without permission, of one’s own initiative 
ohne Erlaubnis 
senza permesso 
sans autorisation 
sin permiso without permission, of one’s own initiative 25 擅自 [-] shànzì (arrogate-oneself) without permission, of one’s own initiative: ~改变 alter at one’s one will || ~经商 do business without authorization || ~行动act presumptuously '| Goethebuch | Vietnamese |
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