the gate +	be first to do sth ● John’s company was the first out of the gate when it launched its new product. +
C1	have sb in one’s corner +	have sb supporting you ● I hope I have the boss in my corner at the meeting because I need his support. +
C1	drop the ball +	make a mistake ● I’m sorry; I really dropped the ball on this one. +
C1	fall at the first hurdle +	fail as soon as one encounters the first obstacle ● He fell at the first hurdle and left college after failing his first term exams. +
C1	backer +	sb who supports sb/sth financially ● If you want to set up a business, you’ll need a financial backer. ➣ back (v) +
C1	hit the bull’s-eye +	be perfectly correct ● You hit the bull’s eye when you guessed that she won the lottery. Talking about different sports tennis ace serve set umpire golf club drive baseball bat pitch football diving dribbling shoot track and field baton lane lap relay race sprint 65 Grammar pages 140-141 +
C1	dime +	a ten cent coin ● This old tennis racket isn’t worth a dime, so you should throw it out. +
C1	compliment +	say sth nice to sb to praise them ● He complimented the chef on the delicious meal. Listening page 142 +
C1	bargain for sth +	expect sth to happen ● We bargained on good weather for the cricket match and were not disappointed. +
C1	get a kick out of sth +	enjoy sth ● He gets a kick out of teasing me when my team loses. +
C1	be on the other side of the +	be opposed to sb/sth ● I’m on the other side of the fence because I support West Ham, not Tottenham like you. +
C1	rival +	an opponent ● The tennis rivals played an exciting match in the final. ➣ rival (v), rivalry (n) +
C1	stray from the path +	not do what you should ● She strayed from the path and got into trouble with the police. +
C1	wriggle one’s way out of sth +	try to avoid doing sth ● Kevin tried to wriggle his way out of tidying his room, but his mum insisted. +
C1	have sb’s best interests at +	care about sb’s well-being ● Teachers say they have their students' best interests at heart when they set them tests. +
C1	be in good hands +	be looked after by sb you can trust ● Dave is an excellent tutor so you are in good hands. +
C1	give sth up +	stop doing sth you do regularly ● You should give up eating sweets to lose weight. +
C1	contestant +	sb who takes part in a competition ● Only ten contestants in this competition will continue to the next round. ➣ contest (n) Speaking page 143 +
C1	spectator +	sb who watches a sports event ● The spectators cheered when Ronaldo scored the winning goal. ➣ spectacle (n) +
C1	not one’s cup of tea +	not sth one likes ● Tennis isn’t my cup of tea but I love golf. Writing: an informal letter pages 144-145 +
C1	input +	advice; ideas ● This group project needs input from all of us, not just me. +
C1	changing room +	a room where you change clothes for sport ● The players changed into their gear in the changing room. +
C1	cramped +	a cramped room does not have enough room for the people in it ● The room is only six square metres, so it’s rather cramped. Phrasal verbs be cut out catch up drop back give sth up hold sb back knock out miss out on sth pull out take out touch down warm up Video 11: Flying Pumpkins page 146 +
C1	pumpkin +	a large orange coloured vegetable ● We cut the pumpkin into a scary face for Halloween. +
C1	contraption +	a strange machine ● Your old bicycle is a strange contraption. +
C1	spring +	a spiral that bounces back to shape when pulled or pressed ● The door closes automatically as it is attached to a spring. +
C1	wire +	a long thin piece of metal ● Don’t touch the wires in this electric cable because they are live. +
C1	bucket +	a cylindrical container with a handle in which you can carry water ● The old woman drew water from the well using a bucket. +
C1	take out +	destroy sth ● The explosives took out several buildings. +
C1	fast forward +	moving ahead at a faster pace than usual ● Press fast forward on the DVD remote to go more quickly to the next scene. Word Focus page 148 +
C1	recoup +	get back money you have given or spent ● He recouped the money he spent on the company when profits increased dramatically. +
C1	light year +	a very long time ● Manned space travel to distant planets seems light years away. +
C1	title deed +	a legal document proving your ownership of property ● Frank is the owner of this property so he has the title deed. +
C1	helium +	a light gas that doesn’t burn, often used to fill balloons ● The child’s balloon was filled with helium. +
C1	trespass +	enter land or building without permission ● The walkers trespassed on the farmer’s land by crossing the field that was marked Private. ➣ trespasser (n), trespassing (n) +
C1	fuel-laden +	heavily loaded with fuel ● The fuel-laden plane took off for its eight-hour flight to New York. +
C1	money-spinner +	a project that makes money ● His latest money-spinner is selling tickets for flights to the Moon. +
C1	plot +	a piece of land ● He bought a small plot of land in the countryside. +
C1	footprint +	a mark in the ground left by a foot or shoe ● I made footprints in the mud as I walked across the field. Reading pages 148-149 +
C1	state secret +	sth only the government knows about ● It’s no state secret that NASA have sent a robot to Mars. +
C1	allocate +	give for a particular purpose ● The Ministry of Education has allocated money to schools to buy essential equipment. ➣ allocation (n) +
C1	astronomical +	enormous ● The banker received an astronomical bonus of three years’ salary. +
C1	frontier +	an area where people have never lived before ● Space is the last frontier, but one day people will establish colonies there. +
C1	foundation +	an organisation that gives money to be used for a special purpose ● The Arts Foundation needs more funds to support young artists. ➣ found (v) +
C1	settlement +	a place where people come to live and build their homes ● This village is on the site of an ancient settlement. ➣ settle (v), settler (n) +
C1	commerce +	business ● He works in commerce as a sales representative. ➣ commercial (adj) +
C1	critical +	very important ● Funds are critical for the expensive project. +
C1	concrete example +	a specific example ● A concrete example of space exploration is the Moon landing. +
C1	promising +	likely to succeed ● The promising business venture is bound to be a success. ➣ promise (v, n) +
C1	manufacture +	produce; make ● This factory is where they manufacture steel bars for buildings. ➣ manufacturer (n) +
C1	lunar colony +	a settlement on the Moon ● Would you ever agree to live in a lunar colony? +
C1	acre +	a unit for measuring area (4,047 square metres) ● This small plot is one acre in size. +
C1	ounce +	a unit for measuring weight (about 28 grams) ● You need four ounces of butter to make the cake. +
C1	back down +	admit you are wrong ● He knows he’s in the wrong, but he refuses to back down. +
C1	license +	an official document giving permission for sth ● The restaurant doesn't have a license to sell alcohol. ✎ Also: licence (BrE) +
C1	space agency +	an organisation that studies and sends people to space ● NASA, the American space agency, has sent a spacecraft to Mars. +
C1	treaty +	an agreement between countries ● The two countries signed a trade agreement. +
C1	stick to one’s guns +	refuse to change your opinion ● Dad didn’t want me to study drama but I stuck to my guns and applied to drama school. +
C1	file +	give a document to an organisation so it can be officially recorded ● He filed a complaint against his neighbours for being noisy every night. +
C1	ownership +	when sth belongs to you ● Gun ownership in America is legal, but many people disagree with it. ➣ own (v), owner (n) +
C1	individual +	a person ● Each individual in this firm has something to offer. ➣ individual (adj) +
C1	venture +	a business that involves risks ● Her business venture succeeded and she made a lot of money. +
C1	part with one’s cash +	spend or give away money ● He didn’t buy the laptop because he couldn’t part with his cash. +
C1	slice +	a thin piece cut from a larger piece ● I put two slices of cheese in my sandwich. +
C1	pay for sth out of one’s own +	pay for sth using personal funds ● I have to pay for a new phone out of my own pocket because mum hasn’t got the money at the moment. Vocabulary pages 150-151 +
C1	pattern +	decorate ● He patterned the wall with a floral design wallpaper. ➣ pattern (n) +
C1	shape one’s future +	determine what will happen to you ● What you decide to study after school will shape your future. +
C1	know what the future holds +	know what will happen in the future ● Nobody can know what the future holds. +
C1	outcome +	a result ● It is hoped the outcome of the Mars mission will be a success. +
C1	upshot +	the result of a series of events ● The upshot of the team’s successes is that they are first in the league. +
C1	hunch +	an idea based on a feeling ● I have a hunch that Fred will call today, but I could be wrong. +
C1	educated guess +	a guess based on some information you already have ● The scientist made an educated guess about what the terrain on Mars would be like. +
C1	see sth coming +	predict ● ‘David has decided to drop out of university and become a fisherman.’ ‘Wow! I didn’t see that coming!’. +
C1	omen +	a sign of what will happen in the future ● Let’s hope a rise in the stock markets today is a good omen for the end of the recession. ➣ ominous (adj) +
C1	mimic +	copy what sb does ● The child mimicked his mother and learned by copying her every move. ➣ mimic (n) +
C1	artificial intelligence +	computer technology where computers work in a similar way to human brains ● Artificial intelligence is used to build computers that learn as they function. +
C1	humankind +	people ● Humankind is thought to be the only species with a sense of its own demise. +
C1	genetic engineering +	the science of changing the genetic structure of organisms ● Genetic engineering could find a way of creating humans that live longer. +
C1	wireless telecommunications +	the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor ● Wireless telecommunications have made mobile phones a reality. +
C1	speech recognition +	the ability of a computer to recognise what sb is saying ● This computer carries out my spoken commands thanks to a speech recognition program. +
C1	eternity +	a very long time; the whole of time without any end ● It seemed like an eternity while I was waiting for the bus in the rain. ➣ eternal (adj) +
C1	infinity +	endless space and time ● Numbers never end so you could go on counting to infinity. ➣ infinite (adj) +
C1	posterity +	people who will live in the future ● We must save the environment for ourselves and for posterity. 69 +
C1	immortal +	living for ever ● The Greek gods were immortal. ➣ immortality (n) ✎ Opp: mortal +
C1	intended +	meant ● The intended result was to make a lovely cake but this mess looks like something else. ➣ intend (v) +
C1	perpetual +	continuing forever in the same way ● The robber lived in perpetual fear of being caught by the police. +
C1	timeless +	not changing as the years go by; not becoming old-fashioned ● The most stylish clothes are timeless and have nothing to do with fashion. ➣ time (v, n) +
C1	pioneering +	introducing new ideas for the first time ● Bill Gates is a pioneering businessman who helped create the technology we know today. ➣ pioneer (v, n) +
C1	preceding +	happening before sth else ● The programme preceding this one finished five minutes ago. ➣ precede (v) +
C1	visionary +	having new ideas for the future ● Visionary people see a future where living on other planets is possible. ➣ vision (n) +
C1	looming +	having a threatening appearance ● Bad weather was looming and the sky was as black as night. ➣ loom (v) +
C1	menacing +	threatening ● They were scared of his menacing manner and knew he meant to do them harm. ➣ menace (v, n) +
C1	anticipated +	expected ● The anticipated storm hit the area as predicted in the night. ➣ anticipate (v), anticipation (n) +
C1	fated +	bound to happen ● He was fated to meet his death on that long journey. ➣ fate (n) +
C1	rational +	based on reason ● She is a rational person so she will definitely accept a reasonable explanation. ➣ rationale (n) ✎ Opp: irrational +
C1	unexpected +	not predicted ● We had an unexpected visit from Kay who dropped by to surprise us. ➣ expect (v) +
C1	unforeseen +	not predicted ● The unforeseen market crash was a shock to all investors. ➣ foresee (v) +
C1	disposable +	which can be thrown away ● We used disposable plates at the picnic and threw them away in the bin. ➣ dispose (v), disposal (n) +
C1	inescapable +	impossible to escape; bound to happen ● It’s an inescapable fact they we will all die one day. ➣ escape (v, n) +
C1	inevitable +	impossible to avoid ● He drove so carelessly that the accident was inevitable. ➣ inevitability (n) +
C1	showpiece +	a very good example of sth that a government or organisation wants people to see ● The museum will be the new showpiece of the city when it opens next year. +
C1	infrastructure +	facilities that make a place function ● Funding for the infrastructure of the city should lead to more building and road systems. +
C1	ongoing +	continuing ● Ongoing space exploration has sent a rocket to Mars, where information is being gathered. +
C1	boast +	have sth that you are proud of ● Greece boasts some of the most beautiful islands in the world. +
C1	initial +	first ● The initial plan was to go to Italy but we changed our minds and went to France. ➣ initially (adv) +
C1	set the pace +	create an example for others to copy ● The athlete in the lead set the pace for the 1500m heat. +
C1	geneticist +	sb who is an expert in genetics ● She is a geneticist and she studies rare human genes. +
C1	trend +	a tendency ● The trend for humans to be taller may be due to better nutrition. ➣ trendy (adj) +
C1	upper +	in a higher position than sth else ● The upper limit for buildings in this area is six storeys, no higher. +
C1	far-fetched +	very unlikely to be true ● His story about breaking the world record is far-fetched, and I don’t believe him. Time eternity immortal infinity light year perpetual timeless 70 Grammar pages 152-153 +
C1	investment +	when you spend a large amount of time or energy on sth ● Becoming a doctor means a huge investment of your time and energy for many years. ➣ invest (v), investor (n) +
C1	privacy +	being alone; freedom from public attention ● I have six brothers and sisters, so I don’t get much privacy at home. ➣ private (adj) +
C1	rover +	a remotely operated vehicle used to explore Mars ● The data from the soil sample collected by the rover on Mars was studied by NASA scientists. +
C1	outdo +	do better or more than sb/sth else ● She outdid everyone else in the competition and won first prize. +
C1	set one’s sights on sth +	decide you want sth and try to get it ● He has set his sights on becoming a doctor. +
C1	prestige +	respect and admiration given to sb, usually because of high quality or success ● The opera singer has gained international prestige. ➣ prestigious (adj) +
C1	at stake +	at risk ● The scientist’s reputation would be at stake if the experiment failed. +
C1	beam +	send (radio or television) signals over a long distance ● The images were beamed to Earth from space. ➣ beam (n) +
C1	humanity +	people ● Caring for the environment is something all of humanity should be involved with. +
C1	solar system +	the planets around a sun ● Earth is the only inhabited planet in our solar system. +
C1	requisite +	necessary ● He had the requisite training to be an astronaut so he was accepted on the space mission. +
C1	equation +	a mathematical statement showing that two amounts are equal ● One of the most famous equations in the world is E 5 mc2 . +
C1	particle physics +	the study of the very small parts that make up an atom ● He is studying particle physics at university. +
C1	lose one’s temper +	get angry ● Sharon lost her temper and shouted angrily at Jack when he broke her new phone. Listening page 154 +
C1	not break the bank +	not cost a lot of money ● That dress is lovely, and it won’t break the bank either! +
C1	omission +	not including sb/sth when they should have been included ● There are some very serious omissions in the book so I don’t think you should use it as a source. +
C1	biodiesel +	fuel made from agricultural products ● It is feasible that in the future cars will run on biodiesel rather than petrol. +
C1	demonstration +	showing how to do sth or how sth works ● The lecturer gave the chemistry students a demonstration of the experiment to show them how to do it. ➣ demonstrate (v) Writing: an essay (2) pages 156-157 +
C1	primitive +	belonging to a very simple society ● They live in a primitive house with no electricity or running water. ✎ Opp: advanced; sophisticated +
C1	pessimistic +	believing that bad things will happen in the future ● He is pessimistic and thinks he has failed his exams. ➣ pessimism (n) ✎ Opp: optimistic +
C1	optimistic +	believing that good things will happen in the future ● She feels optimistic that she will do well in all of her exams. ➣ optimism (n), optimistically (adv) ✎ Opp: pessimistic +
C1	doom +	be sure to fail, die, etc. ● Unfortunately, their efforts were doomed to failure. ➣ doom (n, v) +
C1	seek to do sth +	try to do sth ● The teenager is seeking to become more independent. +
C1	defining feature +	aspect that describes what sth is ● A defining feature of humans is their curiosity about the world around them. +
C1	materialise +	happen in the way you expect ● Her hopes of becoming an astronaut never materialised. +
C1	greed +	desire to have more than you need ● Because of greed he would not share his good fortune with his poor neighbours. ➣ greedy (adj) 71 +
C1	altruism +	caring about others, even when this is at a cost to yourself ● The doctor showed true altruism when he left his job to work with war refugees. Video 12: Space Walk page 158 +
C1	pressurised +	If a container is pressurised, the air inside it is kept at a controlled pressure. ● The marine biologists were safe inside the pressurised submarine as they dived to the depths of the ocean. ➣ pressure (n) +
C1	vacuum +	a space with no gas inside it ● Astronauts would never survive in the vacuum of space without a special suit. +
C1	shuttle +	a spacecraft which goes beyond the Earth’s atmosphere and returns like a plane ● The shuttle was the first craft to leave the earth’s atmosphere and return. +
C1	radiation +	dangerous energy sent out from some substances ● The radiation in the earth was being measured with a Geiger counter. ➣ radioactive (adj) +
C1	tough +	strong ● Jeans are made of tough material that doesn’t rip easily. ➣ toughness (n) +
C1	orbit +	the path travelled by an object moving around another, larger object ● The space station is in orbit around the Earth and is actually visible from the ground. ➣ orbit (v) +

A1-C2 Sentences	Eng	ipa

32 000 OX Sentences	Gloss	Eng	Deu	Vie

HIMYM	Eng	Vie

Expert	Theme	Deu	Eng	Subtheme	Level

---

CEFR

---

OXT

Interlingua

Wordnet

Semantics	Deu	Eng

DEEN DICT	Deu	Eng

4000 Thai	IPA	Eng	ThaiT

---

14000	Eng	Gb	Thai